Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 4/2019

01-08-2019 | Review Article

Is there a role for cardiac positron emission tomography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Author: Paco E. Bravo, MD

Published in: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology | Issue 4/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Coronary microvascular dysfunction and, its functional consequence, myocardial ischemia are common pathologic features in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Both have been commonly invoked as potential triggers of and/or contributors to the underlying pathophysiological processes leading to heart failure, and malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Positron emission tomography (PET) with myocardial blood flow quantification provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the integrity and function of the coronary microcirculation in HCM. The purpose of the present review is to summarize all the pertinent literature and future perspectives of the role of PET in the evaluation and risk stratification of patients with HCM.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Maron BJ, Gardin JM, Flack JM, Gidding SS, Kurosaki TT, Bild DE. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a general population of young adults. Echocardiographic analysis of 4111 subjects in the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults. Circulation 1995;92:785-9.CrossRefPubMed Maron BJ, Gardin JM, Flack JM, Gidding SS, Kurosaki TT, Bild DE. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a general population of young adults. Echocardiographic analysis of 4111 subjects in the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults. Circulation 1995;92:785-9.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE, Roberts WC. Intramural (“small vessel”) coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:545-57.CrossRefPubMed Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE, Roberts WC. Intramural (“small vessel”) coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:545-57.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE, Roberts WC. Morphologic evidence for “small vessel disease” in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Z Kardiol 1987;76:91-100.PubMed Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE, Roberts WC. Morphologic evidence for “small vessel disease” in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Z Kardiol 1987;76:91-100.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Johansson B, Morner S, Waldenstrom A, Stal P. Myocardial capillary supply is limited in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A morphological analysis. Int J Cardiol 2008;126:252-7.CrossRefPubMed Johansson B, Morner S, Waldenstrom A, Stal P. Myocardial capillary supply is limited in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A morphological analysis. Int J Cardiol 2008;126:252-7.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Krams R, Kofflard MJ, Duncker DJ, Von Birgelen C, Carlier S, Kliffen M, et al. Decreased coronary flow reserve in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is related to remodeling of the coronary microcirculation. Circulation 1998;97:230-3.CrossRefPubMed Krams R, Kofflard MJ, Duncker DJ, Von Birgelen C, Carlier S, Kliffen M, et al. Decreased coronary flow reserve in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is related to remodeling of the coronary microcirculation. Circulation 1998;97:230-3.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Cannon RO 3rd, Rosing DR, Maron BJ, Leon MB, Bonow RO, Watson RM, et al. Myocardial ischemia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Contribution of inadequate vasodilator reserve and elevated left ventricular filling pressures. Circulation 1985;71:234-43.CrossRefPubMed Cannon RO 3rd, Rosing DR, Maron BJ, Leon MB, Bonow RO, Watson RM, et al. Myocardial ischemia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Contribution of inadequate vasodilator reserve and elevated left ventricular filling pressures. Circulation 1985;71:234-43.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Pak PH, Maughan WL, Baughman KL, Kieval RS, Kass DA. Mechanism of acute mechanical benefit from VDD pacing in hypertrophied heart: Similarity of responses in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertensive heart disease. Circulation 1998;98:242-8.CrossRefPubMed Pak PH, Maughan WL, Baughman KL, Kieval RS, Kass DA. Mechanism of acute mechanical benefit from VDD pacing in hypertrophied heart: Similarity of responses in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertensive heart disease. Circulation 1998;98:242-8.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Elliott PM, Kaski JC, Prasad K, Seo H, Slade AK, Goldman JH, et al. Chest pain during daily life in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: An ambulatory electrocardiographic study. Eur Heart J 1996;17:1056-64.CrossRefPubMed Elliott PM, Kaski JC, Prasad K, Seo H, Slade AK, Goldman JH, et al. Chest pain during daily life in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: An ambulatory electrocardiographic study. Eur Heart J 1996;17:1056-64.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Cannon RO 3rd, Dilsizian V, O’Gara PT, Udelson JE, Schenke WH, Quyyumi A, et al. Myocardial metabolic, hemodynamic, and electrocardiographic significance of reversible thallium-201 abnormalities in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1991;83:1660-7.CrossRefPubMed Cannon RO 3rd, Dilsizian V, O’Gara PT, Udelson JE, Schenke WH, Quyyumi A, et al. Myocardial metabolic, hemodynamic, and electrocardiographic significance of reversible thallium-201 abnormalities in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1991;83:1660-7.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Bengel FM, Higuchi T, Javadi MS, Lautamaki R. Cardiac positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1-15.CrossRefPubMed Bengel FM, Higuchi T, Javadi MS, Lautamaki R. Cardiac positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1-15.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Bravo PE, Bengel FM. The role of cardiac PET in translating basic science into the clinical arena. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011;4:425-36.CrossRefPubMed Bravo PE, Bengel FM. The role of cardiac PET in translating basic science into the clinical arena. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011;4:425-36.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Schelbert HR, Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, Huang SC, Selin CE, Kuhl DE. Regional myocardial perfusion assessed with N-13 labeled ammonia and positron emission computerized axial tomography. Am J Cardiol 1979;43:209-18.CrossRefPubMed Schelbert HR, Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, Huang SC, Selin CE, Kuhl DE. Regional myocardial perfusion assessed with N-13 labeled ammonia and positron emission computerized axial tomography. Am J Cardiol 1979;43:209-18.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Gould KL, Schelbert HR, Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ. Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses with myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation. V. Detection of 47 percent diameter coronary stenosis with intravenous nitrogen-13 ammonia and emission-computed tomography in intact dogs. Am J Cardiol 1979;43:200-8.CrossRefPubMed Gould KL, Schelbert HR, Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ. Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses with myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation. V. Detection of 47 percent diameter coronary stenosis with intravenous nitrogen-13 ammonia and emission-computed tomography in intact dogs. Am J Cardiol 1979;43:200-8.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Shah A, Schelbert HR, Schwaiger M, Henze E, Hansen H, Selin C, et al. Measurement of regional myocardial blood flow with N-13 ammonia and positron-emission tomography in intact dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;5:92-100.CrossRefPubMed Shah A, Schelbert HR, Schwaiger M, Henze E, Hansen H, Selin C, et al. Measurement of regional myocardial blood flow with N-13 ammonia and positron-emission tomography in intact dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;5:92-100.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Uren NG, Melin JA, De Bruyne B, Wijns W, Baudhuin T, Camici PG. Relation between myocardial blood flow and the severity of coronary-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1782-8.CrossRefPubMed Uren NG, Melin JA, De Bruyne B, Wijns W, Baudhuin T, Camici PG. Relation between myocardial blood flow and the severity of coronary-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1782-8.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Di Carli M, Czernin J, Hoh CK, Gerbaudo VH, Brunken RC, Huang SC, et al. Relation among stenosis severity, myocardial blood flow, and flow reserve in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1995;91:1944-51.CrossRefPubMed Di Carli M, Czernin J, Hoh CK, Gerbaudo VH, Brunken RC, Huang SC, et al. Relation among stenosis severity, myocardial blood flow, and flow reserve in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1995;91:1944-51.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Czernin J, Muller P, Chan S, Brunken RC, Porenta G, Krivokapich J, et al. Influence of age and hemodynamics on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Circulation 1993;88:62-9.CrossRefPubMed Czernin J, Muller P, Chan S, Brunken RC, Porenta G, Krivokapich J, et al. Influence of age and hemodynamics on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Circulation 1993;88:62-9.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Sdringola S, Johnson NP, Kirkeeide RL, Cid E, Gould KL. Impact of unexpected factors on quantitative myocardial perfusion and coronary flow reserve in young, asymptomatic volunteers. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;4:402-12.CrossRefPubMed Sdringola S, Johnson NP, Kirkeeide RL, Cid E, Gould KL. Impact of unexpected factors on quantitative myocardial perfusion and coronary flow reserve in young, asymptomatic volunteers. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;4:402-12.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Murthy VL, Bateman TM, Beanlands RS, Berman DS, Borges-Neto S, Chareonthaitawee P, et al. Clinical quantification of myocardial blood flow using PET: Joint position paper of the SNMMI cardiovascular council and the ASNC. J Nucl Med 2018;59:273-93.CrossRefPubMed Murthy VL, Bateman TM, Beanlands RS, Berman DS, Borges-Neto S, Chareonthaitawee P, et al. Clinical quantification of myocardial blood flow using PET: Joint position paper of the SNMMI cardiovascular council and the ASNC. J Nucl Med 2018;59:273-93.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Bravo PE, Pinheiro A, Higuchi T, Rischpler C, Merrill J, Santaularia-Tomas M, et al. PET/CT assessment of symptomatic individuals with obstructive and nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Med 2012;53:407-14.CrossRefPubMed Bravo PE, Pinheiro A, Higuchi T, Rischpler C, Merrill J, Santaularia-Tomas M, et al. PET/CT assessment of symptomatic individuals with obstructive and nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Med 2012;53:407-14.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Olivotto I, Girolami F, Sciagra R, Ackerman MJ, Sotgia B, Bos JM, et al. Microvascular function is selectively impaired in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sarcomere myofilament gene mutations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:839-48.CrossRefPubMed Olivotto I, Girolami F, Sciagra R, Ackerman MJ, Sotgia B, Bos JM, et al. Microvascular function is selectively impaired in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sarcomere myofilament gene mutations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:839-48.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Knaapen P, Germans T, Camici PG, Rimoldi OE, ten Cate FJ, ten Berg JM, et al. Determinants of coronary microvascular dysfunction in symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008;294:H986-93.CrossRefPubMed Knaapen P, Germans T, Camici PG, Rimoldi OE, ten Cate FJ, ten Berg JM, et al. Determinants of coronary microvascular dysfunction in symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008;294:H986-93.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Petersen SE, Jerosch-Herold M, Hudsmith LE, Robson MD, Francis JM, Doll HA, et al. Evidence for microvascular dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: New insights from multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2007;115:2418-25.CrossRefPubMed Petersen SE, Jerosch-Herold M, Hudsmith LE, Robson MD, Francis JM, Doll HA, et al. Evidence for microvascular dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: New insights from multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2007;115:2418-25.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Tanaka M, Fujiwara H, Onodera T, Wu DJ, Matsuda M, Hamashima Y, et al. Quantitative analysis of narrowings of intramyocardial small arteries in normal hearts, hypertensive hearts, and hearts with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1987;75:1130-9.CrossRefPubMed Tanaka M, Fujiwara H, Onodera T, Wu DJ, Matsuda M, Hamashima Y, et al. Quantitative analysis of narrowings of intramyocardial small arteries in normal hearts, hypertensive hearts, and hearts with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1987;75:1130-9.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Varnava AM, Elliott PM, Sharma S, McKenna WJ, Davies MJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: The interrelation of disarray, fibrosis, and small vessel disease. Heart 2000;84:476-82.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Varnava AM, Elliott PM, Sharma S, McKenna WJ, Davies MJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: The interrelation of disarray, fibrosis, and small vessel disease. Heart 2000;84:476-82.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
go back to reference Sotgia B, Sciagra R, Olivotto I, Casolo G, Rega L, Betti I, et al. Spatial relationship between coronary microvascular dysfunction and delayed contrast enhancement in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Med 2008;49:1090-6.CrossRefPubMed Sotgia B, Sciagra R, Olivotto I, Casolo G, Rega L, Betti I, et al. Spatial relationship between coronary microvascular dysfunction and delayed contrast enhancement in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Med 2008;49:1090-6.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Bravo PE, Zimmerman SL, Luo HC, Pozios I, Rajaram M, Pinheiro A, et al. Relationship of delayed enhancement by magnetic resonance to myocardial perfusion by positron emission tomography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;6:210-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bravo PE, Zimmerman SL, Luo HC, Pozios I, Rajaram M, Pinheiro A, et al. Relationship of delayed enhancement by magnetic resonance to myocardial perfusion by positron emission tomography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;6:210-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
go back to reference Kwon DH, Smedira NG, Rodriguez ER, Tan C, Setser R, Thamilarasan M, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance detection of myocardial scarring in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Correlation with histopathology and prevalence of ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:242-9.CrossRefPubMed Kwon DH, Smedira NG, Rodriguez ER, Tan C, Setser R, Thamilarasan M, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance detection of myocardial scarring in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Correlation with histopathology and prevalence of ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:242-9.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Udelson JE, Bonow RO, O’Gara PT, Maron BJ, Van Lingen A, Bacharach SL, et al. Verapamil prevents silent myocardial perfusion abnormalities during exercise in asymptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1989;79:1052-60.CrossRefPubMed Udelson JE, Bonow RO, O’Gara PT, Maron BJ, Van Lingen A, Bacharach SL, et al. Verapamil prevents silent myocardial perfusion abnormalities during exercise in asymptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1989;79:1052-60.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Gistri R, Lorenzoni R, Chiriatti G, Camici PG. Coronary microvascular dysfunction and prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1027-35.CrossRefPubMed Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Gistri R, Lorenzoni R, Chiriatti G, Camici PG. Coronary microvascular dysfunction and prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1027-35.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Lorenzoni R, Gistri R, Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Chiriatti G, Elliott P, et al. Coronary vasodilator reserve is impaired in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular dysfunction. Am Heart J 1998;136:972-81.CrossRefPubMed Lorenzoni R, Gistri R, Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Chiriatti G, Elliott P, et al. Coronary vasodilator reserve is impaired in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular dysfunction. Am Heart J 1998;136:972-81.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Basso C, Thiene G, Corrado D, Buja G, Melacini P, Nava A. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden death in the young: Pathologic evidence of myocardial ischemia. Hum Pathol 2000;31:988-98.CrossRefPubMed Basso C, Thiene G, Corrado D, Buja G, Melacini P, Nava A. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden death in the young: Pathologic evidence of myocardial ischemia. Hum Pathol 2000;31:988-98.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Dilsizian V, Bonow RO, Epstein SE, Fananapazir L. Myocardial ischemia detected by thallium scintigraphy is frequently related to cardiac arrest and syncope in young patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:796-804.CrossRefPubMed Dilsizian V, Bonow RO, Epstein SE, Fananapazir L. Myocardial ischemia detected by thallium scintigraphy is frequently related to cardiac arrest and syncope in young patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:796-804.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Sorajja P, Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Berger PB, Tajik AJ. Adverse prognosis of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who have epicardial coronary artery disease. Circulation 2003;108:2342-8.CrossRefPubMed Sorajja P, Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Berger PB, Tajik AJ. Adverse prognosis of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who have epicardial coronary artery disease. Circulation 2003;108:2342-8.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2011;124:2761-96.CrossRefPubMed Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2011;124:2761-96.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Gistri R, Lorenzoni R, Chiriatti G, Girolami F, et al. Relevance of coronary microvascular flow impairment to long-term remodeling and systolic dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1043-8.CrossRefPubMed Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Gistri R, Lorenzoni R, Chiriatti G, Girolami F, et al. Relevance of coronary microvascular flow impairment to long-term remodeling and systolic dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1043-8.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Sciagra R, Sotgia B, Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Nistri S, Camici PG, et al. Relationship between atrial fibrillation and blunted hyperemic myocardial blood flow in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Cardiol 2009;16:92-6.CrossRefPubMed Sciagra R, Sotgia B, Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Nistri S, Camici PG, et al. Relationship between atrial fibrillation and blunted hyperemic myocardial blood flow in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Cardiol 2009;16:92-6.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Chan RH, Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Pencina MJ, Assenza GE, Haas T, et al. Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2014;130:484-95.CrossRefPubMed Chan RH, Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Pencina MJ, Assenza GE, Haas T, et al. Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2014;130:484-95.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Yamada M, Elliott PM, Kaski JC, Prasad K, Gane JN, Lowe CM, et al. Dipyridamole stress thallium-201 perfusion abnormalities in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Relationship to clinical presentation and outcome. Eur Heart J 1998;19:500-7.CrossRefPubMed Yamada M, Elliott PM, Kaski JC, Prasad K, Gane JN, Lowe CM, et al. Dipyridamole stress thallium-201 perfusion abnormalities in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Relationship to clinical presentation and outcome. Eur Heart J 1998;19:500-7.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Castagnoli H, Ferrantini C, Coppini R, Passeri A, Baldini K, Berti V, et al. Role of quantitative myocardial positron emission tomography for risk stratification in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A 2016 reappraisal. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016;43:2413-22.CrossRefPubMed Castagnoli H, Ferrantini C, Coppini R, Passeri A, Baldini K, Berti V, et al. Role of quantitative myocardial positron emission tomography for risk stratification in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A 2016 reappraisal. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016;43:2413-22.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Green JJ, Berger JS, Kramer CM, Salerno M. Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in clinical outcomes for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovascular Imaging 2012;5:370-7.CrossRefPubMed Green JJ, Berger JS, Kramer CM, Salerno M. Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in clinical outcomes for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovascular Imaging 2012;5:370-7.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference O’Hanlon R, Grasso A, Roughton M, Moon JC, Clark S, Wage R, et al. Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:867-74.CrossRefPubMed O’Hanlon R, Grasso A, Roughton M, Moon JC, Clark S, Wage R, et al. Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:867-74.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Maron MS, Appelbaum E, Harrigan CJ, Buros J, Gibson CM, Hanna C, et al. Clinical profile and significance of delayed enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 2008;1:184-91.CrossRefPubMed Maron MS, Appelbaum E, Harrigan CJ, Buros J, Gibson CM, Hanna C, et al. Clinical profile and significance of delayed enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 2008;1:184-91.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Bruder O, Wagner A, Jensen CJ, Schneider S, Ong P, Kispert EM, et al. Myocardial scar visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts major adverse events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:875-87.CrossRefPubMed Bruder O, Wagner A, Jensen CJ, Schneider S, Ong P, Kispert EM, et al. Myocardial scar visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts major adverse events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:875-87.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Choudhury L, Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Choi KM, Elliott MD, Klocke FJ, et al. Myocardial scarring in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:2156-64.CrossRefPubMed Choudhury L, Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Choi KM, Elliott MD, Klocke FJ, et al. Myocardial scarring in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:2156-64.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Lamke GT, Allen RD, Edwards WD, Tazelaar HD, Danielson GK. Surgical pathology of subaortic septal myectomy associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A study of 204 cases (1996-2000). Cardiovasc Pathol 2003;12:149-58.CrossRefPubMed Lamke GT, Allen RD, Edwards WD, Tazelaar HD, Danielson GK. Surgical pathology of subaortic septal myectomy associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A study of 204 cases (1996-2000). Cardiovasc Pathol 2003;12:149-58.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Allen RD, Edwards WD, Tazelaar HD, Danielson GK. Surgical pathology of subaortic septal myectomy not associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A study of 98 cases (1996-2000). Cardiovasc Pathol 2003;12:207-15.CrossRefPubMed Allen RD, Edwards WD, Tazelaar HD, Danielson GK. Surgical pathology of subaortic septal myectomy not associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A study of 98 cases (1996-2000). Cardiovasc Pathol 2003;12:207-15.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Higuchi T, Abletshauser C, Nekolla SG, Schwaiger M, Bengel FM. Effect of the angiotensin receptor blocker Valsartan on coronary microvascular flow reserve in moderately hypertensive patients with stable coronary artery disease. Microcirculation 2007;14:805-12.CrossRefPubMed Higuchi T, Abletshauser C, Nekolla SG, Schwaiger M, Bengel FM. Effect of the angiotensin receptor blocker Valsartan on coronary microvascular flow reserve in moderately hypertensive patients with stable coronary artery disease. Microcirculation 2007;14:805-12.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Neglia D, Fommei E, Varela-Carver A, Mancini M, Ghione S, Lombardi M, et al. Perindopril and indapamide reverse coronary microvascular remodelling and improve flow in arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2011;29:364-72.CrossRefPubMed Neglia D, Fommei E, Varela-Carver A, Mancini M, Ghione S, Lombardi M, et al. Perindopril and indapamide reverse coronary microvascular remodelling and improve flow in arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2011;29:364-72.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Kyriakidis M, Triposkiadis F, Dernellis J, Androulakis AE, Mellas P, Kelepeshis GA, et al. Effects of cardiac versus circulatory angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on left ventricular diastolic function and coronary blood flow in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1998;97:1342-7.CrossRefPubMed Kyriakidis M, Triposkiadis F, Dernellis J, Androulakis AE, Mellas P, Kelepeshis GA, et al. Effects of cardiac versus circulatory angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on left ventricular diastolic function and coronary blood flow in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1998;97:1342-7.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Spoladore R, Maron MS, D’Amato R, Camici PG, Olivotto I. Pharmacological treatment options for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: High time for evidence. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1724-33.CrossRefPubMed Spoladore R, Maron MS, D’Amato R, Camici PG, Olivotto I. Pharmacological treatment options for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: High time for evidence. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1724-33.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Kellman P, Wilson JR, Xue H, Bandettini WP, Shanbhag SM, Druey KM, et al. Extracellular volume fraction mapping in the myocardium, Part 2: Initial clinical experience. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012;14:64.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kellman P, Wilson JR, Xue H, Bandettini WP, Shanbhag SM, Druey KM, et al. Extracellular volume fraction mapping in the myocardium, Part 2: Initial clinical experience. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012;14:64.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
55.
go back to reference Collier P, Phelan D, Klein A. A test in context: Myocardial strain measured by speckle-tracking echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:1043-56.CrossRefPubMed Collier P, Phelan D, Klein A. A test in context: Myocardial strain measured by speckle-tracking echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:1043-56.CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Hindieh W, Chan R, Rakowski H. Complementary role of echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017;19:81.CrossRefPubMed Hindieh W, Chan R, Rakowski H. Complementary role of echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017;19:81.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Is there a role for cardiac positron emission tomography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Author
Paco E. Bravo, MD
Publication date
01-08-2019
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Journal of Nuclear Cardiology / Issue 4/2019
Print ISSN: 1071-3581
Electronic ISSN: 1532-6551
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-018-1298-4

Other articles of this Issue 4/2019

Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 4/2019 Go to the issue