Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2015 | Review

How to optimize the treatment of early stage Parkinson’s disease

Authors: Fabrizio Stocchi, Laura Vacca, Fabiana G Radicati

Published in: Translational Neurodegeneration | Issue 1/2015

Abstract

The approach to early Parkinson’s disease denotes the communication of the diagnosis and important decisions, such as when and how to start treatment. Evidence based medicine and guidelines indicate which drugs have robust evidence of efficacy and tolerability in this specific population. However, de-novo patients may show different characteristics and they may be in a different phase of their disease.

In this review, we will give an insight into the appropriate time therapy should be started and the actual knowledge about disease modification therapies. Moreover, the drugs indicated for early treatment will be considered and an indication for the use of these drugs will be given with the support of the actual knowledge.

Hirsch EC, Jenner P, Przedborski S: Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease.Mov Disord 2013,28(1):24–30. 10.1002/mds.25032CrossRefPubMed

Rascol O, Fitzer-Attas CJ, Hauser R: A double-blind, delayed-start trial of rasagiline in Parkinson’s disease (the ADAGIO study): prespecified and post-hoc analyses of the need for additional therapies, changes in UPDRS scores, and non-motor outcomes.Lancet Neurol 2011,10(5):415–23. 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70073-4CrossRefPubMed

Schapira AH, Obeso J: Timing of treatment initiation in Parkinson’s disease: a need for reappraisal?Ann Neurol 2006,59(3):559–62. 10.1002/ana.20789CrossRefPubMed

Stocchi F, Olanow CW: Obstacles to the development of a neuroprotective therapy for Parkinson’s disease.Mov Disord 2013,28(1):3–7. 10.1002/mds.25337CrossRefPubMed

Shapira AH, Olanow CW: Neuroprotection in Parkinson Disease: mysteries, myths and misconceptions.JAMA 2004, 291:358–64. 10.1001/jama.291.3.358CrossRef

Gasser T, Hardy J, Mizuno Y: Milestones in PD Genetics.Mov Disord 2011, 26:1042–8. 10.1002/mds.23637CrossRefPubMed

Singleton AB, Farrer MJ, Bonifati V: The genetics of Parkinson’s disease: progress and therapeutic implications.Mov Disord 2013,28(1):14–23. 10.1002/mds.25249CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Martin I, Dawson VL, Dawson TM: Recent advances in the genetics of Parkinson’s disease.Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2011, 12:301–25. 10.1146/annurev-genom-082410-101440CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Olanow CW, Prusiner SB: Is Parkinson’s disease a prion disorder.Proc Natl Acad Sci 2009, 106:12571–2. 10.1073/pnas.0906759106CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Bezard E, Yue Z, Kirik D, Spillantini MG: Animal models of Parkinson’s disease: Limits and relevance to neuroprotection studies.Mov Disord 2013,28(1):61–70. 10.1002/mds.25108CrossRefPubMed

11.

Olanow CW, Kordower J: Modeling Parkinson’s disease.Ann Neurol 2009, 66:432–6. 10.1002/ana.21832CrossRefPubMed

12.

Dawson TM, Ko HS, Dawson VL: Genetic animal models of Parkinson’s disease.Neuron 2010, 66:646–61. 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.04.034CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR, Stebbins GT, Fahn S, Martinez-Martin P, et al.: For the Movement Disorder Society UPDRS Revision Task Force. Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Scale presentation and clinimetric testing results.Mov Disord 2008, 23:2129–70. 10.1002/mds.22340CrossRefPubMed

14.

The Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI): Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative.Prog Neurobiol 2011, 95:629–35. 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.09.005CrossRef

15.

Leber P: Slowing the progression of Alzheimer disease: methodological issues.Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1997,11(5):S10–21.PubMed

16.

Bhattaram VA, Siddiqui O, Kapcala LP, Gobburu JVS: Endpoints and analyses to discern disease-modifying drug effects in early Parkinson’s disease.AAPS J 2009,11(3):456–64. 10.1208/s12248-009-9123-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Olanow CW, Hauser R, Jankovic J, Langston W, Lang A, Poewe W, et al.: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Delayed Start Study to Assess Rasagiline as a Disease Modifying Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease (The ADAGIO Study): Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics.Mov Disord 2008, 23:2194–201. 10.1002/mds.22218CrossRefPubMed

18.

Olanow CW, Rascol O, Hauser R, Feigin PD, Jankovic J, Lang A, et al.: A double-blind, delayed-start trial of rasagiline in Parkinson’s disease.N Engl J Med 2009, 361:1268–78. 10.1056/NEJMoa0809335CrossRefPubMed

19.

Elm J, The NINDS NET-PD Investigators: Design innovations and baseline findings in a long-term Parkinson’s trial: NET-PD LS-1.Mov Disord 2012,27(12):1513–21. 10.1002/mds.25175CrossRefPubMed

20.

Olanow CW, Kieburtz K: Defining disease-modifying therapies for PD–a road map for moving forward.Mov Disord 2010, 25:1774–9. 10.1002/mds.23288CrossRefPubMed

21.

Ahlskog JE, Muenter MD: Frequency of levodopa-related dyskinesias and motor fluctuations as estimated from the cumulative literature.Mov Disord 2001, 16:448–58. 10.1002/mds.1090CrossRefPubMed

22.

Olanow CW, Obeso JA, Stocchi F: Continuous dopamine-receptor treatment of Parkinson’s disease: scientific rationale and clinical implications.Lancet Neurol 2006, 5:677–87. 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70521-XCrossRefPubMed

23.

Chase TN, Baronti F, Fabbrini G, Heuser IJ, Juncos JL, Mouradian MM: Rationale for continuous dopaminergic therapy of Parkinson’s disease.Neurology 1989, 39:7–10.PubMed

24.

Olanow CW, Schapira AHV, Rascol O: Continuous dopaminergic stimulation in the early treatment of PD.Trends Neurosci 2000, 23:117–26.CrossRef

25.

Stocchi F, Vacca L, Ruggieri S, Olanow CW: Intermittent vs continuous levodopa administration in patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a clinical and pharmacokinetic study.Arch Neurol 2005, 62:905–10.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Sage JI, Trooskin S, Sonsalla PK, Heikkila RE, Duvoisin RC: Long-term duodenal infusion of levodopa for motor fluctuations in parkinsonism.Ann Neurol 1988, 24:87–9. 10.1002/ana.410240116CrossRefPubMed

27.

Nilsson D, Hansson L, Johansson K, Nystrom C, Paalzow L, Aquilonius SM: Long-term intraduodenal infusion of a water based levodopa-carbidopa dispersion in very advanced Parkinson’s disease.Acta Neurol Scand 1998, 97:175–83. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09984.xCrossRefPubMed

28.

Nutt JG, Woodward WR, Beckner RM, Stone CK, Berggren K, Carter JH, et al.: Effect of peripheral catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of levodopa in parkinsonian patients.Neurology 1994, 44:913–9. 10.1212/WNL.44.5.913CrossRefPubMed

29.

Smith LA, Jackson MJ, Al-Barghouthy G, Rose S, Kuoppamaki M, Olanow W, et al.: Multiple small doses of levodopa plus entacapone produces continuous dopaminergic stimulation and reduces dyskinesia induction in MPTP-treated drug naïve primates.Mov Disord 2005, 20:306–14. 10.1002/mds.20317CrossRefPubMed

30.

Stocchi F, Rascol O, Kieburtz K, Poewe W, Jankovic J, Tolosa E, Barone P, Lang AE, Olanow CW: Initiating levodopa/carbidopa therapy with and without entacapone in early Parkinson disease: the STRIDE-PD study.Ann Neurol 2010, 68:18–27. 10.1002/ana.22060CrossRefPubMed

31.

Olanow CW, Kieburtz K, Rascol O, Poewe W, Schapira A, Nissinen H, Leinonen M, Stocchi F, for the STRIDE-PD investigators: Factors predictive of the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and wearing-off in Parkinson’s Disease.Mov Disord 2013,28(8):1064–71. 10.1002/mds.25364CrossRef

32.

Pearce RK, Banerji T, Jenner P, Marsden CD: De novo administration of ropinirole and bromocriptine induces less dyskinesia than L-dopa in the MPTP-treated marmoset.Mov Disord 1998, 13:234–41. 10.1002/mds.870130207CrossRefPubMed

33.

Lees AJ, Haddad S, Shaw KM, Kohout LJ, Stern GM: Bromocriptine in parkinsonism. A long-term study.Arch Neurol 1978, 35:503–5. 10.1001/archneur.1978.00500320023005CrossRefPubMed

34.

Rascol A, Guiraud B, Montastruc JL, David J, Clanet M: Longterm treatment of Parkinson’s disease with bromocriptine.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979, 42:143–50. 10.1136/jnnp.42.2.143CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Montastruc JL, Rascol O, Rascol A: A randomised controller study of bromocriptine versus levodopa in previously untreated Parkinsonian patients: a 3 year follow-up.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989, 52:773–5. 10.1136/jnnp.52.6.773CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Rinne UK: Early combination of bromocriptine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a 5-year follow-up.Neurology 1987, 37:826–8. 10.1212/WNL.37.5.826CrossRefPubMed

37.

Rascol O, Brooks DJ, Korczyn AD, De Deyn PP, Clarke CE, Lang AE: A five-year study of the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with early Parkinson’s disease who were treated with ropinirole or levodopa. 056 Study Group.N Engl J Med 2000, 342:1484–91. 10.1056/NEJM200005183422004CrossRefPubMed

38.

Parkinson Study Group: Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: A randomized controlled trial. Parkinson Study Group.JAMA 2000, 284:1931–8. 10.1001/jama.284.15.1931CrossRef

39.

Oertel WH, Wolters E, Sampaio C, Giminez-Roldan S, Bergamasco B, Dujardin M, Dupont E, Gershanik O, Marti Masso JF, Weytjens C, Muyldermans L, Van Zandijcke M, et al.: Pergolide versus levodopa monotherapy in early Parkinson’s disease patients: the PELMOPET study.Mov Disord 2006, 21:343–53. 10.1002/mds.20724CrossRefPubMed

40.

Rinne UK, Bracco F, Chouza C, et al.: Early treatment of Parkinson’s disease with cabergoline delays the onset of motor complications. Results of a double-blind levodopa controlled trial. The PKDS009 Study Group.Drugs 1998,55(Suppl 1):23–30.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Van Camp G, Flamez A, Cosyns B, et al.: Treatment of Parkinson’s disease with pergolide and relation to restrictive valvular heart disease.Lancet 2004, 363:1179–83. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15945-XCrossRefPubMed

42.

Rascol O, Pathak A, Bagheri H, Montastruc JL: Dopaminagonists and fibrotic valvular heart disease: further considerations.Mov Disord 2004, 19:1524–5. 10.1002/mds.20328CrossRefPubMed

43.

Horvath J, Fross RD, Kleiner-Fisman G, Lerch R, Stalder H, Liaudat S, et al.: Severe multivalvular heart disease: a new complication of the ergot derivative dopamine agonists.Mov Disord 2004, 19:656–62. 10.1002/mds.20201CrossRefPubMed

44.

Pahwa R, Stacy MA, Factor SA, Lyons KE, Stocchi F, Hersh BP, et al.: Ropinirole 24-hour prolonged release: randomized, controlled study in advanced Parkinson disease.Neurology 2007, 68:1108–15. 10.1212/01.wnl.0000258660.74391.c1CrossRefPubMed

45.

Stocchi F, Hersh BP, Scott BL, Nausieda PA, Giorgi L: Ropinirole 24-hour prolonged release and ropinirole immediate release in early Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority crossover study.Curr Med Res Opin 2008, 24:2883–95. 10.1185/03007990802387130CrossRefPubMed

46.

Hauser RA, Schapira AH, Rascol O, Barone P, Mizuno Y, Salin L, et al.: Randomized, doubleblind, multicenter evaluation of pramipexole extended release once daily in early Parkinson’s disease.Mov Disord 2010, 25:2542–9. 10.1002/mds.23317CrossRefPubMed

47.

Giladi N, Boroojerdi B, Korczyn AD, Burn DJ, Clarke CE, Schapira AH: Rotigotine transdermal patch in early Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study versus placebo and ropinirole.Mov Disord 2007, 22:2398–404. 10.1002/mds.21741CrossRefPubMed

48.

Poewe WH, Rascol O, Quinn N, Tolosa E, Oertel WH, Martignoni E, et al.: Efficacy of pramipexole and transdermal rotigotine in advanced Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised controlled trial.Lancet Neurol 2007, 6:513–20. 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70108-4CrossRefPubMed

49.

Frucht S, Fahn S, Shannon KM, Waters CH: A 32-year-old man with progressive spasticity and parkinsonism.Mov Disord 1999, 14:350–7. Publisher Full Text 10.1002/1531-8257(199903)14:2<350::AID-MDS1024>3.0.CO;2-0CrossRefPubMed

50.

Hogl B, Seppi K, Brandauer E, Glatzl S, Frauscher B, Nierdermuller U, et al.: Increased daytime sleepiness in Parkinson’s disease: a questionnaire survey.Mov Disord 2003, 18:319–23. 10.1002/mds.10365CrossRefPubMed

51.

Ferreira JJ, Desboeuf K, Galitzky M, Thalamas C, Brefel-Courbon C, Fabre N, et al.: Sleep disruption, daytime somnolence and 'sleep attacks’ in Parkinson’s disease: a clinical survey in PD patients and age-matched healthy volunteers.Eur J Neurol 2006, 13:209–14. 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01262.xCrossRefPubMed

52.

Brodsky MA, Godbold J, Roth T, Olanow CW: Sleepiness in Parkinson’s disease: a controlled study.Mov Disord 2003, 18:668–72. 10.1002/mds.10429CrossRefPubMed

53.

Antonini A, Tolosa E, Mizuno Y, Yamamoto M, Poewe WH: A reassessment of risks and benefits of dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease.Lancet Neurol 2009, 8:929–37. 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70225-XCrossRefPubMed

54.

Molina JA, Sainz-Artiga MJ, Fraile A, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Villanueva C, Orti-Pareja M, et al.: Pathologic gambling in Parkinson’s disease: a behavioral manifestation of pharmacologic treatment?Mov Disord 2000, 15:869–72. Publisher Full Text 10.1002/1531-8257(200009)15:5<869::AID-MDS1016>3.0.CO;2-ICrossRefPubMed

55.

Evans AH, Strafella AP, Weintraub D, Stacy M: Impulsive and compulsive behaviors in Parkinson’s disease.Mov Disord 2009, 24:1561–70. 10.1002/mds.22505CrossRefPubMed

56.

Weintraub D, Koester J, Potenza MN, Siderowf AD, Stacy M, Voon V, et al.: Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a cross-sectional study of 3090 patients.Arch Neurol 2010, 67:589–95.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Rascol O, Brooks DJ, Korczyn AD, De Deyn PP, Clarke CE, Lang AE, et al.: Development of dyskinesias in a 5-year trial of ropinirole and L-dopa.Mov Disord 2006, 21:1844–50. 10.1002/mds.20988CrossRefPubMed

58.

Constantinescu R, Romer M, McDermott MP, Kamp C, Kieburtz K: Impact of pramipexole on the onset of levodopa-related dyskinesias.Mov Disord 2007, 22:1317–9. 10.1002/mds.21292CrossRefPubMed

59.

Watts RL, Lyons KE, Pahwa R, Sethi K, Stern M, Hauser RA, et al.: Onset of dyskinesia with adjunct ropinirole prolonged-release or additional levodopa in early Parkinson’s disease.Mov Disord 2010, 25:858–66. 10.1002/mds.22890CrossRefPubMed

60.

Parkinson Study Group CALM Cohort Investigators: Long-term effect of initiating pramipexole vs levodopa in early Parkinson disease.Arch Neurol 2009, 66:563–70.CrossRef

61.

Hely MA, Morris JG, Reid WG, Trafficante R: Sydney Multicenter Study of Parkinson’s disease: non-L-dopa-responsive problems dominate at 15 years.Mov Disord 2005, 20:190–9. 10.1002/mds.20324CrossRefPubMed

62.

Olanow CW, Agid Y, Mizuno Y, Albanese A, Bonuccelli U, Damier P, et al.: Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: current controversies.Mov Disord 2004, 19:997–1005. 10.1002/mds.20243CrossRefPubMed

63.

Kurlan R: “Levodopa phobia”: a new iatrogenic cause of disability in Parkinson disease.Neurology 2005, 64:923–4.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Langston JW, Irwin I: MPTP: current concepts and controversies.Clin Neuropharmacol 1986, 9:485–507. 10.1097/00002826-198612000-00001CrossRefPubMed

65.

The Parkinson Study Group: Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson’s disease.N Engl J Med 1993, 328:176–83.CrossRef

66.

Olanow CW, Calne D: Does selegiline monotherapy in Parkinson’s disease act by symptomatic or protective mechanisms?Neurology 1992,42(Suppl 4):13–26. discussion 41–18PubMed

67.

Heinonen EH, Myllylä V: Safety of selegiline (deprenyl) in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.Drug Saf 1998,19(1):11–22. 10.2165/00002018-199819010-00002CrossRefPubMed

68.

Parkinson Study Group: A controlled trial of rasagiline in early Parkinson disease: the TEMPO Study.Arch Neurol 2002, 59:1937–43.CrossRef

69.

Stern MB, Marek KL, Friedman J, Hauser RA, LeWitt PA, Tarsy D, et al.: Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of rasagiline as monotherapy in early Parkinson’s disease patients.Mov Disord 2004, 19:916–23. 10.1002/mds.20145CrossRefPubMed

70.

Olanow W: Can we achieve neuroprotection with currently available anti-parkinsonian interventions?Neurology 2009,72(7 Suppl):S59–64.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Finberg JP, Lamensdorf I, Commissiong JW, Youdim MB: Pharmacology and neuroprotective properties of rasagiline.J Neural Transm 1996, 48:95–101.

72.

Weinreb O, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Chillag-Talmor O, Youdim MB: Novel neuroprotective mechanism of action of rasagiline is associated with its propargyl moiety: interaction of Bcl-2 family members with PKC pathway.Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005, 1053:348–55. 10.1196/annals.1344.030CrossRefPubMed

73.

Gray R, Ives N, Rick C, PD Med Collaborative Group: Long-term effectiveness of dopamine agonists and monoamine oxidase B inhibitors compared with levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD MED): a large, open-label, pragmatic randomised trial.Lancet 2014,384(9949):1196–205. 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60683-8CrossRefPubMed

74.

Hauser RA, Silver D, Choudhry A, Eyal E, Isaacson S, ANDANTE study investigators: Randomized, controlled trial of rasagiline as an add-on to dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease.Mov Disord 2014,29(8):1028–34. 10.1002/mds.25877CrossRefPubMed

75.

Stocchi F, Abbruzzese G, Ceravolo R, Cortelli P, D’Amelio M, De P, et al.: Prevalence of fatigue in Parkinson disease and its clinical correlates.Neurology 2014,83(3):215–20. vol. 15 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000587CrossRefPubMed

76.

Stocchi F, The ADAGIO investigators: Benefits of treatment with rasagiline for fatigue symptoms in patients with early Parkinson’s disease.Eur J Neurol 2014,21(2):257–360.CrossRef

Title: How to optimize the treatment of early stage Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Fabrizio Stocchi
Laura Vacca
Fabiana G Radicati
Publication date: 01-12-2015
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Translational Neurodegeneration / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 2047-9158
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-9158-4-4

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

How to optimize the treatment of early stage Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

Development of stem cell-based therapy for Parkinson’s disease

Mini review: linkage between α-Synuclein protein and cognition

The association between Parkinson’s disease and melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Acid-sensing ion channels: potential therapeutic targets for neurologic diseases

Posttranslational modifications of α-tubulin in alzheimer disease

Clinical management and associated costs for moderate and severe Alzheimer’s disease in urban China: a Delphi panel study