Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Treatment Options in Neurology 12/2019

01-12-2019 | Hydrocephalus | Dementia (J Pillai, Section Editor)

Current Update on Treatment Strategies for Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Authors: Albert M. Isaacs, MD, Michael A. Williams, MD, FAAN, Mark G. Hamilton, MD, CM, FRCSC, FAANS

Published in: Current Treatment Options in Neurology | Issue 12/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of review

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a surgically treatable neurological disorder of the elderly population that is characterized by abnormal ventricular enlargement due to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation and gait disturbance, cognitive impairment, or urinary incontinence. The objective of this review is to present the current diagnostic and treatment approaches for iNPH and to discuss some of the postoperative modalities that complement positive surgical outcomes.

Recent findings

Although historically reported patient outcomes following iNPH surgery were dismal and highly variable, recent advances in terms of better understanding of the iNPH disease process, better standardization of iNPH diagnostic and treatment processes arising from the adoption of clinical guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and in research methodologies, and availability of long-term follow-up data, have helped reduce the variations to a much improved 73 to 96% reported good outcomes.

Summary

With careful evaluation, good patient selection, and advanced surgical techniques, iNPH can be surgically treated to return patients close to their pre-iNPH functional status. Institution of an interdisciplinary effort to rehabilitate patients following surgery may help augment their recovery.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Rekate HL. A contemporary definition and classification of hydrocephalus. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2009;16(1):9–15.PubMed Rekate HL. A contemporary definition and classification of hydrocephalus. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2009;16(1):9–15.PubMed
2.
go back to reference Kahle KT, Kulkarni AV, Limbrick DD Jr, Warf BC. Hydrocephalus in children. Lancet. 2016;387(10020):788–99.PubMed Kahle KT, Kulkarni AV, Limbrick DD Jr, Warf BC. Hydrocephalus in children. Lancet. 2016;387(10020):788–99.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Eide PK. The pathophysiology of chronic noncommunicating hydrocephalus: lessons from continuous intracranial pressure monitoring and ventricular infusion testing. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(1):220–33.PubMed Eide PK. The pathophysiology of chronic noncommunicating hydrocephalus: lessons from continuous intracranial pressure monitoring and ventricular infusion testing. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(1):220–33.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Hakim S. Algunas observaciones sobre la presion del L.C.R. Sindrome. Hidrocefalico en el Adulto con "Presion Normal" del L.C.R.(Presentacion de un Nuevo Sindrome). Bogota: Javeriana University; 1964. Hakim S. Algunas observaciones sobre la presion del L.C.R. Sindrome. Hidrocefalico en el Adulto con "Presion Normal" del L.C.R.(Presentacion de un Nuevo Sindrome). Bogota: Javeriana University; 1964.
5.
go back to reference Hakim S, Adams RD. The special clinical problem of symptomatic hydrocephalus with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Observations on cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics. J Neurol Sci. 1965;2(4):307–27.PubMed Hakim S, Adams RD. The special clinical problem of symptomatic hydrocephalus with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Observations on cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics. J Neurol Sci. 1965;2(4):307–27.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Williams MA, Relkin NR. Diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurol Clin Pract. 2013;3(5):375–85.PubMedPubMedCentral Williams MA, Relkin NR. Diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurol Clin Pract. 2013;3(5):375–85.PubMedPubMedCentral
7.
go back to reference Malm J, Eklund A. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Pract Neurol. 2006;6(1):14–27. Malm J, Eklund A. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Pract Neurol. 2006;6(1):14–27.
8.
go back to reference Williams MA, Nagel SJ, Luciano MG, Relkin N, Zwimpfer TJ, Katzen H, et al. The clinical spectrum of hydrocephalus in adults: report of the first 517 patients of the adult hydrocephalus clinical research network registry. J Neurosurg. 2019:1–12. Williams MA, Nagel SJ, Luciano MG, Relkin N, Zwimpfer TJ, Katzen H, et al. The clinical spectrum of hydrocephalus in adults: report of the first 517 patients of the adult hydrocephalus clinical research network registry. J Neurosurg. 2019:1–12.
9.
go back to reference Relkin N, Marmarou A, Klinge P, Bergsneider M, Black PM. INPH guidelines, part II: diagnosing idio-pathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3 SUPPL):S2-4–S2-16. Relkin N, Marmarou A, Klinge P, Bergsneider M, Black PM. INPH guidelines, part II: diagnosing idio-pathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3 SUPPL):S2-4–S2-16.
10.
go back to reference Mori E, Ishikawa M, Kato T, Kazui H, Miyake H, Miyajima M, et al. Guidelines for management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: second edition. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2012;52(11):775–809. Mori E, Ishikawa M, Kato T, Kazui H, Miyake H, Miyajima M, et al. Guidelines for management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: second edition. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2012;52(11):775–809.
11.
go back to reference Kuriyama N, Miyajima M, Nakajima M, Kurosawa M, Fukushima W, Watanabe Y, et al. Nationwide hospital-based survey of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus in Japan: epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Brain Behav. 2017;7(3):e00635.PubMedPubMedCentral Kuriyama N, Miyajima M, Nakajima M, Kurosawa M, Fukushima W, Watanabe Y, et al. Nationwide hospital-based survey of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus in Japan: epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Brain Behav. 2017;7(3):e00635.PubMedPubMedCentral
12.
go back to reference Jaraj D, Rabiei K, Marlow T, Jensen C, Skoog I, Wikkelso C. Prevalence of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurology. 2014;82(16):1449–54.PubMedPubMedCentral Jaraj D, Rabiei K, Marlow T, Jensen C, Skoog I, Wikkelso C. Prevalence of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurology. 2014;82(16):1449–54.PubMedPubMedCentral
13. •
go back to reference Isaacs AM, Riva-Cambrin J, Yavin D, Hockley A, Pringsheim TM, Jette N, et al. Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0204926. Isaacs, et al reported a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis that defines the prevalence of iNPH as 175/100,000. The prevalence increases with age to 5,900/100,000 for those >85 years old.PubMedPubMedCentral Isaacs AM, Riva-Cambrin J, Yavin D, Hockley A, Pringsheim TM, Jette N, et al. Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0204926. Isaacs, et al reported a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis that defines the prevalence of iNPH as 175/100,000. The prevalence increases with age to 5,900/100,000 for those >85 years old.PubMedPubMedCentral
14.
go back to reference Williams MA, McAllister JP, Walker ML, Kranz DA, Bergsneider M, Del Bigio MR, et al. Priorities for hydrocephalus research: report from a National Institutes of Health-sponsored workshop. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(5 Suppl):345–57.PubMed Williams MA, McAllister JP, Walker ML, Kranz DA, Bergsneider M, Del Bigio MR, et al. Priorities for hydrocephalus research: report from a National Institutes of Health-sponsored workshop. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(5 Suppl):345–57.PubMed
15.
go back to reference Graff-Radford NR, Godersky JC. Symptomatic congenital hydrocephalus in the elderly simulating normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurology. 1989;39(12):1596–600.PubMed Graff-Radford NR, Godersky JC. Symptomatic congenital hydrocephalus in the elderly simulating normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurology. 1989;39(12):1596–600.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Krauss JK, Regel JP, Vach W, Droste DW, Borremans JJ, Mergner T. Vascular risk factors and arteriosclerotic disease in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus of the elderly. Stroke. 1996;27(1):24–9.PubMed Krauss JK, Regel JP, Vach W, Droste DW, Borremans JJ, Mergner T. Vascular risk factors and arteriosclerotic disease in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus of the elderly. Stroke. 1996;27(1):24–9.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Jaraj D, Agerskov S, Rabiei K, Marlow T, Jensen C, Guo X, et al. Vascular factors in suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus: a population-based study. Neurology. 2016;86(7):592–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Jaraj D, Agerskov S, Rabiei K, Marlow T, Jensen C, Guo X, et al. Vascular factors in suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus: a population-based study. Neurology. 2016;86(7):592–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
18.
go back to reference Bech RA, Waldemar G, Gjerris F, Klinken L, Juhler M. Shunting effects in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus; correlation with cerebral and leptomeningeal biopsy findings. Acta Neurochir. 1999;141(6):633–9.PubMed Bech RA, Waldemar G, Gjerris F, Klinken L, Juhler M. Shunting effects in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus; correlation with cerebral and leptomeningeal biopsy findings. Acta Neurochir. 1999;141(6):633–9.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Bech RA, Juhler M, Waldemar G, Klinken L, Gjerris F. Frontal brain and leptomeningeal biopsy specimens correlated with cerebrospinal fluid outflow resistance and B-wave activity in patients suspected of normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 1997;40(3):497–502.PubMed Bech RA, Juhler M, Waldemar G, Klinken L, Gjerris F. Frontal brain and leptomeningeal biopsy specimens correlated with cerebrospinal fluid outflow resistance and B-wave activity in patients suspected of normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 1997;40(3):497–502.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Malm J, Graff-Radford NR, Ishikawa M, Kristensen B, Leinonen V, Mori E, et al. Influence of comorbidities in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus - research and clinical care. A report of the ISHCSF task force on comorbidities in INPH. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2013;10(1):22.PubMedPubMedCentral Malm J, Graff-Radford NR, Ishikawa M, Kristensen B, Leinonen V, Mori E, et al. Influence of comorbidities in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus - research and clinical care. A report of the ISHCSF task force on comorbidities in INPH. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2013;10(1):22.PubMedPubMedCentral
21.
go back to reference Mocco J, Tomey MI, Komotar RJ, Mack WJ, Frucht SJ, Goodman RR, et al. Ventriculoperitoneal shunting of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus increases midbrain size: a potential mechanism for gait improvement. Neurosurgery. 2006;59(4):847–50 discussion 50-1.PubMed Mocco J, Tomey MI, Komotar RJ, Mack WJ, Frucht SJ, Goodman RR, et al. Ventriculoperitoneal shunting of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus increases midbrain size: a potential mechanism for gait improvement. Neurosurgery. 2006;59(4):847–50 discussion 50-1.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Del Bigio MR, Di Curzio DL. Nonsurgical therapy for hydrocephalus: a comprehensive and critical review. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2016;13(1):3.PubMedPubMedCentral Del Bigio MR, Di Curzio DL. Nonsurgical therapy for hydrocephalus: a comprehensive and critical review. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2016;13(1):3.PubMedPubMedCentral
23.
go back to reference Williams MA, Malm J. Diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22(2 Dementia):579–99.PubMed Williams MA, Malm J. Diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22(2 Dementia):579–99.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Marmarou A, Bergsneider M, Relkin N, Klinge P, Black PM. Development of guidelines for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: introduction. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3 Suppl):S1–3; discussion ii-v. Marmarou A, Bergsneider M, Relkin N, Klinge P, Black PM. Development of guidelines for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: introduction. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3 Suppl):S1–3; discussion ii-v.
25.
go back to reference Nutt JG. Higher-level gait disorders: an open frontier. Mov Disord. 2013;28(11):1560–5.PubMed Nutt JG. Higher-level gait disorders: an open frontier. Mov Disord. 2013;28(11):1560–5.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Nutt JG, Marsden CD, Thompson PD. Human walking and higher-level gait disorders, particularly in the elderly. Neurology. 1993;43(2):268–79.PubMed Nutt JG, Marsden CD, Thompson PD. Human walking and higher-level gait disorders, particularly in the elderly. Neurology. 1993;43(2):268–79.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Boon AJ, Tans JT, Delwel EJ, Egeler-Peerdeman SM, Hanlo PW, Wurzer HA, et al. Dutch normal-pressure hydrocephalus study: prediction of outcome after shunting by resistance to outflow of cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurosurg. 1997;87(5):687–93.PubMed Boon AJ, Tans JT, Delwel EJ, Egeler-Peerdeman SM, Hanlo PW, Wurzer HA, et al. Dutch normal-pressure hydrocephalus study: prediction of outcome after shunting by resistance to outflow of cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurosurg. 1997;87(5):687–93.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Tinetti ME. Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986;34(2):119–26.PubMed Tinetti ME. Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986;34(2):119–26.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed "up & go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(2):142–8.PubMed Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed "up & go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(2):142–8.PubMed
30.
go back to reference Graham JE, Ostir GV, Fisher SR, Ottenbacher KJ. Assessing walking speed in clinical research: a systematic review. J Eval Clin Pract. 2008;14(4):552–62.PubMedPubMedCentral Graham JE, Ostir GV, Fisher SR, Ottenbacher KJ. Assessing walking speed in clinical research: a systematic review. J Eval Clin Pract. 2008;14(4):552–62.PubMedPubMedCentral
31.
go back to reference Relkin N, Marmarou A, Klinge P, Bergsneider M, Black PM. Diagnosing idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3 Suppl):S4–16; discussion ii-v. Relkin N, Marmarou A, Klinge P, Bergsneider M, Black PM. Diagnosing idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3 Suppl):S4–16; discussion ii-v.
32.
go back to reference Picascia M, Zangaglia R, Bernini S, Minafra B, Sinforiani E, Pacchetti C. A review of cognitive impairment and differential diagnosis in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Funct Neurol. 2015;30(4):217–29.PubMed Picascia M, Zangaglia R, Bernini S, Minafra B, Sinforiani E, Pacchetti C. A review of cognitive impairment and differential diagnosis in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Funct Neurol. 2015;30(4):217–29.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Saito M, Nishio Y, Kanno S, Uchiyama M, Hayashi A, Takagi M, et al. Cognitive profile of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2011;1(1):202–11.PubMedPubMedCentral Saito M, Nishio Y, Kanno S, Uchiyama M, Hayashi A, Takagi M, et al. Cognitive profile of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2011;1(1):202–11.PubMedPubMedCentral
34.
go back to reference Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695–9. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695–9.
35.
go back to reference Israelsson H, Allard P, Eklund A, Malm J. Symptoms of depression are common in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: the INPH-CRasH study. Neurosurgery. 2016;78(2):161–8.PubMed Israelsson H, Allard P, Eklund A, Malm J. Symptoms of depression are common in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: the INPH-CRasH study. Neurosurgery. 2016;78(2):161–8.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Klausner AP, Ellen EF, Collins CW, Marmarou A, Young HF, Boling PA, et al. Characterization of urinary incontinence in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Journal of Urology. 2008;179(4):353-. Klausner AP, Ellen EF, Collins CW, Marmarou A, Young HF, Boling PA, et al. Characterization of urinary incontinence in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Journal of Urology. 2008;179(4):353-.
37.
go back to reference Virhammar J, Laurell K, Cesarini KG, Larsson EM. The callosal angle measured on MRI as a predictor of outcome in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 2014;120(1):178–84.PubMed Virhammar J, Laurell K, Cesarini KG, Larsson EM. The callosal angle measured on MRI as a predictor of outcome in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 2014;120(1):178–84.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Reinard K, Basheer A, Phillips S, Snyder A, Agarwal A, Jafari-Khouzani K, et al. Simple and reproducible linear measurements to determine ventricular enlargement in adults. Surg Neurol Int. 2015;6:59.PubMedPubMedCentral Reinard K, Basheer A, Phillips S, Snyder A, Agarwal A, Jafari-Khouzani K, et al. Simple and reproducible linear measurements to determine ventricular enlargement in adults. Surg Neurol Int. 2015;6:59.PubMedPubMedCentral
39.
go back to reference Jaraj D, Rabiei K, Marlow T, Jensen C, Skoog I, Wikkelso C. Estimated ventricle size using Evans index: reference values from a population-based sample. Eur J Neurol. 2017;24(3):468–74.PubMed Jaraj D, Rabiei K, Marlow T, Jensen C, Skoog I, Wikkelso C. Estimated ventricle size using Evans index: reference values from a population-based sample. Eur J Neurol. 2017;24(3):468–74.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Hashimoto M, Ishikawa M, Mori E, Kuwana N, Study of Ioni. Diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is supported by MRI-based scheme: a prospective cohort study. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2010;7(1):18. Hashimoto M, Ishikawa M, Mori E, Kuwana N, Study of Ioni. Diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is supported by MRI-based scheme: a prospective cohort study. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2010;7(1):18.
41.•
go back to reference Kazui H, Miyajima M, Mori E, Ishikawa M, Investigators S-. Lumboperitoneal shunt surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (SINPHONI-2): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(6):585–94. Kazui, et al reported a prospective multicenter randomized clinical trial (RCT) of 93 patients with iNPH and DESH. 44/93 had shunt surgery delayed by 3 months. 65% of shunted patients improved at 3 months compared with 5% of delayed patients. Improvement was equivalent for both groups at 12 months. This RCT used clinical and radiological criteria without a tap test and clearly demonstrated benefit from shunt surgery. The overall lower treatment outcome success reflects using clinical and radiological criteria without a tap test which decreased the sensitivity of the patient selection process. Kazui H, Miyajima M, Mori E, Ishikawa M, Investigators S-. Lumboperitoneal shunt surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (SINPHONI-2): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(6):585–94. Kazui, et al reported a prospective multicenter randomized clinical trial (RCT) of 93 patients with iNPH and DESH. 44/93 had shunt surgery delayed by 3 months. 65% of shunted patients improved at 3 months compared with 5% of delayed patients. Improvement was equivalent for both groups at 12 months. This RCT used clinical and radiological criteria without a tap test and clearly demonstrated benefit from shunt surgery. The overall lower treatment outcome success reflects using clinical and radiological criteria without a tap test which decreased the sensitivity of the patient selection process.
42.
go back to reference Ishikawa M, Oowaki H, Takezawa M, Takenaka T, Yamada S, Yamamoto K, et al. Disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus and its implication in pathogenesis. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2016;122:287–90.PubMed Ishikawa M, Oowaki H, Takezawa M, Takenaka T, Yamada S, Yamamoto K, et al. Disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus and its implication in pathogenesis. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2016;122:287–90.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Ahmed AK, Luciano M, Moghekar A, Shin J, Aygun N, Sair HI, et al. Does the presence or absence of DESH predict outcomes in adult hydrocephalus? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2018;39(11):2022–6.PubMed Ahmed AK, Luciano M, Moghekar A, Shin J, Aygun N, Sair HI, et al. Does the presence or absence of DESH predict outcomes in adult hydrocephalus? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2018;39(11):2022–6.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Graff-Radford NR, Godersky JC. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and systemic hypertension. Neurology. 1987;37(5):868–71.PubMed Graff-Radford NR, Godersky JC. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and systemic hypertension. Neurology. 1987;37(5):868–71.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Casmiro M, D'Alessandro R, Cacciatore FM, Daidone R, Calbucci F, Lugaresi E. Risk factors for the syndrome of ventricular enlargement with gait apraxia (idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus): a case-control study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52(7):847–52.PubMedPubMedCentral Casmiro M, D'Alessandro R, Cacciatore FM, Daidone R, Calbucci F, Lugaresi E. Risk factors for the syndrome of ventricular enlargement with gait apraxia (idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus): a case-control study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52(7):847–52.PubMedPubMedCentral
46.
go back to reference Krauss JK, Droste DW, Vach W, Regel JP, Orszagh M, Borremans JJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid shunting in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus of the elderly: effect of periventricular and deep white matter lesions. Neurosurgery. 1996;39(2):292–9 discussion 9-300.PubMed Krauss JK, Droste DW, Vach W, Regel JP, Orszagh M, Borremans JJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid shunting in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus of the elderly: effect of periventricular and deep white matter lesions. Neurosurgery. 1996;39(2):292–9 discussion 9-300.PubMed
47.
48.
go back to reference Andren K, Wikkelso C, Sundstrom N, Agerskov S, Israelsson H, Laurell K, et al. Long-term effects of complications and vascular comorbidity in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a quality registry study. J Neurol. 2018;265(1):178–86.PubMed Andren K, Wikkelso C, Sundstrom N, Agerskov S, Israelsson H, Laurell K, et al. Long-term effects of complications and vascular comorbidity in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a quality registry study. J Neurol. 2018;265(1):178–86.PubMed
49.
go back to reference Israelsson H, Carlberg B, Wikkelsö C, Laurell K, Kahlon B, Eklund A, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 2015;12(Suppl 1):O41.PubMedCentral Israelsson H, Carlberg B, Wikkelsö C, Laurell K, Kahlon B, Eklund A, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 2015;12(Suppl 1):O41.PubMedCentral
50.
go back to reference Vaes B, Pasquet A, Wallemacq P, Rezzoug N, Mekouar H, Olivier PA, et al. The BELFRAIL (BFC80+) study: a population-based prospective cohort study of the very elderly in Belgium. BMC Geriatr. 2010;10:39.PubMedPubMedCentral Vaes B, Pasquet A, Wallemacq P, Rezzoug N, Mekouar H, Olivier PA, et al. The BELFRAIL (BFC80+) study: a population-based prospective cohort study of the very elderly in Belgium. BMC Geriatr. 2010;10:39.PubMedPubMedCentral
51.
go back to reference Isaacs AM, Hamilton MG, Williams MA. Hydrocephalus in the elderly: Diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Brain and Spine Surgery in the Elderly2017. p. 455–467. Isaacs AM, Hamilton MG, Williams MA. Hydrocephalus in the elderly: Diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Brain and Spine Surgery in the Elderly2017. p. 455–467.
52.
go back to reference Isaacs AM, Hamilton MG, Williams MA. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. In: Limbrick Jr DD, Leonard JR, editors. Cerebrospinal fluid disorders : lifelong implications. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019. p. 219–35. Isaacs AM, Hamilton MG, Williams MA. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. In: Limbrick Jr DD, Leonard JR, editors. Cerebrospinal fluid disorders : lifelong implications. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019. p. 219–35.
53.
go back to reference Robert-Ebadi H, Le Gal G, Righini M. Use of anticoagulants in elderly patients: practical recommendations. Clin Interv Aging. 2009;4:165–77.PubMedPubMedCentral Robert-Ebadi H, Le Gal G, Righini M. Use of anticoagulants in elderly patients: practical recommendations. Clin Interv Aging. 2009;4:165–77.PubMedPubMedCentral
54.
go back to reference Spyropoulos AC, Merli G. Management of venous thromboembolism in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2006;23(8):651–71.PubMed Spyropoulos AC, Merli G. Management of venous thromboembolism in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2006;23(8):651–71.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Hamilton MG, Golfinos J, Pineo G, Couldwell WT. Handbook of bleeding and coagulation for neurosurgery. 1st New York: Thieme; 2015. Hamilton MG, Golfinos J, Pineo G, Couldwell WT. Handbook of bleeding and coagulation for neurosurgery. 1st New York: Thieme; 2015.
56.
go back to reference Goodwin CR, Kharkar S, Wang P, Pujari S, Rigamonti D, Williams MA. Evaluation and treatment of patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus on long-term warfarin anticoagulation therapy. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(3):497–501 discussion 2.PubMed Goodwin CR, Kharkar S, Wang P, Pujari S, Rigamonti D, Williams MA. Evaluation and treatment of patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus on long-term warfarin anticoagulation therapy. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(3):497–501 discussion 2.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Lip GYHaDJD. Perioperative management of patients receiving anticoagulants In: UpToDate, Post TW (Ed). Accessed on June 5, 2016 ed: UpToDate; 2016. Lip GYHaDJD. Perioperative management of patients receiving anticoagulants In: UpToDate, Post TW (Ed). Accessed on June 5, 2016 ed: UpToDate; 2016.
58.
go back to reference Ishikawa M. Guideline Committe for Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus JSoNPH. Clinical guidelines for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44(4):222–3. Ishikawa M. Guideline Committe for Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus JSoNPH. Clinical guidelines for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44(4):222–3.
59.
go back to reference Ishikawa M, Hashimoto M, Kuwana N, Mori E, Miyake H, Wachi A, et al. Guidelines for management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: Guidelines from the Guidelines committee of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, the Japanese society of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica. 2008;48(SUPPL):S1–S23.PubMed Ishikawa M, Hashimoto M, Kuwana N, Mori E, Miyake H, Wachi A, et al. Guidelines for management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: Guidelines from the Guidelines committee of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, the Japanese society of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica. 2008;48(SUPPL):S1–S23.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Halperin JJ, Kurlan R, Schwalb JM, Cusimano MD, Gronseth G, Gloss D. Practice guideline: idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: response to shunting and predictors of response: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of neurology. Neurology. 2015;85(23):2063–71.PubMedPubMedCentral Halperin JJ, Kurlan R, Schwalb JM, Cusimano MD, Gronseth G, Gloss D. Practice guideline: idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: response to shunting and predictors of response: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of neurology. Neurology. 2015;85(23):2063–71.PubMedPubMedCentral
61.
go back to reference Sackett DL. Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations on the use of antithrombotic agents. Chest. 1989;95(2):2S–4S.PubMed Sackett DL. Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations on the use of antithrombotic agents. Chest. 1989;95(2):2S–4S.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Tarnaris A, Williams MA. Idiopathic Normal pressure hydrocephalus: update and practical approach on diagnosis and management. Neurosurg Q. 2011;21(1):72–81. Tarnaris A, Williams MA. Idiopathic Normal pressure hydrocephalus: update and practical approach on diagnosis and management. Neurosurg Q. 2011;21(1):72–81.
63.
go back to reference Ishikawa M, Hashimoto M, Mori E, Kuwana N, Kazui H. The value of the cerebrospinal fluid tap test for predicting shunt effectiveness in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2012;9(1):1.PubMedPubMedCentral Ishikawa M, Hashimoto M, Mori E, Kuwana N, Kazui H. The value of the cerebrospinal fluid tap test for predicting shunt effectiveness in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2012;9(1):1.PubMedPubMedCentral
64.
go back to reference Ishikawa MaHMaKNaMEaMHaWAaTTaKHaKH. Guidelines for management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. 2008. Ishikawa MaHMaKNaMEaMHaWAaTTaKHaKH. Guidelines for management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. 2008.
65.
go back to reference Thoennissen J, Herkner H, Lang W, Domanovits H, Laggner AN, Mullner M. Does bed rest after cervical or lumbar puncture prevent headache? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Can Med Assoc J. 2001;165(10):1311–6. Thoennissen J, Herkner H, Lang W, Domanovits H, Laggner AN, Mullner M. Does bed rest after cervical or lumbar puncture prevent headache? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Can Med Assoc J. 2001;165(10):1311–6.
66.
go back to reference Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Figuls MRI, Munoz L, Cosp XB. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3. Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Figuls MRI, Munoz L, Cosp XB. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3.
67.
go back to reference Virhammar J, Cesarini KG, Laurell K. The CSF tap test in normal pressure hydrocephalus: evaluation time, reliability and the influence of pain. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19(2):271–6.PubMed Virhammar J, Cesarini KG, Laurell K. The CSF tap test in normal pressure hydrocephalus: evaluation time, reliability and the influence of pain. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19(2):271–6.PubMed
68.
go back to reference Mahr CV, Dengl M, Nestler U, Reiss-Zimmermann M, Eichner G, Preuss M, et al. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: diagnostic and predictive value of clinical testing, lumbar drainage, and CSF dynamics. J Neurosurg. 2016;125(3):591–7.PubMed Mahr CV, Dengl M, Nestler U, Reiss-Zimmermann M, Eichner G, Preuss M, et al. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: diagnostic and predictive value of clinical testing, lumbar drainage, and CSF dynamics. J Neurosurg. 2016;125(3):591–7.PubMed
69.
go back to reference Wikkelso C, Hellstrom P, Klinge PM, Tans JT. European i NPHMSG. The European iNPH multicentre study on the predictive values of resistance to CSF outflow and the CSF tap test in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(5):562–8.PubMed Wikkelso C, Hellstrom P, Klinge PM, Tans JT. European i NPHMSG. The European iNPH multicentre study on the predictive values of resistance to CSF outflow and the CSF tap test in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(5):562–8.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Tullberg M, Persson J, Petersen J, Hellstrom P, Wikkelso C, Lundgren-Nilsson A. Shunt surgery in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is cost-effective-a cost utility analysis. Acta Neurochir. 2018;160(3):509–18.PubMed Tullberg M, Persson J, Petersen J, Hellstrom P, Wikkelso C, Lundgren-Nilsson A. Shunt surgery in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is cost-effective-a cost utility analysis. Acta Neurochir. 2018;160(3):509–18.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Greenberg BM, Williams MA. Infectious complications of temporary spinal catheter insertion for diagnosis of adult hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurosurgery. 2008;62(2):431–5 discussion 5-6.PubMed Greenberg BM, Williams MA. Infectious complications of temporary spinal catheter insertion for diagnosis of adult hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurosurgery. 2008;62(2):431–5 discussion 5-6.PubMed
72.
go back to reference Burnett MG, Sonnad SS, Stein SC. Screening tests for normal-pressure hydrocephalus: sensitivity, specificity, and cost. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(6):823–9.PubMed Burnett MG, Sonnad SS, Stein SC. Screening tests for normal-pressure hydrocephalus: sensitivity, specificity, and cost. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(6):823–9.PubMed
73.
go back to reference Kahlon B, Sundbarg G, Rehncrona S. Comparison between the lumbar infusion and CSF tap tests to predict outcome after shunt surgery in suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2002;73(6):721–6. Kahlon B, Sundbarg G, Rehncrona S. Comparison between the lumbar infusion and CSF tap tests to predict outcome after shunt surgery in suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2002;73(6):721–6.
74.
go back to reference Hussey F, Schanzer B, Katzman R. A simple constant-infusion manometric test for measurement of CSF absorption. II Clinical studies Neurology. 1970;20(7):665–80.PubMed Hussey F, Schanzer B, Katzman R. A simple constant-infusion manometric test for measurement of CSF absorption. II Clinical studies Neurology. 1970;20(7):665–80.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Eklund A, Smielewski P, Chambers I, Alperin N, Malm J, Czosnyka M, et al. Assessment of cerebrospinal fluid outflow resistance. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2007;45(8):719–35.PubMed Eklund A, Smielewski P, Chambers I, Alperin N, Malm J, Czosnyka M, et al. Assessment of cerebrospinal fluid outflow resistance. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2007;45(8):719–35.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Kahlon B, Sundbarg G, Rehncrona S. Lumbar infusion test in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005;111(6):379–84.PubMed Kahlon B, Sundbarg G, Rehncrona S. Lumbar infusion test in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005;111(6):379–84.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Qvarlander S, Lundkvist B, Koskinen LO, Malm J, Eklund A. Pulsatility in CSF dynamics: pathophysiology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(7):735–41.PubMed Qvarlander S, Lundkvist B, Koskinen LO, Malm J, Eklund A. Pulsatility in CSF dynamics: pathophysiology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(7):735–41.PubMed
78.
go back to reference Malm J, Sundstrom N, Cesarini KG, Edsbagge M, Kristensen B, Leijon G, et al. Implementation of a new CSF dynamic device: a multicenter feasibility study in 562 patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;125(3):199–205.PubMed Malm J, Sundstrom N, Cesarini KG, Edsbagge M, Kristensen B, Leijon G, et al. Implementation of a new CSF dynamic device: a multicenter feasibility study in 562 patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;125(3):199–205.PubMed
79.
go back to reference Malm J, Jacobsson J, Birgander R, Eklund A. Reference values for CSF outflow resistance and intracranial pressure in healthy elderly. Neurology. 2011;76(10):903–9.PubMed Malm J, Jacobsson J, Birgander R, Eklund A. Reference values for CSF outflow resistance and intracranial pressure in healthy elderly. Neurology. 2011;76(10):903–9.PubMed
80.
go back to reference Jacobsson J, Qvarlander S, Eklund A, Malm J. Comparison of the CSF dynamics between patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and healthy volunteers. J Neurosurg. 2018:1–6. Jacobsson J, Qvarlander S, Eklund A, Malm J. Comparison of the CSF dynamics between patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and healthy volunteers. J Neurosurg. 2018:1–6.
81.
go back to reference Malm J, Kristensen B, Karlsson T, Fagerlund M, Elfverson J, Ekstedt J. The predictive value of cerebrospinal fluid dynamic tests in patients with th idiopathic adult hydrocephalus syndrome. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(8):783–9.PubMed Malm J, Kristensen B, Karlsson T, Fagerlund M, Elfverson J, Ekstedt J. The predictive value of cerebrospinal fluid dynamic tests in patients with th idiopathic adult hydrocephalus syndrome. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(8):783–9.PubMed
82.
go back to reference Malm J, Kristensen B, Fagerlund M, Koskinen LO, Ekstedt J. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt dynamics in patients with idiopathic adult hydrocephalus syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58(6):715–23.PubMedPubMedCentral Malm J, Kristensen B, Fagerlund M, Koskinen LO, Ekstedt J. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt dynamics in patients with idiopathic adult hydrocephalus syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58(6):715–23.PubMedPubMedCentral
83.
go back to reference Iseki C, Kawanami T, Nagasawa H, Wada M, Koyama S, Kikuchi K, et al. Asymptomatic ventriculomegaly with features of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus on MRI (AVIM) in the elderly: a prospective study in a Japanese population. J Neurol Sci. 2009;277(1–2):54–7.PubMed Iseki C, Kawanami T, Nagasawa H, Wada M, Koyama S, Kikuchi K, et al. Asymptomatic ventriculomegaly with features of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus on MRI (AVIM) in the elderly: a prospective study in a Japanese population. J Neurol Sci. 2009;277(1–2):54–7.PubMed
84.
go back to reference Iseki C, Takahashi Y, Wada M, Kawanami T, Adachi M, Kato T. Incidence of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH): a 10-year follow-up study of a rural community in Japan. J Neurol Sci. 2014;339(1–2):108–12.PubMed Iseki C, Takahashi Y, Wada M, Kawanami T, Adachi M, Kato T. Incidence of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH): a 10-year follow-up study of a rural community in Japan. J Neurol Sci. 2014;339(1–2):108–12.PubMed
85.
go back to reference Andren K, Wikkelso C, Tisell M, Hellstrom P. Natural course of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(7):806–10.PubMed Andren K, Wikkelso C, Tisell M, Hellstrom P. Natural course of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(7):806–10.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Toma AK, Stapleton S, Papadopoulos MC, Kitchen ND, Watkins LD. Natural history of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurg Rev. 2011;34(4):433–9.PubMed Toma AK, Stapleton S, Papadopoulos MC, Kitchen ND, Watkins LD. Natural history of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurg Rev. 2011;34(4):433–9.PubMed
87.
go back to reference Razay G, Vreugdenhil A, Liddell J. A prospective study of ventriculo-peritoneal shunting for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Clin Neurosci. 2009;16(9):1180–3.PubMed Razay G, Vreugdenhil A, Liddell J. A prospective study of ventriculo-peritoneal shunting for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Clin Neurosci. 2009;16(9):1180–3.PubMed
88.
go back to reference Isaacs AM, Williams MA, Hamilton MG. Hydrocephalus in the elderly: Surgical management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Brain and Spine Surgery in the Elderly2017. p. 469–500. Isaacs AM, Williams MA, Hamilton MG. Hydrocephalus in the elderly: Surgical management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Brain and Spine Surgery in the Elderly2017. p. 469–500.
89.
go back to reference Serarslan Y, Yilmaz A, Cakir M, Guzel E, Akakin A, Guzel A, et al. Use of programmable versus nonprogrammable shunts in the management of normal pressure hydrocephalus: a multicenter retrospective study with cost-benefit analysis in Turkey. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(39):e8185. Serarslan Y, Yilmaz A, Cakir M, Guzel E, Akakin A, Guzel A, et al. Use of programmable versus nonprogrammable shunts in the management of normal pressure hydrocephalus: a multicenter retrospective study with cost-benefit analysis in Turkey. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(39):e8185.
90.
go back to reference Meier U, Mutze S. Correlation between decreased ventricular size and positive clinical outcome following shunt placement in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(6):1036–40.PubMed Meier U, Mutze S. Correlation between decreased ventricular size and positive clinical outcome following shunt placement in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(6):1036–40.PubMed
91.
go back to reference Huyette DR, Turnbow BJ, Kaufman C, Vaslow DF, Whiting BB, Oh MY. Accuracy of the freehand pass technique for ventriculostomy catheter placement: retrospective assessment using computed tomography scans. J Neurosurg. 2008;108(1):88–91.PubMed Huyette DR, Turnbow BJ, Kaufman C, Vaslow DF, Whiting BB, Oh MY. Accuracy of the freehand pass technique for ventriculostomy catheter placement: retrospective assessment using computed tomography scans. J Neurosurg. 2008;108(1):88–91.PubMed
92.
go back to reference Garell PC, Mirsky R, Noh MD, Loftus CM, Hitchon PW, Grady MS, et al. Posterior ventricular catheter burr-hole localizer. Technical note. J Neurosurg. 1998;89(1):157–60.PubMed Garell PC, Mirsky R, Noh MD, Loftus CM, Hitchon PW, Grady MS, et al. Posterior ventricular catheter burr-hole localizer. Technical note. J Neurosurg. 1998;89(1):157–60.PubMed
93.
go back to reference Zanaty M, Banu M, Flouty O, Grady S, Holland MT. Isaacs A, et al. A Cranial Midline Localizing Device. World Neurosurg: The Wishbone; 2019. Zanaty M, Banu M, Flouty O, Grady S, Holland MT. Isaacs A, et al. A Cranial Midline Localizing Device. World Neurosurg: The Wishbone; 2019.
94.
go back to reference Ghajar JB. A guide for ventricular catheter placement. Technical note J Neurosurg. 1985;63(6):985–6.PubMed Ghajar JB. A guide for ventricular catheter placement. Technical note J Neurosurg. 1985;63(6):985–6.PubMed
95.
go back to reference Azeem SS, Origitano TC. Ventricular catheter placement with a frameless neuronavigational system: a 1-year experience. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(4 Suppl 2):243–7 discussion 7-8.PubMed Azeem SS, Origitano TC. Ventricular catheter placement with a frameless neuronavigational system: a 1-year experience. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(4 Suppl 2):243–7 discussion 7-8.PubMed
96.
go back to reference Jung N, Kim D. Effect of electromagnetic navigated ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement on failure rates. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2013;53(3):150–4.PubMedPubMedCentral Jung N, Kim D. Effect of electromagnetic navigated ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement on failure rates. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2013;53(3):150–4.PubMedPubMedCentral
97.
go back to reference Hayhurst C, Beems T, Jenkinson MD, Byrne P, Clark S, Kandasamy J, et al. Effect of electromagnetic-navigated shunt placement on failure rates: a prospective multicenter study. J Neurosurg. 2010;113(6):1273–8.PubMed Hayhurst C, Beems T, Jenkinson MD, Byrne P, Clark S, Kandasamy J, et al. Effect of electromagnetic-navigated shunt placement on failure rates: a prospective multicenter study. J Neurosurg. 2010;113(6):1273–8.PubMed
98.
go back to reference Toma AK, Papadopoulos MC, Stapleton S, Kitchen ND, Watkins LD. Systematic review of the outcome of shunt surgery in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir. 2013;155(10):1977–80.PubMed Toma AK, Papadopoulos MC, Stapleton S, Kitchen ND, Watkins LD. Systematic review of the outcome of shunt surgery in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir. 2013;155(10):1977–80.PubMed
99.
go back to reference Miyajima M, Kazui H, Mori E, Ishikawa M. Sinphoni-investigators obot. One-year outcome in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: comparison of lumboperitoneal shunt to ventriculoperitoneal shunt. J Neurosurg. 2016;125(6):1483–92.PubMed Miyajima M, Kazui H, Mori E, Ishikawa M. Sinphoni-investigators obot. One-year outcome in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: comparison of lumboperitoneal shunt to ventriculoperitoneal shunt. J Neurosurg. 2016;125(6):1483–92.PubMed
100.
go back to reference Eide PK, Sorteberg W. Outcome of surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: role of preoperative static and pulsatile intracranial pressure. World Neurosurg. 2016;86(C):186–93 e1.PubMed Eide PK, Sorteberg W. Outcome of surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: role of preoperative static and pulsatile intracranial pressure. World Neurosurg. 2016;86(C):186–93 e1.PubMed
101.
go back to reference Golz L, Ruppert FH, Meier U, Lemcke J. Outcome of modern shunt therapy in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus 6 years postoperatively. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(4):771–5.PubMed Golz L, Ruppert FH, Meier U, Lemcke J. Outcome of modern shunt therapy in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus 6 years postoperatively. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(4):771–5.PubMed
102.
go back to reference Bergsneider M, Black PM, Klinge P, Marmarou A, Relkin N. Surgical management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3 Suppl):S29–39; discussion ii-v. Bergsneider M, Black PM, Klinge P, Marmarou A, Relkin N. Surgical management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3 Suppl):S29–39; discussion ii-v.
103.
go back to reference Kubo Y, Kazui H, Yoshida T, Kito Y, Kimura N, Tokunaga H, et al. Validation of grading scale for evaluating symptoms of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2008;25(1):37–45.PubMed Kubo Y, Kazui H, Yoshida T, Kito Y, Kimura N, Tokunaga H, et al. Validation of grading scale for evaluating symptoms of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2008;25(1):37–45.PubMed
104.
go back to reference Raysi Dehcordi S, De Tommasi C, Ricci A, Marzi S, Ruscitti C, Amicucci G, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery: personal experience and review of the literature. Neurosurg Rev. 2011;34(3):363–70 discussion 70-1.PubMed Raysi Dehcordi S, De Tommasi C, Ricci A, Marzi S, Ruscitti C, Amicucci G, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery: personal experience and review of the literature. Neurosurg Rev. 2011;34(3):363–70 discussion 70-1.PubMed
105.•
go back to reference Schucht P, Banz V, Trochsler M, Iff S, Krahenbuhl AK, Reinert M, et al. Laparoscopically assisted ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 2015;122(5):1058–67. Schucht, et al, reported a prospective multicenter RCT of 120 adult patients with hydrocephalus undergoing VP shunt surgery with randomization to laparoscopic (no distal shunt failures) or conventional mini-laparotomy (8% distal shunt failures) for peritoneal catheter insertion. Patients in the laparoscopic group had no distal shunt failures compared with 8% of the mini-laparotomy, although overall shunt failure was the same. This paper demonstrated the feasibility of RCTs to evaluate possible improvements for shunt surgery and a need to focus on all aspects of the operation. Schucht P, Banz V, Trochsler M, Iff S, Krahenbuhl AK, Reinert M, et al. Laparoscopically assisted ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 2015;122(5):1058–67. Schucht, et al, reported a prospective multicenter RCT of 120 adult patients with hydrocephalus undergoing VP shunt surgery with randomization to laparoscopic (no distal shunt failures) or conventional mini-laparotomy (8% distal shunt failures) for peritoneal catheter insertion. Patients in the laparoscopic group had no distal shunt failures compared with 8% of the mini-laparotomy, although overall shunt failure was the same. This paper demonstrated the feasibility of RCTs to evaluate possible improvements for shunt surgery and a need to focus on all aspects of the operation.
106.
go back to reference Isaacs AM, Ball C, Urbaneja G, Holubkov R, Hamilton MG. Laparoscopic-guided distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion improves shunt outcome in adult patients: results of a cohort study with 222 patients experiencing 268 shunt operations. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 2018;15(Suppl 1):A63. Isaacs AM, Ball C, Urbaneja G, Holubkov R, Hamilton MG. Laparoscopic-guided distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion improves shunt outcome in adult patients: results of a cohort study with 222 patients experiencing 268 shunt operations. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 2018;15(Suppl 1):A63.
107.
go back to reference Svoboda SM, Park H, Naff N, Dorai Z, Williams MA, Youssef Y. Preventing distal catheter obstruction in laparoscopic ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in adults: the "Falciform technique". J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2015;25(8):642–5.PubMed Svoboda SM, Park H, Naff N, Dorai Z, Williams MA, Youssef Y. Preventing distal catheter obstruction in laparoscopic ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in adults: the "Falciform technique". J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2015;25(8):642–5.PubMed
108.
go back to reference Epstein N, Epstein F, Trehan N. Percutaneous placement of the atrial end of a vascular shunt utilizing the Swan-Ganz introducer. Neurosurgery. 1981;9(5):564–5.PubMed Epstein N, Epstein F, Trehan N. Percutaneous placement of the atrial end of a vascular shunt utilizing the Swan-Ganz introducer. Neurosurgery. 1981;9(5):564–5.PubMed
109.
go back to reference Tomita T. Placement of a ventriculoatrial shunt using external jugular catheterization: technical note. Neurosurgery. 1984;14(1):74–5.PubMed Tomita T. Placement of a ventriculoatrial shunt using external jugular catheterization: technical note. Neurosurgery. 1984;14(1):74–5.PubMed
110.
go back to reference Hung AL, Vivas-Buitrago T, Adam A, Lu J, Robison J, Elder BD, et al. Ventriculoatrial versus ventriculoperitoneal shunt complications in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2017;157:1–6.PubMed Hung AL, Vivas-Buitrago T, Adam A, Lu J, Robison J, Elder BD, et al. Ventriculoatrial versus ventriculoperitoneal shunt complications in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2017;157:1–6.PubMed
111.
go back to reference Girotti ME, Singh RR, Rodgers BM. The ventriculo-gallbladder shunt in the treatment of refractory hydrocephalus: a review of the current literature. Am Surg. 2009;75(8):734–7.PubMed Girotti ME, Singh RR, Rodgers BM. The ventriculo-gallbladder shunt in the treatment of refractory hydrocephalus: a review of the current literature. Am Surg. 2009;75(8):734–7.PubMed
112.
go back to reference Szajer J, Russo R, Mansberg R. Ventriculopleural shunt dysfunction due to a Loculated pleural collection demonstrated on SPECT/CT imaging. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43(2):144–6.PubMed Szajer J, Russo R, Mansberg R. Ventriculopleural shunt dysfunction due to a Loculated pleural collection demonstrated on SPECT/CT imaging. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43(2):144–6.PubMed
113.
go back to reference Willison CD, Kopitnik TA, Gustafson R, Kaufman HH. Ventriculopleural shunting used as a temporary diversion. Acta Neurochir. 1992;115(1–2):67–8.PubMed Willison CD, Kopitnik TA, Gustafson R, Kaufman HH. Ventriculopleural shunting used as a temporary diversion. Acta Neurochir. 1992;115(1–2):67–8.PubMed
114.
go back to reference Chuang HL, Chang CN, Hsu JC. Minimally invasive procedure for ventriculoatrial shunt-combining a percutaneous approach with real-time transesophageal echocardiogram monitoring: report of six cases. Chang Gung Med J. 2002;25(1):62–6.PubMed Chuang HL, Chang CN, Hsu JC. Minimally invasive procedure for ventriculoatrial shunt-combining a percutaneous approach with real-time transesophageal echocardiogram monitoring: report of six cases. Chang Gung Med J. 2002;25(1):62–6.PubMed
115.
go back to reference McGovern RA, Kelly KM, Chan AK, Morrissey NJ, McKhann GM 2nd. Should ventriculoatrial shunting be the procedure of choice for normal-pressure hydrocephalus? J Neurosurg. 2014;120(6):1458–64.PubMed McGovern RA, Kelly KM, Chan AK, Morrissey NJ, McKhann GM 2nd. Should ventriculoatrial shunting be the procedure of choice for normal-pressure hydrocephalus? J Neurosurg. 2014;120(6):1458–64.PubMed
116.
go back to reference Hamilton MG, Fung A, Lam-Li D, Isaacs AM, Conly J. Development and application of a surgical site infection prevention bundle for shunt-related insertions and revisions. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 2018;15(Suppl 1):A54. Hamilton MG, Fung A, Lam-Li D, Isaacs AM, Conly J. Development and application of a surgical site infection prevention bundle for shunt-related insertions and revisions. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 2018;15(Suppl 1):A54.
117.
go back to reference Machinis TG, Fountas KN, Hudson J, Robinson JS, Troup EC. Accurate placement of the distal end of a ventriculoatrial shunt with the aid of real-time transesophageal echocardiography. Technical note. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(1):153–6.PubMed Machinis TG, Fountas KN, Hudson J, Robinson JS, Troup EC. Accurate placement of the distal end of a ventriculoatrial shunt with the aid of real-time transesophageal echocardiography. Technical note. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(1):153–6.PubMed
118.
go back to reference Hamilton MG, Isaacs AM, Urbaneja G, Krahn D, Rogan K, Walker A, et al. Ventriculo-atrial shunt insertion using transesophageal echo: initial experience. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 2018;15(S1):A53. Hamilton MG, Isaacs AM, Urbaneja G, Krahn D, Rogan K, Walker A, et al. Ventriculo-atrial shunt insertion using transesophageal echo: initial experience. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 2018;15(S1):A53.
119.
go back to reference Gangemi M, Maiuri F, Naddeo M, Godano U, Mascari C, Broggi G, et al. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: an Italian multicenter study. Neurosurgery. 2008;63(1):62–7 discussion 7-9.PubMed Gangemi M, Maiuri F, Naddeo M, Godano U, Mascari C, Broggi G, et al. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: an Italian multicenter study. Neurosurgery. 2008;63(1):62–7 discussion 7-9.PubMed
120.
go back to reference Longatti PL, Fiorindi A, Martinuzzi A. Failure of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2004;47(6):342–5.PubMed Longatti PL, Fiorindi A, Martinuzzi A. Failure of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2004;47(6):342–5.PubMed
121.
go back to reference Tudor KI, Tudor M, McCleery J, Car J. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;7(7):CD010033. Tudor KI, Tudor M, McCleery J, Car J. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;7(7):CD010033.
122.
go back to reference Benzel EC, Pelletier AL, Levy PG. Communicating hydrocephalus in adults: prediction of outcome after ventricular shunting procedures. Neurosurgery. 1990;26(4):655–60.PubMed Benzel EC, Pelletier AL, Levy PG. Communicating hydrocephalus in adults: prediction of outcome after ventricular shunting procedures. Neurosurgery. 1990;26(4):655–60.PubMed
123.
go back to reference Raftopoulos C, Massager N, Baleriaux D, Deleval J, Clarysse S, Brotchi J. Prospective analysis by computed tomography and long-term outcome of 23 adult patients with chronic idiopathic hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 1996;38(1):51–9.PubMed Raftopoulos C, Massager N, Baleriaux D, Deleval J, Clarysse S, Brotchi J. Prospective analysis by computed tomography and long-term outcome of 23 adult patients with chronic idiopathic hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 1996;38(1):51–9.PubMed
124.
go back to reference Kahlon B, Sjunnesson J, Rehncrona S. Long-term outcome in patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(2):327–32 discussion 32.PubMed Kahlon B, Sjunnesson J, Rehncrona S. Long-term outcome in patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(2):327–32 discussion 32.PubMed
125.
go back to reference Shaw R, Mahant N, Jacobson E, Owler B. A review of clinical outcomes for gait and other variables in the surgical treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. 2016;3(4):331–41.PubMedPubMedCentral Shaw R, Mahant N, Jacobson E, Owler B. A review of clinical outcomes for gait and other variables in the surgical treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. 2016;3(4):331–41.PubMedPubMedCentral
126.
go back to reference Pujari S, Kharkar S, Metellus P, Shuck J, Williams MA, Rigamonti D. Normal pressure hydrocephalus: long-term outcome after shunt surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(11):1282–6.PubMed Pujari S, Kharkar S, Metellus P, Shuck J, Williams MA, Rigamonti D. Normal pressure hydrocephalus: long-term outcome after shunt surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(11):1282–6.PubMed
127.
go back to reference Peterson KA, Housden CR, Killikelly C, DeVito EE, Keong NC, Savulich G, et al. Apathy, ventriculomegaly and neurocognitive improvement following shunt surgery in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Br J Neurosurg. 2016;30(1):38–42.PubMed Peterson KA, Housden CR, Killikelly C, DeVito EE, Keong NC, Savulich G, et al. Apathy, ventriculomegaly and neurocognitive improvement following shunt surgery in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Br J Neurosurg. 2016;30(1):38–42.PubMed
128.
go back to reference Shaw R, Everingham E, Mahant N, Jacobson E, Owler B. Clinical outcomes in the surgical treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Clin Neurosci. 2016;29:81–6.PubMed Shaw R, Everingham E, Mahant N, Jacobson E, Owler B. Clinical outcomes in the surgical treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Clin Neurosci. 2016;29:81–6.PubMed
129.
go back to reference Klinge P, Hellstrom P, Tans J, Wikkelso C. European i NPHMSG. One-year outcome in the European multicentre study on iNPH. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;126(3):145–53.PubMed Klinge P, Hellstrom P, Tans J, Wikkelso C. European i NPHMSG. One-year outcome in the European multicentre study on iNPH. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;126(3):145–53.PubMed
130.
go back to reference Klinge P, Marmarou A, Bergsneider M, Relkin N, Black PM. Outcome of shunting in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus and the value of outcome assessment in shunted patients. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3 Suppl):S40–52; discussion ii-v. Klinge P, Marmarou A, Bergsneider M, Relkin N, Black PM. Outcome of shunting in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus and the value of outcome assessment in shunted patients. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3 Suppl):S40–52; discussion ii-v.
131.
go back to reference Marmarou A, Young HF, Aygok GA, Sawauchi S, Tsuji O, Yamamoto T, et al. Diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: a prospective study in 151 patients. J Neurosurg. 2005;102(6):987–97.PubMed Marmarou A, Young HF, Aygok GA, Sawauchi S, Tsuji O, Yamamoto T, et al. Diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: a prospective study in 151 patients. J Neurosurg. 2005;102(6):987–97.PubMed
132.
go back to reference Ferrazzoli D, Ortelli P, Zivi I, Cian V, Urso E, Ghilardi MF, et al. Efficacy of intensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(8):828–35.PubMedPubMedCentral Ferrazzoli D, Ortelli P, Zivi I, Cian V, Urso E, Ghilardi MF, et al. Efficacy of intensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(8):828–35.PubMedPubMedCentral
133.
go back to reference Pitkala KH, Raivio MM, Laakkonen ML, Tilvis RS, Kautiainen H, Strandberg TE. Exercise rehabilitation on home-dwelling patients with Alzheimer's disease--a randomized, controlled trial. Study protocol Trials. 2010;11:92.PubMed Pitkala KH, Raivio MM, Laakkonen ML, Tilvis RS, Kautiainen H, Strandberg TE. Exercise rehabilitation on home-dwelling patients with Alzheimer's disease--a randomized, controlled trial. Study protocol Trials. 2010;11:92.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Current Update on Treatment Strategies for Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Authors
Albert M. Isaacs, MD
Michael A. Williams, MD, FAAN
Mark G. Hamilton, MD, CM, FRCSC, FAANS
Publication date
01-12-2019
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Treatment Options in Neurology / Issue 12/2019
Print ISSN: 1092-8480
Electronic ISSN: 1534-3138
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-019-0604-z

Other articles of this Issue 12/2019

Current Treatment Options in Neurology 12/2019 Go to the issue

Neurologic Ophthalmology and Otology (RK Shin and DR Gold, Section Editors)

Benign Positional Paroxysmal Vertigo Treatment: a Practical Update

Critical Care Neurology (H Hinson, Section Editor)

The Influence of Therapeutics on Prognostication After Cardiac Arrest

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders (J Graves, Section Editor)

Pain Management in Multiple Sclerosis: a Review of Available Treatment Options

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders (J Graves, Section Editor)

Acute Transverse and Flaccid Myelitis in Children