Top

BMC Psychiatry

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Study protocol

Internet-based grief therapy for bereaved individuals after loss due to Haematological cancer: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial

Authors: Rahel Hoffmann, Julia Große, Michaela Nagl, Dietger Niederwieser, Anja Mehnert, Anette Kersting

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2018

Abstract

Background

Approximately 10% of the individuals experiencing the death of a loved one develop prolonged grief disorder (PGD) after bereavement. Family members of haematological cancer patients might be particularly burdened since their loss experience is preceded by a very strenuous time of disease and aggressive treatment. However, support needs of relatives of cancer patients often remain unmet, also after the death of the patient. Therapeutic possibilities are enhanced by providing easily available and accessible Internet-based therapies. This study will adapt and evaluate an Internet-based grief therapy for bereaved individuals after the loss of a significant other due to haematological cancer.

Methods

The efficacy of the Internet-based grief therapy is evaluated in a randomized controlled trial with a wait-list control group. Inclusion criteria are bereavement due to hematological cancer and meeting the diagnostic criteria for PGD. Exclusion criteria are severe depression, suicidality, dissociative tendency, psychosis, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance use disorder, and current psychotherapeutic or psychopharmacological treatment. The main outcome is PGD severity. Secondary outcomes are depression, anxiety, somatization, posttraumatic stress, quality of life, sleep quality, and posttraumatic growth. Data is collected pre- and posttreatment. Follow-up assessments will be conducted 3, 6, and 12 months after completion of the intervention. The Internet-based grief therapy is assumed to have at least moderate effects regarding PGD and other bereavement-related mental health outcomes. Predictors and moderators of the treatment outcome and PGD will be determined.

Discussion

Individuals bereaved due to haematological cancer are at high risk for psychological distress. Tailored treatment for this particularly burdened target group is missing. Our study results will contribute to a closing of this healthcare gap.

Trial registration

German Clinical Trial Register UTN: U1111–1186-6255. Registered 1 December 2016.

Parkes CM. Bereavement as a psychosocial transition: processes of adaptation to change. J Soc Issues. 1988:53–65.

Jordan AH, Litz BT. Prolonged grief disorder: diagnostic, assessment, and treatment considerations. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 2014;45:180–7. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036836.CrossRef

Stroebe M, Schut H. The dual process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description. Death Stud. 1999;23:197–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/074811899201046.CrossRefPubMed

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.CrossRef

Maercker A, Brewin CR, Bryant RA, Cloitre M, Ommeren M, Jones LM, et al. Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11. World Psychiatry. 2013;12:198–206.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Maciejewski PK, Maercker A, Boelen PA, Prigerson HG. “Prolonged grief disorder” and “persistent complex bereavement disorder”, but not “complicated grief”, are one and the same diagnostic entity: an analysis of data from the Yale Bereavement Study. World Psychiatry. 2016:266–75.

Prigerson HG, Horowitz MJ, Jacobs SC, Parkes CM, Aslan M, Goodkin K, et al. Prolonged grief disorder: psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lundorff M, Holmgren H, Zachariae R, Farver-Vestergaard I, O'Connor M. Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in adult bereavement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017;212:138–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.030.CrossRefPubMed

Keyes KM, Pratt C, Galea S, McLaughlin KA, Koenen KC, Shear K. The burden of loss: unexpected death of a loved one and psychiatric disorders across the life course in a National Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2014:864–71.

10.

Ott CH, Lueger RJ, Kelber ST, Prigerson HG. Spousal bereavement in older adults: common, resilient, and chronic grief with defining characteristics. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195:332–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000243890.93992.1e.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Kersting A, Brähler E, Glaesmer H, Wagner B. Prevalence of complicated grief in a representative population-based sample. J Affect Disord. 2011;131:339–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.032.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Caserta MS, Utz RL, Lund DA. Spousal bereavement following cancer death. Illn Crises Loss. 2013;21:185–202. https://doi.org/10.2190/IL.21.3.b.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Stewart BW, Wild CP, editors. World cancer report 2014. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2014.

14.

Robert Koch-Institut. Bericht zum Krebsgeschehen in Deutschland 2016. Berlin; 2016.

15.

Tan J-Y, Molassiotis A, Lloyd-Williams M, Yorke J. Burden, emotional distress and quality of life among informal caregivers of lung cancer patients: an exploratory study. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2018;27(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12691. Epub 2017 Apr 18.

16.

Friðriksdóttir N, Saevarsdóttir T, Halfdánardóttir SÍ, Jónsdóttir A, Magnúsdóttir H, Olafsdóttir KL, et al. Family members of cancer patients: needs, quality of life and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Acta Oncol. 2011;50:252–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186X.2010.529821.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Ellis J. The impact of lung cancer on patients and carers. Chron Respir Dis. 2012;9:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479972311433577.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Hodges LJ, Humphris GM, Macfarlane G. A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between the psychological distress of cancer patients and their carers. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.04.018.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Langer S, Lehane C, Yi J. Patient and caregiver adjustment to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a systematic review of dyad-based studies. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11899-017-0391-0.

20.

Molassiotis A, Wilson B, Blair S, Howe T, Cavet J. Unmet supportive care needs, psychological well-being and quality of life in patients living with multiple myeloma and their partners. Psychooncology. 2011;20:88–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1710.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Pitceathly C, Maguire P. The psychological impact of cancer on patients’ partners and other key relatives. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39:1517–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(03)00309-5.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Douglas SL, Daly BJ, Lipson AR. Relationship between physical and psychological status of cancer patients and caregivers. West J Nurs Res. 2016;38:858–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945916632531.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Wulff-Burchfield EM, Jagasia M, Savani BN. Long-term follow-up of informal caregivers after allo-SCT: a systematic review. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48:469–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2012.123.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Albrecht TA, Rosenzweig M. Management of Cancer Related Distress in patients with a hematological malignancy. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2012;14:462–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/NJH.0b013e318268d04e.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Manitta V, Zordan R, Cole-Sinclair M, Nandurkar H, Philip J. The symptom burden of patients with hematological malignancy: a cross-sectional observational study. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2011;42:432–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.12.008.CrossRef

26.

Tanimukai H, Hirai K, Adachi H, Kishi A. Sleep problems and psychological distress in family members of patients with hematological malignancies in the Japanese population. Ann Hematol. 2014;93:2067–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-014-2139-4.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Beattie S, Lebel S. The experience of caregivers of hematological cancer patients undergoing a hematopoietic stem cell transplant: a comprehensive literature review. Psychooncology. 2011;20:1137–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1962.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Kim Y, Shaffer KM, Carver CS, Cannady RS. Quality of life of family caregivers 8 years after a relative's cancer diagnosis: follow-up of the National Quality of life survey for caregivers. Psychooncology. 2016;25:266–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3843.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Kreicbergs U, Valdimarsdóttir U, Onelöv E, Henter J-I, Steineck G. Anxiety and depression in parents 4–9 years after the loss of a child owing to a malignancy: a population-based follow-up. Psychol Med. 2004;34:1431. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704002740.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Song JI, Shin DW, Choi J-Y, Kang J, Baek Y-J, Mo H-N, et al. Quality of life and mental health in the bereaved family members of patients with terminal cancer. Psychooncology. 2012;21:1158–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.2027.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Garrido MM, Prigerson HG. The end-of-life experience: modifiable predictors of caregivers' bereavement adjustment. Cancer. 2014;120:918–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28495.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Nielsen MK, Neergaard MA, Jensen AB, Vedsted P, Bro F, Guldin M-B. Predictors of complicated grief and depression in bereaved caregivers: a Nationwide prospective cohort study. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2017;53:540–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.09.013.CrossRef

33.

Jalmsell L, Onelöv E, Steineck G, Henter J-I, Kreicbergs U. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with cancer and the risk of long-term psychological morbidity in the bereaved parents. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46:1063–70. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2010.287.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Lange A, van de Ven J-P, Schrieken B, Emmelkamp PMG. Interapy. Treatment of posttraumatic stress through the internet: a controlled trial. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2001;32:73–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7916(01)00023-4.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Lange A, Rietdijk D, Hudcovicova M, van de Ven J-P, Schrieken B, Emmelkamp PMG. Interapy: a controlled randomized trial of the standardized treatment of posttraumatic stress through the internet. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003;71:901–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.5.901.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Aboujaoude E, Salame W, Naim L. Telemental health: a status update. World Psychiatry. 2015;14:223–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20218.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Musiat P, Tarrier N. Collateral outcomes in e-mental health: a systematic review of the evidence for added benefits of computerized cognitive behavior therapy interventions for mental health. Psychol Med. 2014;44:3137–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714000245.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Andersson G, Cuijpers P. Internet-based and other computerized psychological treatments for adult depression: a meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther. 2009;38:196–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070903318960.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Dölemeyer R, Klinitzke G, Steinig J, Wagner B, Kersting A. Die therapeutische Beziehung in einem internetbasierten Programm zur Behandlung der Binge-Eating-Störung. Psychiatr Prax. 2013;40:321–6. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1343320.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Wagner B, Brand J, Schulz W, Knaevelsrud C. Online working alliance predicts treatment outcome for posttraumatic stress symptoms in Arab war-traumatized patients. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29:646–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21962.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Knaevelsrud C, Böttche M, Pietrzak RH, Freyberger HJ, Renneberg B, Kuwert P. Integrative testimonial therapy: an internet-based, therapist-assisted therapy for German elderly survivors of the world war II with posttraumatic stress symptoms. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2014;202:651–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000178.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Klein B, Mitchell J, Abbott J, Shandley K, Austin D, Gilson K, et al. A therapist-assisted cognitive behavior therapy internet intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder: pre-, post- and 3-month follow-up results from an open trial. J Anxiety Disord. 2010;24:635–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.005.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Northouse L, Williams A-L, Given B, McCorkle R. Psychosocial care for family caregivers of patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1227–34. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.39.5798.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Boelen PA, de Keijser J, van den Hout MA, van den Bout J. Treatment of complicated grief: a comparison between cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75:277–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.2.277.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Shear K, Frank E, Houck PR, Reynolds CF. Treatment of complicated grief: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293:2601–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.21.2601.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Wagner B, Knaevelsrud C, Maercker A. Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for complicated grief: a randomized controlled trial. Death Stud. 2006;30:429–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180600614385.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Kersting A, Dölemeyer R, Steinig J, Walter F, Kroker K, Baust K, Wagner B. Brief internet-based intervention reduces posttraumatic stress and prolonged grief in parents after the loss of a child during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2013;82:372–81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000348713.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Prigerson HG, Maciejewski PK, Reynolds CF III, Bierhals AJ, Newsom JT, Fasiczka A, et al. Inventory of complicated grief: a scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry Res. 1995;59:65–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(95)02757-2.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Rosner R, Pfoh G, Kotoučová M. Diagnose der anhaltenden Trauerstörung mit der deutschen Version des PG-13 [Diagnosing prolonged grief disorder with the German version of the PG-13]. In: Rosner R, Pfoh G, Rojas R, Brandstätter M, Rossi R, Lumbeck G, et al., editors. Anhaltende Trauerstörung: Manuale für die Einzel- und Gruppentherapie: Hogrefe Verlag; 2015. p. 27–9.

50.

Wagner B, Knaevelsrud C, Maercker A. Internet-based treatment for complicated grief: concepts and case study. J Loss Trauma. 2005;10:409–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020590956828.CrossRef

51.

Wagner B, Lange A. Internetbasierte Psychotherapie "Interapy". In: Bauer S, Kordy H, editors. E-Mental-Health: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2008. p. 105–120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75736-8%5F9.

52.

Bradley MM, Lang PJ. Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1994;25:49–59.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Spitzer RL. Validation and Utility of a Self-report Version of PRIME-MD. The PHQ Primary Care Study. JAMA. 1999;282:1737. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.18.1737.PubMed

54.

Tracey TJ, Kokotovic AM. Factor structure of the working alliance inventory. Psychol Assess. 1989;1:207–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207.CrossRef

55.

Lumbeck G, Brandstätter M, Geissner E. Erstvalidierung der deutschen Version des Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG-D). Z Klin Psychol Psychother (Gott). 2012;41:243–8. https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000172.CrossRef

56.

Xiu D, Maercker A, Woynar S, Geirhofer B, Yang Y, Jia X. Features of prolonged grief symptoms in Chinese and Swiss bereaved parents. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2016;204:693–701. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000539.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Lange A, Schrieken B, Blankers M, van de Ven J-P, Slot M. Constructie en validatie van de Gewaarwordingenlijst: Een hulpmiddel bij het signaleren van een verhoogde kans op psychosen*. Dth. 2000;20:82–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03060234.CrossRef

58.

Manicavasagar V, Silove D, Wagner R, Drobny J. A self-report questionnaire for measuring separation anxiety in adulthood. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44:146–53. https://doi.org/10.1053/comp.2003.50024.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Barry LC. Psychiatric disorders among bereaved persons: the role of perceived circumstances of death and preparedness for death. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10:447–57. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajgp.10.4.447.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Bailley SE, Dunham K, Kral MJ. Factor structure of the grief experience questionnaire (GEQ). Death Stud. 2000;24:721–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/074811800750036596.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Prigerson HG, Maciejewski PK. Prolonged grief disorder (PG-13). Dana-Farber Cancer Institute: Boston, MA; 2006.

62.

Löwe B, Spitzer RL, Zipfel S, Herzog W. Gesundheitsfragebogen für Patienten (PHQ D). Komplettversion und Kurzform. 2nd ed.: Pfizer; 2002.

63.

Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606–13.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Gräfe K, Zipfel S, Herzog W, Löwe B. Screening psychischer Störungen mit dem Gesundheitsfragebogen für Patienten (PHQ-D). Diagnostica. 2004;50:171–81. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924.50.4.171.CrossRef

65.

Weiss DS, Marmar CR. The impact of event scale - revised. In: Wilson J, Keane TM, editors. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford; 1997. p. 399–411.

66.

Maercker A, Schützwohl M. Erfassung von psychischen Belastungsfolgen: die impact of event Skala-revidierte version (IES-R). [assessment of post-traumatic stress reactions: the impact of event scale-revised (IES-R).]. Diagnostica. 1998;44:130–41.

67.

Beck AT, Kovacs M, Weissman A. Assessment of suicidal intention: the scale for suicide ideation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1979;47:343–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.47.2.343.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G. Kognitive Therapie der depression. München: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1981.

69.

Beck AT, Brown GK, Steer RA. Psychometric characteristics of the scale for suicide ideation with psychiatric outpatients. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35:1039–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00073-9.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Nijenhuis ERS, Spinhoven P, Dyck R, Hart O, Vanderlinden J. The development of the somatoform dissociation questionnaire (SDQ-5) as a screening instrument for dissociative disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;96:311–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09922.x.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Mueller-Pfeiffer C, Schumacher S, Martin-Soelch C, Pazhenkottil AP, Wirtz G, Fuhrhans C, et al. The validity and reliability of the German version of the somatoform dissociation questionnaire (SDQ-20). J Trauma Dissociation. 2010;11:337–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299731003793450.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1092–7.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Löwe B, Decker O, Müller S, Brähler E, Schellberg D, Herzog W, Herzberg PY. Validation and standardization of the generalized anxiety disorder screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Med Care. 2008;46:266–74.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-item short-form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care. 1996;34:220–33.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Bullinger M, Kirchberger I, Ware J. Der deutsche SF-36 Health Survey Übersetzung und psychometrische Testung eines krankheitsübergreifenden Instruments zur Erfassung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität. Z Gesundh Wiss. 1995;3:21.CrossRef

76.

Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28:193–213.CrossRefPubMed

77.

Backhaus J, Junghanns K, Broocks A, Riemann D, Hohagen F. Test–retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index in primary insomnia. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:737–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00330-6.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. The posttraumatic growth inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. J Trauma Stress. 1996;9:455–71.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Maercker A, Langner R. Persönliche Reifung (Personal Growth) durch Belastungen und Traumata. Diagnostica. 2001;47:153–62. https://doi.org/10.1026//0012-1924.47.3.153.CrossRef

80.

Boelen PA, van den Bout J. Anxious and depressive avoidance and symptoms of prolonged grief, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Belg. 2013;50:49. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb-50-1-2-49.CrossRef

81.

Holland JC, Kash KM, Passik S, Gronert MK, Sison A, Lederberg M, et al. A brief spiritual beliefs inventory for use in quality of life research in life-threatening illness. Psychooncology. 1998;7:460–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1611(199811/12)7:6<460::AID-PON328>3.0.CO;2-R.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Albani C, Bailer H, Blaser G, Geyer M, Brahler E, Grulke N. Religious and spiritual beliefs - validation of the German version of the "Systems of Belief Inventory" (SBI-15R-D) by Holland et al. in a population-based sample. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2002;52:306–13. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-32863.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM. Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;61:226–44.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Doll J, Mentz M, Witte EH. Zur Theorie der vier Bindungsstile: Meßprobleme und Korrelate dreier integrierter Verhaltenssysteme [the theory of four attachment styles: problems of measurement and correlations of three integrated behavioural systems]. Z Sozialpsychol. 1995:148–59.

85.

Pierce GR, Sarason IG, Sarason BR. General and relationship-based perceptions of social support: are two constructs better than one? J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;61:1028–39.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Reiner I, Beutel M, Skaletz C, Brähler E, Stöbel-Richter Y. Validating the German version of the quality of relationship inventory: confirming the three-factor structure and report of psychometric properties. PLoS One. 2012;7:e37380. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037380.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

87.

Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb MD, Walker E, Pogge D, Ahluvalia T, et al. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27:169–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Wingenfeld K, Spitzer C, Mensebach C, Grabe HJ, Hill A, Gast U, et al. Die deutsche Version des Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ): Erste Befunde zu den psychometrischen Kennwerten. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2010;60:e13. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1253494.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Klinitzke G, Romppel M, Häuser W, Brähler E, Glaesmer H. Die deutsche Version des Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) - psychometrische Eigenschaften in einer bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Stichprobe. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2012;62:47–51. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1295495.CrossRefPubMed

90.

Schwarzer R, Schulz U. Berliner Social-Support Skalen (BSSS). 2000. http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/soc_g.htm. Accessed 27.07.17.

91.

Schulz U, Schwarzer R. Soziale Unterstützung bei der Krankheitsbewältigung: Die Berliner Social Support Skalen (BSSS). Diagnostica. 2003;49:73–82. https://doi.org/10.1026//0012-1924.49.2.73.CrossRef

92.

Blatt SJ, D’Aflitti JP, Quinlan DM. Depressive Experiences Questionnaire. New Haven, CT: Yale University; 1979.

93.

Beutel ME, Wiltink J, Hafner C, Reiner I, Bleichner F, Blatt S. Abhängigkeit und Selbstkritik als psychologische Dimensionen der Depression - Validierung der deutschsprachigen Version des Depressive Experience Questionnaire (DEQ). Z Klin Psychol Psychiatr Psychother. 2004;

94.

Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image: Princeton university press Princeton, NJ; 1965.CrossRef

95.

von Collani G, Herzberg PY. Eine revidierte Fassung der deutschsprachigen Skala zum Selbstwertgefühl von Rosenberg. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie. 2003;24:3–7. https://doi.org/10.1024//0170-1789.24.1.3.CrossRef

96.

Jerusalem M, Schwarzer R. SWE - Skala zur Allgemeinen Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung: ZPID (Leibniz Institute for Psychology Information); 1981.

97.

Carver CS. You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: consider the brief COPE. Int J Behav Med. 1997;4:92–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6.CrossRefPubMed

98.

Knoll N, Rieckmann N, Schwarzer R. Coping as a mediator between personality and stress outcomes: a longitudinal study with cataract surgery patients. Eur J Pers. 2005;19:229–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.546.CrossRef

99.

Wilmers F, Munder T. Die deutschsprachige Version des Working Alliance Inventory – short revised (WAI-SR) – Ein schulenübergreifendes, ökonomisches und empirisch validiertes Instrument zur Erfassung der therapeutischen Allianz. Klinische Diagnostik & Evaluation 2008.

Title: Internet-based grief therapy for bereaved individuals after loss due to Haematological cancer: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Rahel Hoffmann
Julia Große
Michaela Nagl
Dietger Niederwieser
Anja Mehnert
Anette Kersting
Publication date: 01-12-2018
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1633-y

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Internet-based grief therapy for bereaved individuals after loss due to Haematological cancer: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Background

Methods

Discussion

Trial registration

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Discussion

Trial registration

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

Study protocol design and evaluation of a hospital-based multi-professional educational intervention: Person-Centred Psychosis Care (PCPC)

Mental and physical comorbidity in an Arab primary health care setting

Discovery biology of neuropsychiatric syndromes (DBNS): a center for integrating clinical medicine and basic science

Maternal mental health priorities, help-seeking behaviors, and resources in post-conflict settings: a qualitative study in eastern Uganda

How is a specialist depression service effective for persistent moderate to severe depressive disorder?: a qualitative study of service user experience

Associations among maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain and risk of autism in the Han Chinese population