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European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology

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Open Access 01-07-2019 | Head & Neck

Evaluation of Yanagihara facial nerve grading system based on a muscle fiber analysis of human facial muscles

Authors: Kumiko Sekikawa, Hiroshi Moriyama, Hidenobu Miyaso, Takuya Osada, Ryuichi Ueno, Naruhito Otsuka, Masahiro Itoh

Published in: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology | Issue 7/2019

Abstract

Purpose

We morphometrically analyzed human facial muscles, and evaluated the Yanagihara facial nerve grading system using our data.

Methods

We used 15 types of human facial muscle, 2 types of masticatory muscle and 2 types of skeletal muscle. The materials were obtained from 11 Japanese male cadavers aged 43–86 years. We counted the muscle fibers and measured the transverse area of the muscle fibers (TAMF), and then calculated the number of muscle fibers (NMF) per mm² and the average TAMF.

Results

We found a significant correlation between average TAMF and NMF (r = − 0.70; p < 0.01). We classified facial muscles into three types based on the correlational results. Type A had a low average TAMF and high NMF. Type C had a high average TAMF and low NMF. Masticatory and skeletal muscles were characterized as Type C. Type B was intermediate between Types A and C.

Conclusions

Pathological changes in the facial muscles in facial nerve palsy seem to vary according to the type of facial muscle, because each facial muscle has a unique fiber-type composition. As the nine discrete facial expressive states evaluated in the Yanagihara system involve all three facial muscle types of our classification, the Yanagihara system is an outstanding system for grading facial nerve palsy in terms of the facial muscle morphology.

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Title: Evaluation of Yanagihara facial nerve grading system based on a muscle fiber analysis of human facial muscles
Authors: Kumiko Sekikawa
Hiroshi Moriyama
Hidenobu Miyaso
Takuya Osada
Ryuichi Ueno
Naruhito Otsuka
Masahiro Itoh
Publication date: 01-07-2019
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology / Issue 7/2019
Print ISSN: 0937-4477
Electronic ISSN: 1434-4726
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05462-0

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Evaluation of Yanagihara facial nerve grading system based on a muscle fiber analysis of human facial muscles

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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