Open Access 01-12-2017 | Erratum
Erratum to: A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Africa
Published in: BMC Infectious Diseases | Issue 1/2017
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In this letter, we wish to correct errors in the previously published article [1]. Although the errors do not change the main results and conclusions described in the abstract of the original article, we believe providing the correct information is important. The major correction is about the genotype distribution of HEV in Africa. In the original article, we indicated that genotype 3 is rare and less commonly found than genotype 2 while genotype 1 is the most prevalent. The correct information is, however, that genotypes 2 and 3 were identified at a similar frequency while genotype 1 was the most prevalent. This error arose because the genotypes of HEV identified in seven Nigerian adults [89] were mistaken to be 2, when their actual genotype was 3. In what follows, we revised the relevant section named “Genotype prevalence” on page 5 of the original article and the relevant table and figure (i.e., Table 5 and Fig. 2).
Country
|
% sero-prevalence
|
Sample demographics
|
Sample size
|
Year of sampling
|
Diagnostic methods
|
Source
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burkina Faso
|
19.1
|
Blood donors
|
178
|
2010-12
|
IgG
|
[29]
|
11.6
|
Pregnant women
|
189
|
2010-12
|
IgG
|
[29]
|
|
Burundi
|
14.0
|
Adults without chronic liver disease, 44.7 yrs old (±13.5)
|
129
|
1986
|
Total Ig
|
[30]
|
Cameroon
|
14.2
|
HIV-infected adults, 38.1 yrs old (±11.3)and
|
289
|
2009-10
|
IgG
|
[32]
|
2.0
|
HIV-infected children, 8.3 yrs old (±7.5)
|
100
|
2009-10
|
IgG
|
[32]
|
|
CARa
|
24.2
|
Patients attending the center for sexually transmitted diseases
|
157
|
1995b
|
Total Ig
|
[33]
|
Djibouti
|
13.0
|
Male peacekeepers in Haiti, 31.2 yrs old
|
112
|
1998b
|
Total Ig
|
[42]
|
Egypt
|
84.3
|
Pregnant women, 24 yrs old (16-48)
|
2,428
|
1997-2003
|
Total Ig
|
[55]
|
80.1
|
Patients with chronic liver disease, 48 yrs old (23-62)
|
518
|
2000-2
|
IgG
|
[57]
|
|
67.6
|
Residents of two rural villages, 24.5 and 26.5 yrs, respectively
|
10,156
|
1997
|
Total Ig
|
[54]
|
|
58.6
|
Asymptomatic pregnant women, ~33 yrs old
|
116
|
2009
|
IgG
|
[58]
|
|
56.4
|
Residents of a semi-urban village, 1-67 yrs old
|
140
|
1993
|
Total Ig
|
[51]
|
|
54.1
|
Four waste water treatment plant male workers, 20-60 yrs old
|
205
|
1998-9
|
IgG
|
[116]
|
|
51.2
|
Waste water treatment plant workers, 47.1 yrs old
|
43
|
2011b
|
Total Ig
|
[60]
|
|
50.6
|
Waste water treatment plant workers, 20-60 yrs old
|
233
|
2000b
|
Total Ig
|
[61]
|
|
45.3
|
Blood donors, 18-45 yrs old
|
95
|
1998b
|
IgG
|
[52]
|
|
39.6
|
Haemodialysis patients, 8-20 yrs old
|
96
|
1998b
|
IgG
|
[52]
|
|
38.9
|
Healthy females, 21.8 yrs old (16-25)
|
95
|
1995
|
IgG
|
[50]
|
|
17.2
|
Residents of a hamlet, 20.9 yrs old (<1-95)
|
1259
|
1992
|
IgG
|
[49]
|
|
0.0
|
Healthy controls, 20–60 yrs old
|
96
|
1998-9
|
IgG
|
[116]
|
|
Gabon
|
14.2
|
Pregnant women, 24.6 yrs old (14-44)
|
840
|
2005, 2007
|
IgG
|
[73]
|
0.0
|
Villagers, 29 yrs old (2-80)
|
35
|
1991-2
|
Total Ig
|
[72]
|
|
Ghana
|
45.3
|
Adult HIV patients, 40 yrs old (±9.6)
|
402
|
2008-10
|
IgG
|
[32]
|
38.1
|
Pig handlers, 36.5 yrs old (12-65)
|
105
|
2009b
|
Total Ig
|
[77]
|
|
34.8
|
Pig handlers, 32.9 yrs old (15-70)
|
353
|
2008
|
Total Ig
|
[75]
|
|
28.7
|
Pregnant women, 28.9 yrs old (13-42)
|
157
|
2008
|
Total Ig
|
[78]
|
|
4.6
|
Blood donors
|
239
|
2012b
|
IgG
|
[76]
|
|
4.4
|
6-18 yr olds
|
803
|
1993
|
Total Ig
|
[74]
|
|
Madagascar
|
14.1
|
Slaughterhouse workers
|
427
|
2008-9
|
Total Ig
|
[81]
|
Morocco
|
8.5
|
Blood donors
|
200
|
2000-1
|
IgG
|
[85]
|
2.2
|
men (n = 232) and women (n = 259), 27.7 yrs old (±5.9)
|
491
|
1995b
|
IgG
|
[84]
|
|
Nigeria
|
94.0
|
Control healthy adults (n = 44)
|
44
|
2008-9
|
Total Ig
|
[90]
|
43.0
|
Health care workers
|
88
|
2008-9
|
Total Ig
|
[90]
|
|
13.4
|
Healthy and sick people, 29.8 yrs old (3-72)
|
186
|
2007
|
Total Ig
|
[91]
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
7.6
|
Primary school children, 6-12 yrs old
|
66
|
1998b
|
IgG
|
[139]
|
South Africa
|
10.7
|
Urban (n = 407) and rural (n = 360) blacks, 42 yrs old (18-85)
|
767
|
1996b
|
Total Ig
|
[98,117]
|
2.6
|
Medical students
|
227
|
1992
|
Total Ig
|
[97]
|
|
1.8
|
Canoeists who have been regularly exposed to waste water
|
555
|
1992
|
Total Ig
|
[97]
|
|
Tanzania
|
6.6
|
Women, 32.1 yrs old (15-45)
|
212
|
1996
|
Total Ig
|
[114]
|
0.2
|
Healthy adults, 30.3 yrs old
|
403
|
1992
|
Total Ig
|
[112]
|
|
0.0
|
Women
|
180
|
1995
|
Total Ig
|
[113]
|
|
Tunisia
|
46.0
|
Healthy persons, > 60 yrs old
|
100
|
1991
|
IgG
|
[106]
|
29.5
|
Children with chronic haematological diseases
|
34
|
1996
|
IgG
|
[106]
|
|
28.9
|
Polytransfused patients; adults (n = 59, 34.8 yrs old [20-61]) and children (n = 48, 7.3 yrs old [1-15])
|
107
|
2008-9
|
IgG
|
[107]
|
|
22.0
|
Healthy blood donors, < 40 yrs old
|
100
|
1996
|
IgG
|
[106]
|
|
12.1
|
Pregnant women, 30.1 yrs old (17-52)
|
404
|
2008-9
|
IgG
|
[108]
|
|
10.0
|
Healthy controls; blood donors (n = 100, 31.3 yrs old [20–58])
and children, (n = 60, 7.9 yrs old [1–15])
|
160
|
2008-9
|
IgG
|
[107]
|
|
5.4
|
Blood donors, 32.6 yrs old (± 8.6)
|
687
|
2007-8
|
Total Ig
|
[109]
|
|
4.3
|
Healthy persons, 20.7 yrs old (16-25)
|
1,505
|
2008b
|
IgG
|
[110]
|
|
Zambia
|
40.6c
|
Urban adults, 18–64 yrs old
|
106
|
1999
|
IgG
|
[115]
|
16.0
|
Urban children, 1–15 yrs old
|
194
|
2011
|
IgG
|
[115]
|
Country
|
% sero-positivity
|
Case demographics
|
No. of cases
|
Year of sampling
|
Diagnostic methods
|
Source
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chad
|
48.8
|
Acute or fulminant hepatitis patients, 4-64 yrs old
|
41
|
1993
|
IgM
|
[36]
|
20.0a
|
Sporadic cases
|
17
|
1994
|
RT-PCRb
|
[27]
|
|
Djibouti
|
58.5
|
Acute hepatitis patients, 21.8 yrs old (2-65)
|
65
|
1992-3
|
IgM
|
[41]
|
Egypt
|
24.2
|
Jaundiced patients, 1-73 yrs old
|
202
|
1993
|
IgM
|
[46]
|
22.2
|
Jaundiced children, 5 yrs old (1-11)
|
261
|
1990
|
IgM
|
[70]
|
|
21.7
|
Acute hepatitis patients, 26.6 yrs old (18-60)
|
143
|
1993-4
|
IgM
|
[71]
|
|
20.2
|
Acute viral hepatitis patients, 8 yrs old
|
287
|
2006-8
|
IgM
|
[62]
|
|
17.9
|
Acute hepatitis patients, 15.7 (± 14.9) yrs old
|
235
|
2007-8
|
IgM or > = 3-fold rise in IgG
|
[69]
|
|
17.2
|
Children with elevated level (two-fold or more) of AST and ALT
|
64
|
2006d
|
IgM
|
[47]
|
|
15.7
|
Acute hepatitis patients, 15.9 yrs old (1-65)
|
235
|
2007-8
|
IgM
|
[63]
|
|
15.1
|
Children with acute jaundice, 6.4 yrs old (1-13)
|
73
|
1987-8
|
IgM
|
[45]
|
|
12.5
|
Patients with acute hepatitis, 20.2 yrs old (4-65)
|
200
|
2001-2
|
IgM
|
[64]
|
|
6.0
|
Children with minor hepatic ailments, 6 mo-10 yrs
|
100
|
2004-5
|
IgM
|
[65]
|
|
5.0
|
Patients with acute on chronic liver failure, 46.4 yrs old
|
100
|
2009-10
|
IgM
|
[66]
|
|
2.1
|
Acute viral hepatitis patients, 25 yrs old (2-77)
|
47
|
2002-5
|
IgM
|
[76]
|
|
2.0
|
Hepatitis patients, 5.4 yrs old (1.5-15)
|
50
|
2007
|
RT-PCR
|
[48]
|
|
Ethiopia
|
45.6
|
Acute viral hepatitis patients with NANB
|
79
|
1988-91
|
FABAd
|
[43]
|
31.8
|
Non-pregnant women with acute viral hepatitis, 30 yrs old
|
22
|
1988-91
|
FABA
|
[6]
|
|
67.9
|
Pregnant women with acute viral hepatitis, 26 yrs old
|
28
|
1988-91
|
FABA
|
[6]
|
|
Mayotte
|
100.0
|
Patients with acute jaundice, 46 yrs old
|
1
|
2009
|
IgM
|
[82]
|
Nigeria
|
70.0
|
Male patients with acute hepatitis, 25-33 yrs old
|
10
|
1997-8
|
RT-PCR
|
[89]
|
Senegal
|
20.0
|
Patients with jaundice
|
30
|
1992c
|
IgM
|
[93]
|
10.2
|
Patients with viral hepatitis
|
49
|
1993c
|
IgM
|
[92]
|
|
Somalia
|
61.1
|
Native Somalis and displaced Ethiopian patients with acute hepatitis, 7-90 yrs old
|
36
|
1992-3
|
IgM
|
[96]
|
Sudan
|
5.4
|
Patients with fulminant hepatic failure, 38 yrs old (19-75)
|
37
|
2003-4
|
IgM
|
[103]
|
59.0
|
Children with acute clinical jaundice, ≤14 yrs old
|
39
|
1987-8
|
IgM
|
[118]
|
Genotype
|
Country
|
Year of sampling
|
Sample
|
RNA region tested
|
Source
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1
|
CARa
|
2002
|
One fecal sample from an outbreak
|
NAb
|
[34]
|
Chad
|
1984
|
A patient with hepatitis E
|
Complete genome
|
[28]
|
|
2004
|
Five isolates from an outbreak
|
ORFc2 (363 ntd)
|
[35]
|
||
Egypt
|
1993
|
Acute hepatitis patients
|
ORF1 (location: 55-320)
|
[46]
|
|
2006-8
|
Acute hepatitis patients
|
ORF1
|
[62]
|
||
2012e
|
Sixteen isolates from acute hepatitis patients
|
ORF2 (189 nt)
|
[124]
|
||
Namibia
|
1983
|
Nine isolates from an outbreak in Kavango
|
ORF2 (296 nt), 3 (188 nt)
|
[88]
|
|
Sudan
|
2004
|
Twenty three isolates from an outbreak
|
ORF2 (363 nt)
|
[35]
|
|
Uganda
|
2007
|
Internally displaced persons camp
|
NA
|
[123]
|
|
2008
|
Twenty four isolates from an outbreak
|
NA
|
[119]
|
||
2
|
CAR
|
2002
|
Three fecal samples from an outbreak
|
NA
|
[34]
|
Chad
|
2004
|
Four isolates from an outbreak
|
ORF2 (363 nt)
|
[35]
|
|
Namibia
|
1995
|
Four isolates from NANB outbreak in Rundu
|
ORF2 (451 nt near 3'-end)
|
[87]
|
|
3
|
Nigeria
|
2000e
|
Ten adult acute hepatitis patients
|
ORF1, 2 (3'-end)
|
[89]
|
Egypt
|
2007
|
One 9 year-old acute hepatitis patient
|
ORF1, 2, 2/3
|
[48]
|
|
Mayotte
|
2009
|
One French acute hepatitis patient (46 yr old)
|
ORF2 (288 nt)
|
[82]
|
|
Madagascar
|
2009
|
Slaughter house workers
|
ORF2,3 (1000 nt)
|
[81]
|