Skip to main content
Top
Published in: European Journal of Nutrition 1/2020

01-02-2020 | Original Contribution

Food, water, energy, and macronutrient intake of non-breastfed infants and young children (0–3 years)

Authors: Jean-Pierre Chouraqui, Gabriel Tavoularis, Umberto Simeoni, Constance Ferry, Dominique Turck

Published in: European Journal of Nutrition | Issue 1/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose

The French Nutri-Bébé 2013 study aimed to assess the nutritional intake of infants and young children in comparison with the recommendations of the 2013 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

Methods

This cross-sectional study enrolled a random sample of families selected according to the Quota sampling method. A 3-day dietary record was conducted and supervised by two face-to-face interviews. All foods and beverages consumed were qualitatively and quantitatively reported in a diary, and their composition calculated using a food composition database.

Results

A total of 1035 non-breastfed children were included. Formula was abandoned early, amounting to approximately 50% of the total food intake at 7 months in 50% of infants and 22% at 1 year. A similar trend was observed for specific complementary foods. After 1 year, 50% of children consumed cow’s milk, which was semi-skimmed in 88% of cases. Drinking water intake was low. Protein intake reached 1.4 times the average requirements before 3 months, 2 times at 8–9 months, and > 4 times at 30–35 months. Fat intake was below the EFSA adequate intake (AI) in > 90% of children. Alpha-linolenic acid intake was equal to or greater than the AI in all infants < 3 months, 85% of children at 6 months, 34% at 12–17 months, and 8% >24 months. Regardless of age, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was less than the AI.

Conclusion

Strong discrepancies are observed between the actual and recommended intake in young, non-breastfed children namely, a high-protein intake, and a low fat intake, especially DHA.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Barker DJ (2004) Developmental origins of adult health and disease. J Epidemiol Commun Health 58:114–115CrossRef Barker DJ (2004) Developmental origins of adult health and disease. J Epidemiol Commun Health 58:114–115CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Boggio V, Lestradet H, Astier-Dumas M, Machinot S, Suquet M, Klepping J (1984) Characteristics of the dietary intake of French children from 3 to 24 months of age. Arch Pediatr 41:499–505 Boggio V, Lestradet H, Astier-Dumas M, Machinot S, Suquet M, Klepping J (1984) Characteristics of the dietary intake of French children from 3 to 24 months of age. Arch Pediatr 41:499–505
5.
go back to reference Boggio V, Fantino M (1991) Recent trends in nutritional intake in French infants: comparison of 2 national surveys conducted in 1981 and 1989. In: Journées parisiennes de pédiatrie. Médecine-Sciences Flammarion, Paris, pp 275–282 Boggio V, Fantino M (1991) Recent trends in nutritional intake in French infants: comparison of 2 national surveys conducted in 1981 and 1989. In: Journées parisiennes de pédiatrie. Médecine-Sciences Flammarion, Paris, pp 275–282
6.
go back to reference Boggio V, Grossiord A, Guyon S, Fuchs F, Fantino M (1999) Food consumption of infants and young children in France in 1997. Arch Pediatr 6:740–747CrossRef Boggio V, Grossiord A, Guyon S, Fuchs F, Fantino M (1999) Food consumption of infants and young children in France in 1997. Arch Pediatr 6:740–747CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Institute of Medicine (US) Subcommittee on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes; Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (2000) Dietary reference intakes: applications in dietary assessment. National Academies Press, Washington (DC), p 306. https://doi.org/10.17226/9956 CrossRef Institute of Medicine (US) Subcommittee on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes; Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (2000) Dietary reference intakes: applications in dietary assessment. National Academies Press, Washington (DC), p 306. https://​doi.​org/​10.​17226/​9956 CrossRef
15.
go back to reference European Food Safety Authority (2009) General principles for the collection of national food consumption data in the view of a pan-European dietary survey. EFSA J 7(12):1435 (51 pp). Available online: http://www.efsa.europa.eu European Food Safety Authority (2009) General principles for the collection of national food consumption data in the view of a pan-European dietary survey. EFSA J 7(12):1435 (51 pp). Available online: http://​www.​efsa.​europa.​eu
20.
go back to reference Zhou SJ, Gibson RA, Gibson RS, Makrides M (2012) Nutrient intakes and status of preschool children in Adelaide, South Australia. Med J Aust 196:696–697CrossRef Zhou SJ, Gibson RA, Gibson RS, Makrides M (2012) Nutrient intakes and status of preschool children in Adelaide, South Australia. Med J Aust 196:696–697CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Koletzko B, von Kries R, Closa R, Escribano J, Scaglioni S, Giovannini M, Beyer J, Demmelmair H, Gruszfeld D, Dobrzanska A, Sengier A, Langhendries JP, Rolland Cachera MF, Grote V, European Childhood Obesity Trial Study Group (2009) Lower protein in infant formula is associated with lower weight up to age 2 years: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 89:1836–1845. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27091 CrossRefPubMed Koletzko B, von Kries R, Closa R, Escribano J, Scaglioni S, Giovannini M, Beyer J, Demmelmair H, Gruszfeld D, Dobrzanska A, Sengier A, Langhendries JP, Rolland Cachera MF, Grote V, European Childhood Obesity Trial Study Group (2009) Lower protein in infant formula is associated with lower weight up to age 2 years: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 89:1836–1845. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3945/​ajcn.​2008.​27091 CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Weber M, Grote V, Closa-Monasterolo R, Escribano J, Langhendries JP, Dain E, Giovannini M, Verduci E, Gruszfeld D, Socha P, Koletzko B, European Childhood Obesity Trial Study Group (2014) Lower protein content in infant formula reduces BMI and obesity risk at school age: follow-up of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 99:1041–1045. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.064071 CrossRefPubMed Weber M, Grote V, Closa-Monasterolo R, Escribano J, Langhendries JP, Dain E, Giovannini M, Verduci E, Gruszfeld D, Socha P, Koletzko B, European Childhood Obesity Trial Study Group (2014) Lower protein content in infant formula reduces BMI and obesity risk at school age: follow-up of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 99:1041–1045. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3945/​ajcn.​113.​064071 CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Escribano J, Luque V, Ferre N, Mendez-Riera G, Koletzko B, Grote V, Demmelmair H, Bluck L, Wright A, Closa-Monasterolo R, European Childhood Obesity Trial Study Group (2012) Effect of protein intake and weight gain velocity on body fat mass at 6 months of age: the EU Childhood Obesity Programme. Int J Obes (Lond) 36:548–553. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2011.276 CrossRef Escribano J, Luque V, Ferre N, Mendez-Riera G, Koletzko B, Grote V, Demmelmair H, Bluck L, Wright A, Closa-Monasterolo R, European Childhood Obesity Trial Study Group (2012) Effect of protein intake and weight gain velocity on body fat mass at 6 months of age: the EU Childhood Obesity Programme. Int J Obes (Lond) 36:548–553. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​ijo.​2011.​276 CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Fomon SJ, Ziegler EE (1999) Renal solute load and potential renal solute load in infancy. J Pediatr 134:11–14CrossRef Fomon SJ, Ziegler EE (1999) Renal solute load and potential renal solute load in infancy. J Pediatr 134:11–14CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Briend A, Legrand P, Bocquet A, Girardet JP, Bresson JL, Chouraqui JP, Darmaun D, Dupont C, Frelut ML, Goulet O, Hankard R, Rieu D, Simeoni U, Turck D, Vidailhet M, Comité de nutrition de la Société française de pédiatrie (2014) Lipid intake in children under 3 years of age in France. A position paper by the Committee on Nutrition of the French Society of Paediatrics. Arch Pediatr 21: 424–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2013.12.026 CrossRefPubMed Briend A, Legrand P, Bocquet A, Girardet JP, Bresson JL, Chouraqui JP, Darmaun D, Dupont C, Frelut ML, Goulet O, Hankard R, Rieu D, Simeoni U, Turck D, Vidailhet M, Comité de nutrition de la Société française de pédiatrie (2014) Lipid intake in children under 3 years of age in France. A position paper by the Committee on Nutrition of the French Society of Paediatrics. Arch Pediatr 21: 424–438. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​arcped.​2013.​12.​026 CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Food, water, energy, and macronutrient intake of non-breastfed infants and young children (0–3 years)
Authors
Jean-Pierre Chouraqui
Gabriel Tavoularis
Umberto Simeoni
Constance Ferry
Dominique Turck
Publication date
01-02-2020
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
European Journal of Nutrition / Issue 1/2020
Print ISSN: 1436-6207
Electronic ISSN: 1436-6215
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1883-y

Other articles of this Issue 1/2020

European Journal of Nutrition 1/2020 Go to the issue
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.