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Infection
Published in: Infection 2/2024

25-01-2024 | Helicobacter Pylori | Review

Infiltration to infection: key virulence players of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity

Authors: Arghyadeep Bhattacharjee, Om Saswat Sahoo, Ahana Sarkar, Saurabh Bhattacharya, Rukhsana Chowdhury, Samarjit Kar, Oindrilla Mukherjee

Published in: Infection | Issue 2/2024

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Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to comprehensively review the multifaceted factors underlying the successful colonization and infection process of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a prominent Gram-negative pathogen in humans. The focus is on elucidating the functions, mechanisms, genetic regulation, and potential cross-interactions of these elements.

Methods

Employing a literature review approach, this study examines the intricate interactions between H. pylori and its host. It delves into virulence factors like VacA, CagA, DupA, Urease, along with phase variable genes, such as babA, babC, hopZ, etc., giving insights about the bacterial perspective of the infection The association of these factors with the infection has also been added in the form of statistical data via Funnel and Forest plots, citing the potential of the virulence and also adding an aspect of geographical biasness to the virulence factors. The biochemical characteristics and clinical relevance of these factors and their effects on host cells are individually examined, both comprehensively and statistically.

Results

H. pylori is a Gram-negative, spiral bacterium that successfully colonises the stomach of more than half of the world's population, causing peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, MALT lymphoma, and other gastro-duodenal disorders. The clinical outcomes of H. pylori infection are influenced by a complex interplay between virulence factors and phase variable genes produced by the infecting strain and the host genetic background. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of all the major virulence factors has also been appended.

Conclusion

This study illuminates the diverse elements contributing to H. pylori's colonization and infection. The interplay between virulence factors, phase variable genes, and host genetics determines the outcome of the infection. Despite biochemical insights into many factors, their comprehensive regulation remains an understudied area. By offering a panoramic view of these factors and their functions, this study enhances understanding of the bacterium’s perspective, i.e. H. pylori's journey from infiltration to successful establishment within the host's stomach.
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Metadata
Title
Infiltration to infection: key virulence players of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity
Authors
Arghyadeep Bhattacharjee
Om Saswat Sahoo
Ahana Sarkar
Saurabh Bhattacharya
Rukhsana Chowdhury
Samarjit Kar
Oindrilla Mukherjee
Publication date
25-01-2024
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Infection / Issue 2/2024
Print ISSN: 0300-8126
Electronic ISSN: 1439-0973
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-023-02159-9

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