Top

Published in:

01-05-2012 | Original Article

Ghrelin and PYY levels in adolescents with severe obesity: effects of weight loss induced by long-term exercise training and modified food habits

Authors: Carine Gueugnon, Fabienne Mougin, Nhu Uyen Nguyen, Malika Bouhaddi, Marie Nicolet-Guénat, Gilles Dumoulin

Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Issue 5/2012

Abstract

This study investigated (a) changes in ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) concentrations during a weight reduction programme and (b) baseline ghrelin and PYY levels as predictors of weight loss in 32 severely obese adolescents (BMI z score = 4.1). Subjects spent an academic year in an institution for childhood obesity. Fasting ghrelin and PYY, leptin, insulin levels and insulin resistance were measured at baseline (month 0) and during the programme (months 3, 6, 9). In addition, 15 normal-weight teenagers served as reference for the baseline assessments. At baseline, obese teenagers had lower ghrelin and PYY concentrations than normal-weight adolescents (P < 0.05). Moreover, they showed significantly higher leptin, insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) (P < 0.0001). During the lifestyle modification, there was a significant decrease in body weight among obese teenagers, associated with an increase in ghrelin (apparent from month 6; P < 0.05), a decrease in leptin (from month 3; P < 0.05) and a decrease in insulin and HOMA (from month 3; P < 0.0001), without any significant change in PYY. Anthropometrical changes were correlated neither with baseline ghrelin levels nor with changes in ghrelin and PYY after the lifestyle modification. However, higher baseline PYY tended to correlate with greater anthropometrical changes (P < 0.1). In adolescents with severe obesity, a long-term combination of supervised aerobic exercises and a balanced diet led to weight reduction and increased ghrelin concentrations, without any change in PYY concentrations. Moreover, baseline PYY concentrations might be considered as predictors of weight loss.

Adrian TE, Ferri GL, Bacarese-Hamilton AJ, Fuessl HS, Polak JM, Bloom SR (1985) Human distribution and release of a putative new gut hormone, peptide YY. Gastroenterology 89:1070–1077PubMed

Akamizu T, Shinomiya T, Irako T, Fukunaga M, Nakai Y, Kangawa K (2005) Separate measurement of plasma levels of acylated and desacyl ghrelin in healthy subjects using a new direct ELISA assay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:6–9PubMedCrossRef

Arvat E, Di Vito L, Broglio F, Papotti M, Muccioli G, Dieguez C, Casanueva FF, Deghenghi R, Camanni F, Ghigo E (2000) Preliminary evidence that Ghrelin, the natural GH secretagogue (GHS)-receptor ligand, strongly stimulates GH secretion in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 23:493–495PubMed

Balagopal PB, Gidding SS, Buckloh LM, Yarandi HN, Sylvester JE, George DE, Funanage VL (2010) Changes in circulating satiety hormones in obese children: a randomized controlled physical activity-based intervention study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 18:1747–1753CrossRef

Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Withers DJ, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (2003) Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3–36. N Engl J Med 349:941–948PubMedCrossRef

Batterham RL, Cowley MA, Small CJ, Herzog H, Cohen MA, Dakin CL, Wren AM, Brynes AE, Low MJ, Ghatei MA, Cone RD, Bloom SR (2002) Gut hormone PYY(3–36) physiologically inhibits food intake. Nature 418:650–654PubMedCrossRef

Caro JF, Kolaczynski JW, Nyce MR, Ohannesian JP, Opentanova I, Goldman WH, Lynn RB, Zhang PL, Sinha MK, Considine RV (1996) Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid/serum leptin ratio in obesity: a possible mechanism for leptin resistance. Lancet 348:159–161PubMedCrossRef

Cone RD, Cowley MA, Butler AA, Fan W, Marks DL, Low MJ (2001) The arcuate nucleus as a conduit for diverse signals relevant to energy homeostasis. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25(Suppl 5):S63–S67PubMedCrossRef

Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, Schmidova K, Wisse BE, Weigle DS (2001) A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans. Diabetes 50:1714–1719PubMedCrossRef

Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, Breen PA, Ma MK, Dellinger EP, Purnell JQ (2002) Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 346:1623–1630PubMedCrossRef

De Ambrogi M, Volpe S, Tamanini C (2003) Ghrelin: central and peripheral effects of a novel peptydil hormone. Med Sci Monit 9:RA217–RA224PubMed

Foster-Schubert KE, McTiernan A, Frayo RS, Schwartz RS, Rajan KB, Yasui Y, Tworoger SS, Cummings DE (2005) Human plasma ghrelin levels increase during a one-year exercise program. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:820–825PubMedCrossRef

Gil-Campos M, Aguilera CM, Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Canete R, Gil A (2010) Fasting and postprandial relationships among plasma leptin, ghrelin, and insulin in prepubertal obese children. Clin Nutr 29:54–59PubMedCrossRef

Halatchev IG, Ellacott KL, Fan W, Cone RD (2004) Peptide YY3–36 inhibits food intake in mice through a melanocortin-4 receptor-independent mechanism. Endocrinology 145:2585–2590PubMedCrossRef

Jones TE, Basilio JL, Brophy PM, McCammon MR, Hickner RC (2009) Long-term exercise training in overweight adolescents improves plasma peptide YY and resistin. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17:1189–1195

Kelishadi R, Hashemipour M, Mohammadifard N, Alikhassy H, Adeli K (2008) Short- and long-term relationships of serum ghrelin with changes in body composition and the metabolic syndrome in prepubescent obese children following two different weight loss programmes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 69:721–729CrossRef

Kim HJ, Lee S, Kim TW, Kim HH, Jeon TY, Yoon YS, Oh SW, Kwak H, Lee JG (2008) Effects of exercise-induced weight loss on acylated and unacylated ghrelin in overweight children. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 68:416–422

King PJ (2005) The hypothalamus and obesity. Curr Drug Targets 6:225–240PubMed

Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K (1999) Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 402:656–660PubMedCrossRef

Kojima M, Kangawa K (2005) Ghrelin: structure and function. Physiol Rev 85:495–522PubMedCrossRef

Konturek PC, Konturek JW, Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M, Brzozowski T, Sito E, Konturek SJ (2005) Neuro-hormonal control of food intake: basic mechanisms and clinical implications. J Physiol Pharmacol 56(Suppl 6):5–25

Krohn K, Boczan C, Otto B, Heldwein W, Landgraf R, Bauer CP, Koletzko B (2006) Regulation of ghrelin is related to estimated insulin sensitivity in obese children. Int J Obes (Lond) 30:1482–1487CrossRef

Labayen I, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Lasa A, Simon E, Margareto J (2011) Role of baseline leptin and ghrelin levels on body weight and fat mass changes after an energy-restricted diet intervention in obese women: effects on energy metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:E996–E1000PubMedCrossRef

le Roux CW, Batterham RL, Aylwin SJ, Patterson M, Borg CM, Wynne KJ, Kent A, Vincent RP, Gardiner J, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (2006) Attenuated peptide YY release in obese subjects is associated with reduced satiety. Endocrinology 147:3–8PubMedCrossRef

Leidy HJ, Gardner JK, Frye BR, Snook ML, Schuchert MK, Richard EL, Williams NI (2004) Circulating ghrelin is sensitive to changes in body weight during a diet and exercise program in normal-weight young women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2659–2664PubMedCrossRef

Martin A (2001) Apports nutritionnels conseillés pour la population française. TEC & DOC Lavoisier, Paris, p 67

Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC (1985) Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28:412–419PubMedCrossRef

Murphy KG, Bloom SR (2004) Gut hormones in the control of appetite. Exp Physiol 89:507–516PubMedCrossRef

Murphy KG, Bloom SR (2006) Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis. Nature 444:854–859PubMedCrossRef

Pacifico L, Poggiogalle E, Costantino F, Anania C, Ferraro F, Chiarelli F, Chiesa C (2009) Acylated and nonacylated ghrelin levels and their associations with insulin resistance in obese and normal weight children with metabolic syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 161:861–870PubMedCrossRef

Pedrosa C, Oliveira BM, Albuquerque I, Simoes-Pereira C, Vaz-de-Almeida MD, Correia F (2011) Metabolic syndrome, adipokines and ghrelin in overweight and obese schoolchildren: results of a 1-year lifestyle intervention programme. Eur J Pediatr 170:483–492PubMedCrossRef

Reinehr T, de Sousa G, Roth CL (2008) Obestatin and ghrelin levels in obese children and adolescents before and after reduction of overweight. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 68:304–310

Reinehr T, Roth CL, Alexy U, Kersting M, Kiess W, Andler W (2005) Ghrelin levels before and after reduction of overweight due to a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet in obese children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 29:362–368CrossRef

Reinehr T, Roth CL, Enriori PJ, Masur K (2010) Changes of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) in obese children with weight loss: relationships to peptide YY, pancreatic peptide, and insulin sensitivity. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 23:101–108PubMedCrossRef

Rolland-Cachera MF, Cole TJ, Sempe M, Tichet J, Rossignol C, Charraud A (1991) Body Mass Index variations: centiles from birth to 87 years. Eur J Clin Nutr 45:13–21PubMed

Roth CL, Enriori PJ, Harz K, Woelfle J, Cowley MA, Reinehr T (2005) Peptide YY is a regulator of energy homeostasis in obese children before and after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:6386–6391PubMedCrossRef

Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D Jr, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG (2000) Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404:661–671PubMed

Takano H, Morita T, Iida H, Asada K, Kato M, Uno K, Hirose K, Matsumoto A, Takenaka K, Hirata Y, Eto F, Nagai R, Sato Y, Nakajima T (2005) Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of muscle blood flow. Eur J Appl Physiol 95:65–73PubMedCrossRef

Tanner JM (1981) Growth and maturation during adolescence. Nutr Rev 39:43–55PubMedCrossRef

Tschop M, Weyer C, Tataranni PA, Devanarayan V, Ravussin E, Heiman ML (2001) Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity. Diabetes 50:707–709PubMedCrossRef

Wang Y, Lobstein T (2006) Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes 1:11–25PubMedCrossRef

Weigle DS, Cummings DE, Newby PD, Breen PA, Frayo RS, Matthys CC, Callahan HS, Purnell JQ (2003) Roles of leptin and ghrelin in the loss of body weight caused by a low fat, high carbohydrate diet. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1577–1586PubMedCrossRef

Wren AM, Seal LJ, Cohen MA, Brynes AE, Frost GS, Murphy KG, Dhillo WS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (2001) Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5992PubMedCrossRef

Wynne K, Stanley S, Bloom S (2004) The gut and regulation of body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2576–2582PubMedCrossRef

Zou CC, Liang L, Wang CL, Fu JF, Zhao ZY (2009) The change in ghrelin and obestatin levels in obese children after weight reduction. Acta Paediatr 98:159–165PubMedCrossRef

Title: Ghrelin and PYY levels in adolescents with severe obesity: effects of weight loss induced by long-term exercise training and modified food habits
Authors: Carine Gueugnon
Fabienne Mougin
Nhu Uyen Nguyen
Malika Bouhaddi
Marie Nicolet-Guénat
Gilles Dumoulin
Publication date: 01-05-2012
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology / Issue 5/2012
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Electronic ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2154-2

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Ghrelin and PYY levels in adolescents with severe obesity: effects of weight loss induced by long-term exercise training and modified food habits

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 5/2012

Frowning muscle activity and perception of effort during constant-workload cycling

Cognitive function following treadmill exercise in thermal protective clothing

Skeletal muscle reoxygenation after high-intensity exercise in mitochondrial myopathy

Caffeine, dopamine and thermoregulation

The impact of obesity on cardiac troponin levels after prolonged exercise in humans

Can alternating lower body negative and positive pressure during exercise alter regional body fat distribution or skin appearance?