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Published in: Heart Failure Reviews 2/2024

20-09-2023 | Heart Failure

Patient phenotype profiling using echocardiography and natriuretic peptides to personalise heart failure therapy

Authors: Frank L. Dini, Erberto Carluccio, Stefano Ghio, Nicola Riccardo Pugliese, Giangiacomo Galeotti, Michele Correale, Matteo Beltrami, Carlo Gabriele Tocchetti, Valentina Mercurio, Stefania Paolillo, Alberto Palazzuoli, on behalf of the Heart Failure Study Group of the Italian Society of Cardiology

Published in: Heart Failure Reviews | Issue 2/2024

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Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive condition with a clinical picture resulting from reduced cardiac output (CO) and/or elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressures (LVFP). The original Diamond-Forrester classification, based on haemodynamic data reflecting CO and pulmonary congestion, was introduced to grade severity, manage, and risk stratify advanced HF patients, providing evidence that survival progressively worsened for those classified as warm/dry, cold/dry, warm/wet, and cold/wet. Invasive haemodynamic evaluation in critically ill patients has been replaced by non-invasive haemodynamic phenotype profiling using echocardiography. Decreased CO is not infrequent among ambulatory HF patients with reduced ejection fraction, ranging from 23 to 45%. The Diamond-Forrester classification may be used in combination with the evaluation of natriuretic peptides (NPs) in ambulatory HF patients to pursue the goal of early identification of those at high risk of adverse events and personalise therapy to antagonise neurohormonal systems, reduce congestion, and preserve tissue/renal perfusion. The most benefit of the Guideline-directed medical treatment is to be expected in stable patients with the warm/dry profile, who more often respond with LV reverse remodelling, while more selective individualised treatments guided by echocardiography and NPs are necessary for patients with persisting congestion and/or tissue/renal hypoperfusion (cold/dry, warm/wet, and cold/wet phenotypes) to achieve stabilization and to avoid further neurohormonal activation, as a result of inappropriate use of vasodilating or negative chronotropic drugs, thus pursuing the therapeutic objectives. Therefore, tracking the haemodynamic status over time by clinical, imaging, and laboratory indicators helps implement therapy by individualising drug regimens and interventions according to patients' phenotypes even in an ambulatory setting.
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Metadata
Title
Patient phenotype profiling using echocardiography and natriuretic peptides to personalise heart failure therapy
Authors
Frank L. Dini
Erberto Carluccio
Stefano Ghio
Nicola Riccardo Pugliese
Giangiacomo Galeotti
Michele Correale
Matteo Beltrami
Carlo Gabriele Tocchetti
Valentina Mercurio
Stefania Paolillo
Alberto Palazzuoli
on behalf of the Heart Failure Study Group of the Italian Society of Cardiology
Publication date
20-09-2023
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Heart Failure Reviews / Issue 2/2024
Print ISSN: 1382-4147
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7322
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-023-10340-3

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