Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 4/2013

01-08-2013 | REVIEW ARTICLE

Ghrelin Could be a Candidate for the Prevention of In-Stent Restenosis

Authors: Z. W. Shu, M. Yu, X. J. Chen, X. R. Tan

Published in: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy | Issue 4/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Percutaneous coronary intervention is a revolutionary treatment for ischemic heart disease, but in-stent restenosis (ISR) remains a clinical challenge. Inflammation, smooth muscle proliferation, endothelial function impairment, and local thrombosis have been identified as the main mechanisms for ISR. Considering the multifactorial mechanisms of ISR, a novel therapeutic agent with multiple bioactivities is required. Ghrelin is a novel gut–brain peptide predominantly produced by the stomach, and has been shown to play a role in various cardiovascular activities, such as increasing myocardial contractility, improving cardiac output, and inhibiting ventricular remodeling, as well as attenuating cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recent studies have demonstrated that ghrelin effectively inhibits vascular inflammation and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, repairs endothelial cells, promotes vascular endothelial function, inhibits platelet aggregation, and exerts antithrombotic effects. These findings suggest that ghrelin may be an innovative therapeutic candidate for the prevention and treatment of ISR.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature. 1999;402:656–60.PubMedCrossRef Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature. 1999;402:656–60.PubMedCrossRef
3.
4.
go back to reference Granata R, Baragli A, Settanni F, Scarlatti F, Ghigo E. Unraveling the role of the ghrelin gene peptides in the endocrine pancreas. J Mol Endocrinol. 2010;45:107–18.PubMedCrossRef Granata R, Baragli A, Settanni F, Scarlatti F, Ghigo E. Unraveling the role of the ghrelin gene peptides in the endocrine pancreas. J Mol Endocrinol. 2010;45:107–18.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Yang J, Brown MS, Liang G, Grishin NV, Goldstein JL. Identification of the acyltransferase that octanoylates ghrelin, an appetite-stimulating peptide hormone. Cell. 2008;132:387–96.PubMedCrossRef Yang J, Brown MS, Liang G, Grishin NV, Goldstein JL. Identification of the acyltransferase that octanoylates ghrelin, an appetite-stimulating peptide hormone. Cell. 2008;132:387–96.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Nagaya N, Moriya J, Yasumura Y, Uematsu M, Ono F, Shimizu W, et al. Effects of ghrelin administration on left ventricular function, exercise capacity, and muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2004;110:3674–9.PubMedCrossRef Nagaya N, Moriya J, Yasumura Y, Uematsu M, Ono F, Shimizu W, et al. Effects of ghrelin administration on left ventricular function, exercise capacity, and muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2004;110:3674–9.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Soeki T, Kishimoto I, Schwenke DO, Tokudome T, Horio T, Yoshida M, et al. Ghrelin supresses cardiac sympathetic activity and prevents early left ventricular remodeling in rats with myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;294:H426–32.PubMedCrossRef Soeki T, Kishimoto I, Schwenke DO, Tokudome T, Horio T, Yoshida M, et al. Ghrelin supresses cardiac sympathetic activity and prevents early left ventricular remodeling in rats with myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;294:H426–32.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Chang L, Ren Y, Liu X, Li WG, Yang J, Geng B, et al. Protective effects of ghrelin on ischemia/reperfusion injury in the isolated rat heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;43:165–70.PubMedCrossRef Chang L, Ren Y, Liu X, Li WG, Yang J, Geng B, et al. Protective effects of ghrelin on ischemia/reperfusion injury in the isolated rat heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;43:165–70.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Drachman DE, Simon DI. Inflammation as a mechanism and therapeutic target for in-stent restenosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2005;7:44–9.PubMedCrossRef Drachman DE, Simon DI. Inflammation as a mechanism and therapeutic target for in-stent restenosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2005;7:44–9.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Waseem T, Duxbury M, Ito H, Ashley SW, Robinson MK. Exogenous Ghrelin modulates release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophages through distinct signaling pathways. Surgery. 2008;143:334–42.PubMedCrossRef Waseem T, Duxbury M, Ito H, Ashley SW, Robinson MK. Exogenous Ghrelin modulates release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophages through distinct signaling pathways. Surgery. 2008;143:334–42.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Sharma V, McNeill JH. The emerging roles of leptin and Ghrelin in cardiovascular physiolosy and pathophysioloy. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2005;3:169–80.PubMedCrossRef Sharma V, McNeill JH. The emerging roles of leptin and Ghrelin in cardiovascular physiolosy and pathophysioloy. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2005;3:169–80.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Li WG, Gavrila D, Liu X, Wang L, Gunnlaugsson S, Stoll LL, et al. Ghrelin inhibits pro-inflammatory responses and nuclear factor kappaB activation in human endothelial cells. Circulation. 2004;109:2221–6.PubMedCrossRef Li WG, Gavrila D, Liu X, Wang L, Gunnlaugsson S, Stoll LL, et al. Ghrelin inhibits pro-inflammatory responses and nuclear factor kappaB activation in human endothelial cells. Circulation. 2004;109:2221–6.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Deng B, Xie XM, Chen XB. Relationship of ghrelin level to inflammatory factor and endothelial relaxation function in metabolic syndrome patients. Chin J Arterioscler. 2010;18:487–91. Deng B, Xie XM, Chen XB. Relationship of ghrelin level to inflammatory factor and endothelial relaxation function in metabolic syndrome patients. Chin J Arterioscler. 2010;18:487–91.
14.
go back to reference Granado M, Priego T, Martin AI, Villanúa MA, López-Calderón A. Anti-inflammatory effect of the Ghrelin agonist growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) in arthritic rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288:E486–92.PubMedCrossRef Granado M, Priego T, Martin AI, Villanúa MA, López-Calderón A. Anti-inflammatory effect of the Ghrelin agonist growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) in arthritic rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288:E486–92.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Dixit VD, Schaffer EM, Pyle RS, Collins GD, Sakthivel SK, Palaniappan R, et al. Ghrelin inhibits leptin-and activation-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by human monocytes and T cells. J Clin Investig. 2004;114:57–66.PubMed Dixit VD, Schaffer EM, Pyle RS, Collins GD, Sakthivel SK, Palaniappan R, et al. Ghrelin inhibits leptin-and activation-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by human monocytes and T cells. J Clin Investig. 2004;114:57–66.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Zhao D, Zhan Y, Zeng H, Moyer MP, Mantzoros CS, Pothoulakis C. Ghrelin stimulates interleukin-8 gene expression through protein kinase C-mediated NF-κB pathway in human colonic epitheial cells. J Cell Biochem. 2006;97:1317–27.PubMedCrossRef Zhao D, Zhan Y, Zeng H, Moyer MP, Mantzoros CS, Pothoulakis C. Ghrelin stimulates interleukin-8 gene expression through protein kinase C-mediated NF-κB pathway in human colonic epitheial cells. J Cell Biochem. 2006;97:1317–27.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Xia Q, Pang W, Pan H, Zheng Y, Kang JS, Zhu SG. Effects of Ghrelin on the proliferation and secretion of splenic T lymphocytes in mice. Regul Pept. 2004;122:173–8.PubMedCrossRef Xia Q, Pang W, Pan H, Zheng Y, Kang JS, Zhu SG. Effects of Ghrelin on the proliferation and secretion of splenic T lymphocytes in mice. Regul Pept. 2004;122:173–8.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Chow KB, Cheng CH, Wise H. Anti-inflammatory activity of ghrelin in human carotid artery cells. Inflammation. 2009;32:402–9.PubMedCrossRef Chow KB, Cheng CH, Wise H. Anti-inflammatory activity of ghrelin in human carotid artery cells. Inflammation. 2009;32:402–9.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Skilton MR, Nakhla S, Sieveking DP, Caterson ID, Celermajer DS. Pathophysiological levels of the obesity related peptides resistin and ghrelin increase adhesion molecule expression on human vascular endothelial cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2005;32:839–44.PubMedCrossRef Skilton MR, Nakhla S, Sieveking DP, Caterson ID, Celermajer DS. Pathophysiological levels of the obesity related peptides resistin and ghrelin increase adhesion molecule expression on human vascular endothelial cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2005;32:839–44.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Huang CX, Yuan MJ, Huang H, Wu G, Liu Y, Yu SB, et al. Ghrelin inhibits post-infarct myocardial remodeling and improves cardiac function through anti-inflammation effect. Peptides. 2009;30:2286–91.PubMedCrossRef Huang CX, Yuan MJ, Huang H, Wu G, Liu Y, Yu SB, et al. Ghrelin inhibits post-infarct myocardial remodeling and improves cardiac function through anti-inflammation effect. Peptides. 2009;30:2286–91.PubMedCrossRef
21.
22.
go back to reference Willis AI, Pierre-Paul D, Stunpio BE, Gahtan V. Vascular smooth muscle cell migration:current research and clinical implications. Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004;38:11–23.CrossRef Willis AI, Pierre-Paul D, Stunpio BE, Gahtan V. Vascular smooth muscle cell migration:current research and clinical implications. Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004;38:11–23.CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Chen J, Han Y, Lin C, Zhen Y, Song X, Teng S, et al. PDGF-D contributes to neointimal hyperplasia in rat model of vessel injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;29:976–83.CrossRef Chen J, Han Y, Lin C, Zhen Y, Song X, Teng S, et al. PDGF-D contributes to neointimal hyperplasia in rat model of vessel injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;29:976–83.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Lavezzi AM, Ottaviani G, Matturri L. Biology of the smooth muscle cells in human atherosclerosis. APMIS. 2005;113:112–21.PubMedCrossRef Lavezzi AM, Ottaviani G, Matturri L. Biology of the smooth muscle cells in human atherosclerosis. APMIS. 2005;113:112–21.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Deng DX, Spin JM, Tsalenko A, Vailaya A, Ben-Dor A, Yakhini Z, et al. Molecular signatures determining coronary artery and saphenous vein smooth muscle cell phenotypes: distinct responses to stimuli. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:1058–65.PubMedCrossRef Deng DX, Spin JM, Tsalenko A, Vailaya A, Ben-Dor A, Yakhini Z, et al. Molecular signatures determining coronary artery and saphenous vein smooth muscle cell phenotypes: distinct responses to stimuli. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:1058–65.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Zhan M, Yuan F, Liu H, Chen H, Qiu X, Fang W. Inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells by ghrelin. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2008;40:769–76. Zhan M, Yuan F, Liu H, Chen H, Qiu X, Fang W. Inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells by ghrelin. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2008;40:769–76.
27.
go back to reference Rossi F, Castelli A, Bianco MJ, Bertone C, Brama M, Santiemma V. Ghrelin inhibits contraction and proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells by cAMP/PKA pathway activation. Atherosclerosis. 2009;203:97–104.PubMedCrossRef Rossi F, Castelli A, Bianco MJ, Bertone C, Brama M, Santiemma V. Ghrelin inhibits contraction and proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells by cAMP/PKA pathway activation. Atherosclerosis. 2009;203:97–104.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Li GZ, Jiang W, Zhao J, Pan CS, Cao J, Tang CS, et al. Ghrelin blunted vascular calcification in vivo and in vitro in rats. Regul Pept. 2005;129:167–76.PubMedCrossRef Li GZ, Jiang W, Zhao J, Pan CS, Cao J, Tang CS, et al. Ghrelin blunted vascular calcification in vivo and in vitro in rats. Regul Pept. 2005;129:167–76.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Liang QH, Jiang Y, Zhu X, Cui RR, Liu GY, Liu Y, et al. Ghrelin attenuates the osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells through the ERK pathway. PLoS One. 2012;7:e33126.PubMedCrossRef Liang QH, Jiang Y, Zhu X, Cui RR, Liu GY, Liu Y, et al. Ghrelin attenuates the osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells through the ERK pathway. PLoS One. 2012;7:e33126.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Hu CZ, Cao YL, Huo HY, Zhao WH, Hu J. Inhibitory effect of ghrelin on nicotine-induced VCAM-1expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2009;53:241–5.PubMedCrossRef Hu CZ, Cao YL, Huo HY, Zhao WH, Hu J. Inhibitory effect of ghrelin on nicotine-induced VCAM-1expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2009;53:241–5.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Xu YP, Zhu JJ, Cheng F, Jiang KW, Gu WZ, Shen Z, et al. Ghrelin ameliorates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension via phospho-GSK3β/β-catenin signaling in neonatal rats. J Mol Endocrinol. 2011;47:33–43.PubMedCrossRef Xu YP, Zhu JJ, Cheng F, Jiang KW, Gu WZ, Shen Z, et al. Ghrelin ameliorates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension via phospho-GSK3β/β-catenin signaling in neonatal rats. J Mol Endocrinol. 2011;47:33–43.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Shimizu Y, Nagaya N, Teranishi Y, Imazu M, Yamamoto H, Shokawa T, et al. Ghrelin improves endothelial dysfunction through growth hormone-independent mechanisms in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;310:830–5.PubMedCrossRef Shimizu Y, Nagaya N, Teranishi Y, Imazu M, Yamamoto H, Shokawa T, et al. Ghrelin improves endothelial dysfunction through growth hormone-independent mechanisms in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;310:830–5.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Tesauro M, Schinzari F, Iantorno M, Rizza S, Melina D, Lauro D, et al. Ghrelin improves endothelial function in patients with metabolic syndrome. Circulation. 2005;112:2986–92.PubMed Tesauro M, Schinzari F, Iantorno M, Rizza S, Melina D, Lauro D, et al. Ghrelin improves endothelial function in patients with metabolic syndrome. Circulation. 2005;112:2986–92.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Baldanzi G, Filigheddu N, Cutrupi S, Catapano F, Bonissoni S, Fubini A, et al. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1/2 and PI3-kinase/AKT. J Cell Biol. 2002;159:1029–37.PubMedCrossRef Baldanzi G, Filigheddu N, Cutrupi S, Catapano F, Bonissoni S, Fubini A, et al. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1/2 and PI3-kinase/AKT. J Cell Biol. 2002;159:1029–37.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Zhan H, Liu G, Wang Q, Ding L, Cai H, Jiang H, et al. Effect of Ghrelin on human endothelial cells apoptosis induced by high glucose. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;362:677–81.CrossRef Zhan H, Liu G, Wang Q, Ding L, Cai H, Jiang H, et al. Effect of Ghrelin on human endothelial cells apoptosis induced by high glucose. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;362:677–81.CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Deng B, Fang L, Chen X, Chen M, Xie X. Effect of ghrelin on angiotensin II induced human umbilicus vein endothelial cell oxidative stress and endothelial cell injury. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2010;35:1037–47.PubMed Deng B, Fang L, Chen X, Chen M, Xie X. Effect of ghrelin on angiotensin II induced human umbilicus vein endothelial cell oxidative stress and endothelial cell injury. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2010;35:1037–47.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Xiang Y, Li Q, Li M, Wang W, Cui C, Zhang J. Ghrelin inhibits AGEs-induced apoptosis in human endothelial cells involving ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways. Cell Biochem Funct. 2011;29:149–55.PubMedCrossRef Xiang Y, Li Q, Li M, Wang W, Cui C, Zhang J. Ghrelin inhibits AGEs-induced apoptosis in human endothelial cells involving ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways. Cell Biochem Funct. 2011;29:149–55.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Rossi F, Castelli A, Bianco MJ, Bertone C, Brama M, Santiemma V. Ghrelin induces proliferation in human aortic endothelial cells via ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt activation. Peptides. 2008;29:2046–51.PubMedCrossRef Rossi F, Castelli A, Bianco MJ, Bertone C, Brama M, Santiemma V. Ghrelin induces proliferation in human aortic endothelial cells via ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt activation. Peptides. 2008;29:2046–51.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Hedayati N, Annambhotla S, Jiang J, Wang X, Chai H, Lin PH, et al. Growth hormone-releasing peptite ghrelin inhibits homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries and human endothelial cells. J Vasc Surg. 2009;49:199–207.PubMedCrossRef Hedayati N, Annambhotla S, Jiang J, Wang X, Chai H, Lin PH, et al. Growth hormone-releasing peptite ghrelin inhibits homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries and human endothelial cells. J Vasc Surg. 2009;49:199–207.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Rossi F, Bertone C, Petricca S, Santiemma V. Ghrelin inhibits angiotensin-II induced migration of human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 2007;192:291–7.PubMedCrossRef Rossi F, Bertone C, Petricca S, Santiemma V. Ghrelin inhibits angiotensin-II induced migration of human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 2007;192:291–7.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Conconi MT, Nico B, Guidolin D, Baiguera S, Spinazzi R, Rebuffat P, et al. Ghrelin inhibits FGF-2-mediated angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Peptides. 2004;25:2179–85.PubMedCrossRef Conconi MT, Nico B, Guidolin D, Baiguera S, Spinazzi R, Rebuffat P, et al. Ghrelin inhibits FGF-2-mediated angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Peptides. 2004;25:2179–85.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Ahluwalia A, Li A, Cheng G, Deng X, Tarnawski AS. Reduced ghrelin in endothelial cells plays important mechanistic role in aging-related impairment of angiogenesis. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;60:29–34.PubMed Ahluwalia A, Li A, Cheng G, Deng X, Tarnawski AS. Reduced ghrelin in endothelial cells plays important mechanistic role in aging-related impairment of angiogenesis. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;60:29–34.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Ferns GA, Avades TY. The mechanisms of coronary restenosis:insight from experimental models. Int J Exp Pathol. 2000;81:63–88.PubMedCrossRef Ferns GA, Avades TY. The mechanisms of coronary restenosis:insight from experimental models. Int J Exp Pathol. 2000;81:63–88.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Elbatarny HS, Netherton SJ, Ovens JD, Ferguson AV, Maurice DH. Adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin differentially influence human platelet and human vascular endothelial cell functions: implication in obesity-associated cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;558:7–13.PubMedCrossRef Elbatarny HS, Netherton SJ, Ovens JD, Ferguson AV, Maurice DH. Adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin differentially influence human platelet and human vascular endothelial cell functions: implication in obesity-associated cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;558:7–13.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Kantorova E, Chomova M, Kurca E, Sivak S, Zelenak K, Kučera P, et al. Leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin, new potential mediators of ischemic stroke. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2011;32:716–21.PubMed Kantorova E, Chomova M, Kurca E, Sivak S, Zelenak K, Kučera P, et al. Leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin, new potential mediators of ischemic stroke. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2011;32:716–21.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Arici OF, Cetin N. Protective role of ghrelin against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced coagulation disturbances in rats. Regul Pept. 2011;166:139–42.PubMedCrossRef Arici OF, Cetin N. Protective role of ghrelin against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced coagulation disturbances in rats. Regul Pept. 2011;166:139–42.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Ghrelin Could be a Candidate for the Prevention of In-Stent Restenosis
Authors
Z. W. Shu
M. Yu
X. J. Chen
X. R. Tan
Publication date
01-08-2013
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Issue 4/2013
Print ISSN: 0920-3206
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7241
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-013-6453-1

Other articles of this Issue 4/2013

Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 4/2013 Go to the issue