Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Virology Journal
Published in: Virology Journal 1/2012

Open Access 01-12-2012 | Research

In vitro inhibition of monkeypox virus production and spread by Interferon-β

Authors: Sara C Johnston, Kenny L Lin, John H Connor, Gordon Ruthel, Arthur Goff, Lisa E Hensley

Published in: Virology Journal | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The Orthopoxvirus genus contains numerous virus species that are capable of causing disease in humans, including variola virus (the etiological agent of smallpox), monkeypox virus, cowpox virus, and vaccinia virus (the prototypical member of the genus). Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease that is endemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and is characterized by systemic lesion development and prominent lymphadenopathy. Like variola virus, monkeypox virus is a high priority pathogen for therapeutic development due to its potential to cause serious disease with significant health impacts after zoonotic, accidental, or deliberate introduction into a naïve population.

Results

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of interferon-β (IFN-β) for use against monkeypox virus. We found that treatment with human IFN-β results in a significant decrease in monkeypox virus production and spread in vitro. IFN-β substantially inhibited monkeypox virus when introduced 6-8 h post infection, revealing its potential for use as a therapeutic. IFN-β induced the expression of the antiviral protein MxA in infected cells, and constitutive expression of MxA was shown to inhibit monkeypox virus infection.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate the successful inhibition of monkeypox virus using human IFN-β and suggest that IFN-β could potentially serve as a novel safe therapeutic for human monkeypox disease.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Moss B: Poxviridae : the viruses and their replication. In Field's Virology. Volume 2. 4th edition. Edited by: Knipe DM, Howley PM. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 2001:2849-2883.
2.
Bahar MW, Graham SC, Chen RA, Cooray S, Smith GL, Stuart DI, Grimes JM: How vaccinia virus has evolved to subvert the host immune response. J Struct Biol 2011, 175: 127-134. 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.03.010PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
Gubser C, Hue S, Kellam P, Smith GL: Poxvirus genomes: a phylogenetic analysis. J Gen Virol 2004, 85: 105-117. 10.1099/vir.0.19565-0PubMedCrossRef
4.
Jackson SS, Ilyinskii P, Philippon V, Gritz L, Yafal AG, Zinnack K, Beaudry KR, Manson KH, Lifton MA, Kuroda MJ, et al.: Role of genes that modulate host immune responses in the immunogenicity and pathogenicity of vaccinia virus. J Virol 2005, 79: 6554-6559. 10.1128/JVI.79.10.6554-6559.2005PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Altman LK: Health Workers Union Wary of Smallpox Vaccinations. The New York Times; 2002.
6.
Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E, Jahrling PB, Hauer J, Layton M, McDade J, Osterholm MT, et al.: Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. JAMA 1999, 281: 2127-2137. 10.1001/jama.281.22.2127PubMedCrossRef
7.
Huhn GD, Bauer AM, Yorita K, Graham MB, Sejvar J, Likos A, Damon IK, Reynolds MG, Kuehnert MJ: Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41: 1742-1751. 10.1086/498115PubMedCrossRef
8.
Jezek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, Mutombo M: Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients. J Infect Dis 1987, 156: 293-298. 10.1093/infdis/156.2.293PubMedCrossRef
9.
Meyer H, Perrichot M, Stemmler M, Emmerich P, Schmitz H, Varaine F, Shungu R, Tshioko F, Formenty P: Outbreaks of disease suspected of being due to human monkeypox virus infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2001. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40: 2919-2921. 10.1128/JCM.40.8.2919-2921.2002PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
Reynolds MG, Yorita KL, Kuehnert MJ, Davidson WB, Huhn GD, Holman RC, Damon IK: Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox influenced by route of infection. J Infect Dis 2006, 194: 773-780. 10.1086/505880PubMedCrossRef
11.
12.
Khodakevich L, Jezek Z, Kinzanzka K: Isolation of monkeypox virus from wild squirrel infected in nature. Lancet 1986, 1: 98-99.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Khodakevich L, Szczeniowski M, Manbu ma D, Jezek Z, Marennikova S, Nakano J, Messinger D: The role of squirrels in sustaining monkeypox virus transmission. Trop Geogr Med 1987, 39: 115-122.PubMed
14.
Khodakevich L, Szczeniowski M, Nambu ma D, Jezek Z, Marennikova S, Nakano J, Meier F: Monkeypox virus in relation to the ecological features surrounding human settlements in Bumba zone, Zaire. Trop Geogr Med 1987, 39: 56-63.PubMed
15.
Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, Pebody R, Loparev VN, Ropp SL, Rodriguez M, Knight JC, Tshioko FK, Khan AS, et al.: Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996-1997. Emerg Infect Dis 2001, 7: 434-438.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
Jezek Z, Grab B, Paluku KM, Szczeniowski MV: Human monkeypox: disease pattern, incidence and attack rates in a rural area of northern Zaire. Trop Geogr Med 1988, 40: 73-83.PubMed
17.
Jezek Z, Grab B, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, Mutombo M: Clinico-epidemiological features of monkeypox patients with an animal or human source of infection. Bull World Health Organ 1988, 66: 459-464.PubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Rimoin AW, Mulembakani PM, Johnston SC, Lloyd Smith JO, Kisalu NK, Kinkela TL, Blumberg S, Thomassen HA, Pike BL, Fair JN, et al.: Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107: 16262-16267. 10.1073/pnas.1005769107PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
Chen N, Li G, Liszewski MK, Atkinson JP, Jahrling PB, Feng Z, Schriewer J, Buck C, Wang C, Lefkowitz EJ, et al.: Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin. Virology 2005, 340: 46-63. 10.1016/j.virol.2005.05.030PubMedCrossRef
20.
Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E: A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ 1972, 46: 593-597.PubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Reed KD, Melski JW, Graham MB, Regnery RL, Sotir MJ, Wegner MV, Kazmierczak JJ, Stratman EJ, Li Y, Fairley JA, et al.: The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere. N Engl J Med 2004, 350: 342-350. 10.1056/NEJMoa032299PubMedCrossRef
22.
Learned LA, Reynolds MG, Wassa DW, Li Y, Olson VA, Karem K, Stempora LL, Braden ZH, Kline R, Likos A, et al.: Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo, 2003. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005, 73: 428-434.PubMed
23.
Biron CA: Role of early cytokines, including alpha and beta interferons (IFN-alpha/beta), in innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections. Semin Immunol 1998, 10: 383-390. 10.1006/smim.1998.0138PubMedCrossRef
24.
Randall RE, Goodbourn S: Interferons and viruses: an interplay between induction, signalling, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures. J Gen Virol 2008, 89: 1-47. 10.1099/vir.0.83391-0PubMedCrossRef
25.
Samuel CE: Antiviral actions of interferon. Interferon-regulated cellular proteins and their surprisingly selective antiviral activities. Virology 1991, 183: 1-11. 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90112-OPubMedCrossRef
26.
Perdiguero B, Esteban M: The interferon system and vaccinia virus evasion mechanisms. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009, 29: 581-598. 10.1089/jir.2009.0073PubMedCrossRef
27.
Mohamed MR, Rahman MM, Lanchbury JS, Shattuck D, Neff C, Dufford M, van Buuren N, Fagan K, Barry M, Smith S, et al.: Proteomic screening of variola virus reveals a unique NF-kappaB inhibitor that is highly conserved among pathogenic orthopoxviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009, 106: 9045-9050. 10.1073/pnas.0900452106PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
Chang HW, Jacobs BL: Identification of a conserved motif that is necessary for binding of the vaccinia virus E3L gene products to double-stranded RNA. Virology 1993, 194: 537-547. 10.1006/viro.1993.1292PubMedCrossRef
29.
Chang HW, Watson JC, Jacobs BL: The E3L gene of vaccinia virus encodes an inhibitor of the interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992, 89: 4825-4829. 10.1073/pnas.89.11.4825PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
Kim YG, Muralinath M, Brandt T, Pearcy M, Hauns K, Lowenhaupt K, Jacobs BL, Rich A: A role for Z-DNA binding in vaccinia virus pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100: 6974-6979. 10.1073/pnas.0431131100PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
Kim YG, Lowenhaupt K, Oh DB, Kim KK, Rich A: Evidence that vaccinia virulence factor E3L binds to Z-DNA in vivo: Implications for development of a therapy for poxvirus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101: 1514-1518. 10.1073/pnas.0308260100PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Brandt TA, Jacobs BL: Both carboxy--and amino-terminal domains of the vaccinia virus interferon resistance gene, E3L, are required for pathogenesis in a mouse model. J Virol 2001, 75: 850-856. 10.1128/JVI.75.2.850-856.2001PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Carroll K, Elroy-Stein O, Moss B, Jagus R: Recombinant vaccinia virus K3L gene product prevents activation of double-stranded RNA-dependent, initiation factor 2 alpha-specific protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1993, 268: 12837-12842.PubMed
34.
Davies MV, Elroy-Stein O, Jagus R, Moss B, Kaufman RJ: The vaccinia virus K3L gene product potentiates translation by inhibiting double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase and phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2. J Virol 1992, 66: 1943-1950.PubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Sharp TV, Witzel JE, Jagus R: Homologous regions of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha) and the vaccinia virus K3L gene product interact with the same domain within the dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). Eur J Biochem 1997, 250: 85-91. 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00085.xPubMedCrossRef
36.
Langland JO, Jacobs BL: The role of the PKR-inhibitory genes, E3L and K3L, in determining vaccinia virus host range. Virology 2002, 299: 133-141. 10.1006/viro.2002.1479PubMedCrossRef
37.
Meng X, Jiang C, Arsenio J, Dick K, Cao J, Xiang Y: Vaccinia virus K1L and C7L inhibit antiviral activities induced by type I interferons. J Virol 2009, 83: 10627-10636. 10.1128/JVI.01260-09PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Oguiura N, Spehner D, Drillien R: Detection of a protein encoded by the vaccinia virus C7L open reading frame and study of its effect on virus multiplication in different cell lines. J Gen Virol 1993,74(Pt 7):1409-1413.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Perkus ME, Goebel SJ, Davis SW, Johnson GP, Limbach K, Norton EK, Paoletti E: Vaccinia virus host range genes. Virology 1990, 179: 276-286. 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90296-4PubMedCrossRef
40.
Shisler JL, Jin XL: The vaccinia virus K1L gene product inhibits host NF-kappaB activation by preventing IkappaBalpha degradation. J Virol 2004, 78: 3553-3560. 10.1128/JVI.78.7.3553-3560.2004PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
Backes S, Sperling KM, Zwilling J, Gasteiger G, Ludwig H, Kremmer E, Schwantes A, Staib C, Sutter G: Viral host-range factor C7 or K1 is essential for modified vaccinia virus Ankara late gene expression in human and murine cells, irrespective of their capacity to inhibit protein kinase R-mediated phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha. J Gen Virol 2010, 91: 470-482. 10.1099/vir.0.015347-0PubMedCrossRef
42.
Fernandez de Marco Mdel M, Alejo A, Hudson P, Damon IK, Alcami A: The highly virulent variola and monkeypox viruses express secreted inhibitors of type I interferon. FASEB J 2010, 24: 1479-1488. 10.1096/fj.09-144733PubMedCrossRef
43.
Day SL, Ramshaw IA, Ramsay AJ, Ranasinghe C: Differential effects of the type I interferons alpha4, beta, and epsilon on antiviral activity and vaccine efficacy. J Immunol 2008, 180: 7158-7166.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Weimar W, Stitz L, Billiau A, Cantell K, Schellekens H: Prevention of vaccinia lesions in Rhesus monkeys by human leucocyte and fibroblast interferon. J Gen Virol 1980, 48: 25-30. 10.1099/0022-1317-48-1-25PubMedCrossRef
45.
Haller O, Gao S, von der Malsburg A, Daumke O, Kochs G: Dynamin-like MxA GTPase: structural insights into oligomerization and implications for antiviral activity. J Biol Chem 2010, 285: 28419-28424. 10.1074/jbc.R110.145839PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
Haller O, Kochs G: Human MxA protein: an interferon-induced dynamin-like GTPase with broad antiviral activity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010, 31: 79-87.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Haller O, Stertz S, Kochs G: The Mx GTPase family of interferon-induced antiviral proteins. Microbes Infect 2007, 9: 1636-1643. 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.09.010PubMedCrossRef
48.
Haller O, Weber F: The interferon response circuit in antiviral host defense. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg 2009, 71: 73-86.PubMed
49.
Netherton CL, Simpson J, Haller O, Wileman TE, Takamatsu HH, Monaghan P, Taylor G: Inhibition of a large double-stranded DNA virus by MxA protein. J Virol 2009, 83: 2310-2320. 10.1128/JVI.00781-08PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
Pavlovic J, Zurcher T, Haller O, Staeheli P: Resistance to influenza virus and vesicular stomatitis virus conferred by expression of human MxA protein. J Virol 1990, 64: 3370-3375.PubMedPubMedCentral
51.
Staeheli P, Pravtcheva D, Lundin LG, Acklin M, Ruddle F, Lindenmann J, Haller O: Interferon-regulated influenza virus resistance gene Mx is localized on mouse chromosome 16. J Virol 1986, 58: 967-969.PubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Stertz S, Reichelt M, Krijnse-Locker J, Mackenzie J, Simpson JC, Haller O, Kochs G: Interferon-induced, antiviral human MxA protein localizes to a distinct subcompartment of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006, 26: 650-660. 10.1089/jir.2006.26.650PubMedCrossRef
53.
Frese M, Kochs G, Meier-Dieter U, Siebler J, Haller O: Human MxA protein inhibits tick-borne Thogoto virus but not Dhori virus. J Virol 1995, 69: 3904-3909.PubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Zurcher T, Pavlovic J, Staeheli P: Mechanism of human MxA protein action: variants with changed antiviral properties. EMBO J 1992, 11: 1657-1661.PubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Huggins J, Goff A, Hensley L, Mucker E, Shamblin J, Wlazlowski C, Johnson W, Chapman J, Larsen T, Twenhafel N, et al.: Nonhuman primates are protected from smallpox virus or monkeypox virus challenges by the antiviral drug ST-246. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53: 2620-2625. 10.1128/AAC.00021-09PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova I, Poland GA: Smallpox vaccines for biodefense. Vaccine 2009,27(Suppl 4):D73-79.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Wiser I, Balicer RD, Cohen D: An update on smallpox vaccine candidates and their role in bioterrorism related vaccination strategies. Vaccine 2007, 25: 976-984. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.046PubMedCrossRef
58.
Everett WW, Coffin SE, Zaoutis T, Halpern SD, Strom BL: Smallpox vaccination: a national survey of emergency health care providers. Acad Emerg Med 2003, 10: 606-611.PubMedCrossRef
59.
McNeil D: When parents say no to child vaccinations. The New York Times; 2002.
60.
Dropulic LK, Cohen JI: Update on new antivirals under development for the treatment of double-stranded DNA virus infections. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010, 88: 610-619. 10.1038/clpt.2010.178PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
Baker RO, Bray M, Huggins JW: Potential antiviral therapeutics for smallpox, monkeypox and other orthopoxvirus infections. Antiviral Res 2003, 57: 13-23. 10.1016/S0166-3542(02)00196-1PubMedCrossRef
62.
Smee DF, Bailey KW, Wong MH, Sidwell RW: Effects of cidofovir on the pathogenesis of a lethal vaccinia virus respiratory infection in mice. Antiviral Res 2001, 52: 55-62. 10.1016/S0166-3542(01)00159-0PubMedCrossRef
63.
Stittelaar KJ, Neyts J, Naesens L, van Amerongen G, van Lavieren RF, Holy A, De Clercq E, Niesters HG, Fries E, Maas C, et al.: Antiviral treatment is more effective than smallpox vaccination upon lethal monkeypox virus infection. Nature 2006, 439: 745-748. 10.1038/nature04295PubMedCrossRef
64.
Jahrling PB, Fritz EA, Hensley LE: Countermeasures to the bioterrorist threat of smallpox. Curr Mol Med 2005, 5: 817-826. 10.2174/156652405774962326PubMedCrossRef
65.
Reeves PM, Bommarius B, Lebeis S, McNulty S, Christensen J, Swimm A, Chahroudi A, Chavan R, Feinberg MB, Veach D, et al.: Disabling poxvirus pathogenesis by inhibition of Abl-family tyrosine kinases. Nat Med 2005, 11: 731-739. 10.1038/nm1265PubMedCrossRef
66.
Bolken TC, Hruby DE: Tecovirimat for smallpox infections. Drugs Today (Barc) 2010, 46: 109-117. 10.1358/dot.2010.46.2.1437244CrossRef
67.
Goff AJ, Chapman J, Foster C, Wlazlowski C, Shamblin J, Lin K, Kreiselmeier N, Mucker E, Paragas J, Lawler J, Hensley L: A novel respiratory model of infection with monkeypox virus in cynomolgus macaques. J Virol 2011, 85: 4898-4909. 10.1128/JVI.02525-10PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
Jordan R, Goff A, Frimm A, Corrado ML, Hensley LE, Byrd CM, Mucker E, Shamblin J, Bolken TC, Wlazlowski C, et al.: ST-246 antiviral efficacy in a nonhuman primate monkeypox model: determination of the minimal effective dose and human dose justification. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53: 1817-1822. 10.1128/AAC.01596-08PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
Ward BM, Moss B: Visualization of intracellular movement of vaccinia virus virions containing a green fluorescent protein-B5R membrane protein chimera. J Virol 2001, 75: 4802-4813. 10.1128/JVI.75.10.4802-4813.2001PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadata
Title
In vitro inhibition of monkeypox virus production and spread by Interferon-β
Authors
Sara C Johnston
Kenny L Lin
John H Connor
Gordon Ruthel
Arthur Goff
Lisa E Hensley
Publication date
01-12-2012
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Virology Journal / Issue 1/2012
Electronic ISSN: 1743-422X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-9-5

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

Virology Journal 1/2012 Go to the issue

Research

Changes in subcellular localization reveal interactions between human cytomegalovirus terminase subunits

Methodology

Rapid and sensitive identification of RNA from the emerging pathogen, coxsackievirus A6

Research

Characterization of sequence elements from Malvastrum yellow vein betasatellite regulating promoter activity and DNA replication

Review

Bacteriophages and their implications on future biotechnology: a review

Research

Clinical, epidemiological and molecular features of the HIV-1 subtype C and recombinant forms that are circulating in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Methodology

An improved respiratory syncytial virus neutralization assay based on the detection of green fluorescent protein expression and automated plaque counting
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits