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International Urology and Nephrology
Published in: International Urology and Nephrology 5/2017

01-05-2017 | Nephrology – Review

Inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease: the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Author: Kultigin Turkmen

Published in: International Urology and Nephrology | Issue 5/2017

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Abstract

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) can occur in approximately 30–40% of both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. The well-established features of DKD include increased serum glucose levels along with chronic low-grade inflammation, OxS, increased advanced glycation end products, sorbitol accumulation, increased hexosamine, and protein kinase C pathway activation. On the other hand, accumulating evidence suggests that novel pathways including apoptosis and autophagy might also play important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of DKD. In this review, the integrated mechanisms of inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy are discussed in the pathogenesis as well as progression of DM and DKD.
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Metadata
Title
Inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease: the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Author
Kultigin Turkmen
Publication date
01-05-2017
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
International Urology and Nephrology / Issue 5/2017
Print ISSN: 0301-1623
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2584
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-016-1488-4

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