Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Breast Cancer Research 3/2008

Open Access 01-06-2008 | Research article

Expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the phosphorylated EGFR in invasive breast carcinomas

Authors: Christina Magkou, Lydia Nakopoulou, Christina Zoubouli, Kanelina Karali, Irene Theohari, Panagiotis Bakarakos, Ioanna Giannopoulou

Published in: Breast Cancer Research | Issue 3/2008

Login to get access

Abstract

Introduction

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is involved in regulating cell growth in breast carcinomas. Its activated form, phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR), is correlated with poor prognosis in lung cancer, but it has not yet been fully investigated in breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the expressions of EGFR and pEGFR and their correlation with overall and disease-free survival, clinicopathological parameters and biological markers of invasion and angiogenesis (phosphorylated Akt [pAkt], urokinase plasminogen activator receptor [uPAR], matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-14, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor [VEGFR]-1/Flt-1).

Methods

A three-step immunohistochemical method was applied to paraffin-embedded sections from 154 patients with invasive breast carcinoma in order to detect expressions of the proteins EGFR, pEGFR, oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, c-erbB-2, pAkt, VEGFR-1/Flt-1, MMP-14 and uPAR. The results were evaluated statistically using the χ2 test. Overall and disease-free survival distribution curves were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier test and log-rank statistics, followed by Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Results

EGFR and pEGFR proteins were immunodetected in the membrane of the malignant cells (11.3% and 35.7%, respectively). EGFR expression was positively correlated with nuclear grade (P = 0.001) and negatively correlated with the hormonal receptor oestrogen receptor (P = 0.005). pEGFR was positively related to the Akt pathway (P = 0.008) and appeared to participate in invasion and metastasis (uPAR, P = 0.049; MMP-14, P = 0.025; VEGFR-1/Flt-1, P = 0.016). Univariate analysis showed that the EGFR/pEGFR phenotype was associated with poor overall survival (P = 0.019), a finding further supported by multivariate analysis (P = 0.013).

Conclusion

These data provide evidence that pEGFR expression is related to angiogenesis (via VEGFR-1/Flt-1, MMP-14 and pAkt pathways) and invasiveness (via uPAR, MMP-14 and pAkt pathways) and that the EGFR/pEGFR phenotype is associated with poor patient survival in invasive breast cancer.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Rogers SJ, Harrington KJ, Rhys-Evans P, O-Charoenrat P, Eccles SA: Biological significance of c-erbB family oncogenes in head and neck cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2005, 24: 47-69. 10.1007/s10555-005-5047-1.CrossRefPubMed Rogers SJ, Harrington KJ, Rhys-Evans P, O-Charoenrat P, Eccles SA: Biological significance of c-erbB family oncogenes in head and neck cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2005, 24: 47-69. 10.1007/s10555-005-5047-1.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Janinis J, Nakopoulou L, Panagos G, Davaris P: Immunohistochemical expression of EGF-R in malignant surface epithelial ovarian neoplasms (SEON). Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1994, 15: 19-23.PubMed Janinis J, Nakopoulou L, Panagos G, Davaris P: Immunohistochemical expression of EGF-R in malignant surface epithelial ovarian neoplasms (SEON). Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1994, 15: 19-23.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Nakopoulou L, Zervas A, Constantinides C, Deliveliotis C, Stefanaki K, Dimopoulos C: Epithelial differentiation antigens and epidermal growth factor receptors in transitional cell bladder carcinoma: correlation with prognosis. Urol Int. 1995, 54: 191-7.CrossRefPubMed Nakopoulou L, Zervas A, Constantinides C, Deliveliotis C, Stefanaki K, Dimopoulos C: Epithelial differentiation antigens and epidermal growth factor receptors in transitional cell bladder carcinoma: correlation with prognosis. Urol Int. 1995, 54: 191-7.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Bianco R, Gelardi T, Damiano V, Ciardello F, Tortora G: Rational bases for the development of EGFR inhibitors for cancer treatment. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007, 39: 1416-1431. 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.05.008.CrossRefPubMed Bianco R, Gelardi T, Damiano V, Ciardello F, Tortora G: Rational bases for the development of EGFR inhibitors for cancer treatment. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007, 39: 1416-1431. 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.05.008.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Mass RD: The HER receptor family: a rich target for therapeutic development. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004, 58: 932-940.CrossRefPubMed Mass RD: The HER receptor family: a rich target for therapeutic development. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004, 58: 932-940.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Sebastian S, Settleman J, Reshkin SJ, Azzariti A, Bellizzi A, Paradiso A: The complexity of targeting EGFR signalling in cancer: from expression to turnover. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006, 1766: 120-39.PubMed Sebastian S, Settleman J, Reshkin SJ, Azzariti A, Bellizzi A, Paradiso A: The complexity of targeting EGFR signalling in cancer: from expression to turnover. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006, 1766: 120-39.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Suo Z, Risberg B, Kalsson M, Willman K, Tierens A, Skovlund E, Nesland J: EGFR family expression in breast carcinomas. c-erb-B-2 and c-erbB-4 receptors have different effects on survival. J Pathol. 2002, 196: 17-25. 10.1002/path.1003.CrossRefPubMed Suo Z, Risberg B, Kalsson M, Willman K, Tierens A, Skovlund E, Nesland J: EGFR family expression in breast carcinomas. c-erb-B-2 and c-erbB-4 receptors have different effects on survival. J Pathol. 2002, 196: 17-25. 10.1002/path.1003.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference DiGiovanna MP, Stern DF, Edgerton SM, Whalen SG, Moore D, Thor ADL: Relationship of epidermal growth factor receptor expression to ErbB-2 signaling activity and prognosis in breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23: 1152-1160. 10.1200/JCO.2005.09.055.CrossRefPubMed DiGiovanna MP, Stern DF, Edgerton SM, Whalen SG, Moore D, Thor ADL: Relationship of epidermal growth factor receptor expression to ErbB-2 signaling activity and prognosis in breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23: 1152-1160. 10.1200/JCO.2005.09.055.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Gohring U-J, Ahr A, Scharl A, Weisner V, Neuhaus W, Crombach G, Holt JA: Immunohistochemical detection of epidermal growth factor receptor lacks prognostic significance for breast carcinoma. J Soc Gynecol Invest. 1995, 2: 653-659. 10.1016/1071-5576(95)00013-5.CrossRef Gohring U-J, Ahr A, Scharl A, Weisner V, Neuhaus W, Crombach G, Holt JA: Immunohistochemical detection of epidermal growth factor receptor lacks prognostic significance for breast carcinoma. J Soc Gynecol Invest. 1995, 2: 653-659. 10.1016/1071-5576(95)00013-5.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Lewis S, Locker A, Todd JH, Bell JA, Nicholson RI, Elston CW, Blamey RW, Ellis IO: Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in breast carcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 1990, 43: 385-389. 10.1136/jcp.43.5.385.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lewis S, Locker A, Todd JH, Bell JA, Nicholson RI, Elston CW, Blamey RW, Ellis IO: Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in breast carcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 1990, 43: 385-389. 10.1136/jcp.43.5.385.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
go back to reference Tsutsui S, Ohno S, Murakami S, Hachitanda Y, Oda S: Prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its relationship to the estrogen receptor status in 1029 patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002, 71: 67-75. 10.1023/A:1013397232011.CrossRefPubMed Tsutsui S, Ohno S, Murakami S, Hachitanda Y, Oda S: Prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its relationship to the estrogen receptor status in 1029 patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002, 71: 67-75. 10.1023/A:1013397232011.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Klijn JG, Berns PM, Schmitz PI, Foekens JA: The clinical significance of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in human breast cancer: a review on 5232 patients. Endocr Rev. 1992, 13: 3-17. 10.1210/er.13.1.3.PubMed Klijn JG, Berns PM, Schmitz PI, Foekens JA: The clinical significance of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in human breast cancer: a review on 5232 patients. Endocr Rev. 1992, 13: 3-17. 10.1210/er.13.1.3.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Johnson RS, Arteaga CL: Gefitinib in recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer: An IDEAL trial?. J Clin Oncol. 2003, 21: 2227-2229. 10.1200/JCO.2003.04.001.CrossRefPubMed Johnson RS, Arteaga CL: Gefitinib in recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer: An IDEAL trial?. J Clin Oncol. 2003, 21: 2227-2229. 10.1200/JCO.2003.04.001.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Arteaga CL, Baselga J: Clinical trial design and end points for epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted therapies: implications for drug development and practice. Clin Cancer Res. 2003, 9: 1579-1589.PubMed Arteaga CL, Baselga J: Clinical trial design and end points for epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted therapies: implications for drug development and practice. Clin Cancer Res. 2003, 9: 1579-1589.PubMed
15.
go back to reference Kanematsu T, Yano S, Uehara H, Bando Y, Sone S: Phosphorylation, but not overexpression, of epidermal growth factor receptor is associated with poor prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncol Res. 2003, 13: 289-298.PubMed Kanematsu T, Yano S, Uehara H, Bando Y, Sone S: Phosphorylation, but not overexpression, of epidermal growth factor receptor is associated with poor prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncol Res. 2003, 13: 289-298.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Sonnweber B, Dlaska M, Skvortsov S, Dirnhofer S, Schmid T, Hilbe W: High predictive value of epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation but not of EGFRvIII mutation in resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Pathol. 2006, 59: 255-259. 10.1136/jcp.2005.027615.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sonnweber B, Dlaska M, Skvortsov S, Dirnhofer S, Schmid T, Hilbe W: High predictive value of epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation but not of EGFRvIII mutation in resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Pathol. 2006, 59: 255-259. 10.1136/jcp.2005.027615.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
go back to reference Tavassoli FA, Davilee P: World Health Organization Classification of Tumors. Pathology and Genetics of Tumors of the Breast and Female Genital Organs. 2003, Lyon, France: International Agency for research on Cancer Press Tavassoli FA, Davilee P: World Health Organization Classification of Tumors. Pathology and Genetics of Tumors of the Breast and Female Genital Organs. 2003, Lyon, France: International Agency for research on Cancer Press
18.
go back to reference Robins P, Pinder S, de Klerk N: Histological grading of breast carcinomas: a study of interobserver agreement. Human Pathol. 1995, 26: 873-879. 10.1016/0046-8177(95)90010-1.CrossRef Robins P, Pinder S, de Klerk N: Histological grading of breast carcinomas: a study of interobserver agreement. Human Pathol. 1995, 26: 873-879. 10.1016/0046-8177(95)90010-1.CrossRef
19.
go back to reference American Joint Committee on Cancer: Breast. AJCC Cancer staging Manual. Edited by: Greene FL. 2002, New York: Springer, 171-180. 6 American Joint Committee on Cancer: Breast. AJCC Cancer staging Manual. Edited by: Greene FL. 2002, New York: Springer, 171-180. 6
20.
go back to reference Putti TC, To KF, Hsu HC, Chan ATC, Lai GM, Tse G, Lee YS, Whang-Peng J, Millward M, Lin L, Lin X, Lee CS: Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in head and neck cancers correlates with clinical progression: a multicentre immunohistochemical study in the Asia-Pacific region. Histopathology. 2002, 41: 144-151. 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2002.01436.x.CrossRefPubMed Putti TC, To KF, Hsu HC, Chan ATC, Lai GM, Tse G, Lee YS, Whang-Peng J, Millward M, Lin L, Lin X, Lee CS: Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in head and neck cancers correlates with clinical progression: a multicentre immunohistochemical study in the Asia-Pacific region. Histopathology. 2002, 41: 144-151. 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2002.01436.x.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Giannopoulou I, Mylona E, Kapranou A, Mavrommatis J, Markaki S, Zoumbouli C, Keramopoulos A, Nakopoulou L: The prognostic value of the topographic distibution of uPAR expression in invasive breast carcinomas. Cancer Lett. 2007, 246: 262-267. 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.03.003.CrossRefPubMed Giannopoulou I, Mylona E, Kapranou A, Mavrommatis J, Markaki S, Zoumbouli C, Keramopoulos A, Nakopoulou L: The prognostic value of the topographic distibution of uPAR expression in invasive breast carcinomas. Cancer Lett. 2007, 246: 262-267. 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.03.003.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Mylona E, Alexandrou P, Giannopoulou I, Liapis G, Markaki S, Keramopoulos A, Nakopoulou L: The prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs)-A and -B and their receptor, VEGFR-1, in invasive breast carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2007, 104: 557-563. 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.09.031.CrossRefPubMed Mylona E, Alexandrou P, Giannopoulou I, Liapis G, Markaki S, Keramopoulos A, Nakopoulou L: The prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs)-A and -B and their receptor, VEGFR-1, in invasive breast carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2007, 104: 557-563. 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.09.031.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Mylona E, Nomikos A, Magkou C, Kamberou M, Panayotides I, Papassideri I, Keramopoulos A, Nakopoulou L: The clinicopathological and prognostic significance of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and MMP-9 according to their localization in invasive breast carcinoma. Histopathology. 2007, 50: 338-347. 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02615.x.CrossRefPubMed Mylona E, Nomikos A, Magkou C, Kamberou M, Panayotides I, Papassideri I, Keramopoulos A, Nakopoulou L: The clinicopathological and prognostic significance of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and MMP-9 according to their localization in invasive breast carcinoma. Histopathology. 2007, 50: 338-347. 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02615.x.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Waterman H, Yarden Y: Molecular mechanisms underlying endocytosis and sorting of ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases. FEBS Lett. 2001, 490: 142-152. 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02117-2.CrossRefPubMed Waterman H, Yarden Y: Molecular mechanisms underlying endocytosis and sorting of ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases. FEBS Lett. 2001, 490: 142-152. 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02117-2.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Arpino G, Green SJ, Allred DC, Lew D, Martino S, Osborne CK, Elledge RM: HER-2 amplification, HER-1 expression, and tamoxifen response in estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: a southwest oncology group study. Clin Cancer Res. 2004, 10: 5670-5676. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0110.CrossRefPubMed Arpino G, Green SJ, Allred DC, Lew D, Martino S, Osborne CK, Elledge RM: HER-2 amplification, HER-1 expression, and tamoxifen response in estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: a southwest oncology group study. Clin Cancer Res. 2004, 10: 5670-5676. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0110.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Rampaul RS, Pinder SE, Nicholson RI, Gullick WJ, Robertson JF, Ellis IO: Clinical value of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in primary breast cancer. Adv Anat Pathol. 2005, 12: 271-273. 10.1097/01.pap.0000184178.43048.80.CrossRefPubMed Rampaul RS, Pinder SE, Nicholson RI, Gullick WJ, Robertson JF, Ellis IO: Clinical value of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in primary breast cancer. Adv Anat Pathol. 2005, 12: 271-273. 10.1097/01.pap.0000184178.43048.80.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Nicholson RI, McCelland RA, Gee JM, Manning DL, Cannon P, Robertson JF, Ellis IO, Blamey RW: Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in breast cancer: association with response to endocrine therapy. Breast Cancer Res. 1994, 29: 117-125. 10.1007/BF00666187.CrossRef Nicholson RI, McCelland RA, Gee JM, Manning DL, Cannon P, Robertson JF, Ellis IO, Blamey RW: Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in breast cancer: association with response to endocrine therapy. Breast Cancer Res. 1994, 29: 117-125. 10.1007/BF00666187.CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Newby JC, Johnson SR, Smith EL, Dorosett M: Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erbB2 during the development of tamoxifen resistance in human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 1997, 3: 1643-1651.PubMed Newby JC, Johnson SR, Smith EL, Dorosett M: Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erbB2 during the development of tamoxifen resistance in human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 1997, 3: 1643-1651.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Knoop A, Bentzen SM, Nielsen MM, Rasmussen BB, Rose C: Value of epidermal growth factor receptor, HER-2, p53 and steroid receptors in predicting the efficacy of tamoxifen in high risk postmenopausal breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2001, 19: 3376-3384.CrossRefPubMed Knoop A, Bentzen SM, Nielsen MM, Rasmussen BB, Rose C: Value of epidermal growth factor receptor, HER-2, p53 and steroid receptors in predicting the efficacy of tamoxifen in high risk postmenopausal breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2001, 19: 3376-3384.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Partanen TA, Paavonen K: Lymphatic versus blood vascular endothelial growth factors and receptors in humans. Microsc Res Tech. 2001, 55: 108-121. 10.1002/jemt.1162.CrossRefPubMed Partanen TA, Paavonen K: Lymphatic versus blood vascular endothelial growth factors and receptors in humans. Microsc Res Tech. 2001, 55: 108-121. 10.1002/jemt.1162.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Nicholson KM, Anderson NG: The protein kinase B/Akt signalling pathway in human malignancy. Cell Signal. 2002, 14: 381-395. 10.1016/S0898-6568(01)00271-6.CrossRefPubMed Nicholson KM, Anderson NG: The protein kinase B/Akt signalling pathway in human malignancy. Cell Signal. 2002, 14: 381-395. 10.1016/S0898-6568(01)00271-6.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Duffy MJ, Maguire TM, Hill A, McDermott E: Metalloproteinases: role in breast carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res. 2000, 2: 252-257. 10.1186/bcr65.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Duffy MJ, Maguire TM, Hill A, McDermott E: Metalloproteinases: role in breast carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res. 2000, 2: 252-257. 10.1186/bcr65.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
go back to reference Jiang WG, Davies G, Martin TA, Parr C, Watkins G, Mason MD, Mansel RE: Expression of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase, MT1-MMP in human breast cancer and its impact on invasiveness of breast cancer cells. Int J Mol Med. 2006, 17: 583-590.PubMed Jiang WG, Davies G, Martin TA, Parr C, Watkins G, Mason MD, Mansel RE: Expression of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase, MT1-MMP in human breast cancer and its impact on invasiveness of breast cancer cells. Int J Mol Med. 2006, 17: 583-590.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Andreasen PA, Kjoeller L, Christensen L, Duffy MJ: The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer metastasis: a review. Int J Cancer. 1997, 72: 1-22. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970703)72:1<1::AID-IJC1>3.0.CO;2-Z.CrossRefPubMed Andreasen PA, Kjoeller L, Christensen L, Duffy MJ: The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer metastasis: a review. Int J Cancer. 1997, 72: 1-22. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970703)72:1<1::AID-IJC1>3.0.CO;2-Z.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Chung GG, Zerkowski MP, Ocal IT, Dolled-Filhart M, Kang JY, Psyrri A, Camp RL, Rimp DL: B-catenin and p-53 analysis of a breast carcinoma tissue micrarray. Cancer. 2004, 100: 2084-2092. 10.1002/cncr.20232.CrossRefPubMed Chung GG, Zerkowski MP, Ocal IT, Dolled-Filhart M, Kang JY, Psyrri A, Camp RL, Rimp DL: B-catenin and p-53 analysis of a breast carcinoma tissue micrarray. Cancer. 2004, 100: 2084-2092. 10.1002/cncr.20232.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Rampaul RS, Pinder SE, Wencyk PM, Nicholson RI, Blamey RW, Robertson JF, Ellis IO: Epidermal growth factor receptor status in operable invasive breast cancer: is it of any prognostic value?. Clin Cancer Res. 2004, 10: 2578-PubMed Rampaul RS, Pinder SE, Wencyk PM, Nicholson RI, Blamey RW, Robertson JF, Ellis IO: Epidermal growth factor receptor status in operable invasive breast cancer: is it of any prognostic value?. Clin Cancer Res. 2004, 10: 2578-PubMed
37.
go back to reference Nieto Y, Nawaz F, Jones RB, Shpall EJ, Nawaz S: Prognostic significance of overexpression and phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the presence of truncated EGFRvIII in locoregionally advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25: 4405-13. 10.1200/JCO.2006.09.8822.CrossRefPubMed Nieto Y, Nawaz F, Jones RB, Shpall EJ, Nawaz S: Prognostic significance of overexpression and phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the presence of truncated EGFRvIII in locoregionally advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25: 4405-13. 10.1200/JCO.2006.09.8822.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the phosphorylated EGFR in invasive breast carcinomas
Authors
Christina Magkou
Lydia Nakopoulou
Christina Zoubouli
Kanelina Karali
Irene Theohari
Panagiotis Bakarakos
Ioanna Giannopoulou
Publication date
01-06-2008
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Breast Cancer Research / Issue 3/2008
Electronic ISSN: 1465-542X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr2103

Other articles of this Issue 3/2008

Breast Cancer Research 3/2008 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine