Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Pediatric Nephrology 8/2021

01-08-2021 | Electroconvulsive Therapy | Educational Review

Monitoring dialysis adequacy: history and current practice

Authors: Linda Ding, James Johnston, Maury N. Pinsk

Published in: Pediatric Nephrology | Issue 8/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Dialysis adequacy for pediatric patients has largely followed the trends in adult dialysis by judging the success or adequacy of peritoneal or hemodialysis with urea kinetic modeling. While this provides a starting point to establish a dose of dialysis, it is clear that urea is only part of the picture. Many clinical parameters and interventions now have been identified that are just as impactful on mortality and morbidly as urea clearance. As such, our concept of adequacy is evolving to include non-urea parameters and assessing the impact that following an “adequate therapy” has on patient lives. As we move to a new era, we consider the impact these therapies have on patients and how it affects the quality of their lives; we must take these factors into consideration to achieve a therapy that is not just adequate, but livable.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Saran R, Robinson B, Abbott KC, Agodoa LYC, Bhave N, Bragg-Gresham J, Balkrishnan R, Dietrich X, Eckard A, Eggers PW, Gaipov A, Gillen D, Gipson D, Hailpern SM, Hall YN, Han Y, He K, Herman W, Heung M, Hirth RA, Hutton D, Jacobsen SJ, Jin Y, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kapke A, Kovesdy CP, Lavallee D, Leslie J, McCullough K, Modi Z, Molnar MZ, Montez-Rath M, Moradi H, Morgenstern H, Mukhopadhyay P, Nallamothu B, Nguyen DV, Norris KC, O'Hare AM, Obi Y, Park C, Pearson J, Pisoni R, Potukuchi PK, Rao P, Repeck K, Rhee CM, Schrager J, Schaubel DE, Selewski DT, Shaw SF, Shi JM, Shieu M, Sim JJ, Soohoo M, Steffick D, Streja E, Sumida K, Tamura MK, Tilea A, Tong L, Wang D, Wang M, Woodside KJ, Xin X, Yin M, You AS, Zhou H, Shahinian V (2018) US Renal Data System 2017 Annual Data Report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 71(3 Suppl 1):A7PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Saran R, Robinson B, Abbott KC, Agodoa LYC, Bhave N, Bragg-Gresham J, Balkrishnan R, Dietrich X, Eckard A, Eggers PW, Gaipov A, Gillen D, Gipson D, Hailpern SM, Hall YN, Han Y, He K, Herman W, Heung M, Hirth RA, Hutton D, Jacobsen SJ, Jin Y, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kapke A, Kovesdy CP, Lavallee D, Leslie J, McCullough K, Modi Z, Molnar MZ, Montez-Rath M, Moradi H, Morgenstern H, Mukhopadhyay P, Nallamothu B, Nguyen DV, Norris KC, O'Hare AM, Obi Y, Park C, Pearson J, Pisoni R, Potukuchi PK, Rao P, Repeck K, Rhee CM, Schrager J, Schaubel DE, Selewski DT, Shaw SF, Shi JM, Shieu M, Sim JJ, Soohoo M, Steffick D, Streja E, Sumida K, Tamura MK, Tilea A, Tong L, Wang D, Wang M, Woodside KJ, Xin X, Yin M, You AS, Zhou H, Shahinian V (2018) US Renal Data System 2017 Annual Data Report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 71(3 Suppl 1):A7PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Jebsen RH, Tenckhoff H, Honet JC (1967) Natural history of uremic polyneuropathy and effects of dialysis. N Engl J Med 277:327–333PubMedCrossRef Jebsen RH, Tenckhoff H, Honet JC (1967) Natural history of uremic polyneuropathy and effects of dialysis. N Engl J Med 277:327–333PubMedCrossRef
5.
6.
go back to reference Lowrie EG, Laird NM, Parker TF, Sargent JA (1981) Effect of the hemodialysis prescription of patient morbidity: report from the National Cooperative Dialysis Study. N Engl J Med 305:1176–1181PubMedCrossRef Lowrie EG, Laird NM, Parker TF, Sargent JA (1981) Effect of the hemodialysis prescription of patient morbidity: report from the National Cooperative Dialysis Study. N Engl J Med 305:1176–1181PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Kemp HJ, Parnham A, Tomson CR (2001) Urea kinetic modelling: a measure of dialysis adequacy. Ann Clin Biochem 38:20–27PubMedCrossRef Kemp HJ, Parnham A, Tomson CR (2001) Urea kinetic modelling: a measure of dialysis adequacy. Ann Clin Biochem 38:20–27PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Gotch FA, Sargent JA (1985) A mechanistic analysis of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS). Kidney Int 28:526–534PubMedCrossRef Gotch FA, Sargent JA (1985) A mechanistic analysis of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS). Kidney Int 28:526–534PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Graup FT, Chertow GM, Levin NW, Beck GJ, Depner TA, Eggers PW, Gassman JJ, Gorodetskaya I, Greene T, James S, Larive B, Lindsay RM, Mehta RL, Miller B, Ornt DB, Rajagopalan S, Rastogi A, Rocco MV, Schiller B, Sergeyeva O, Schulman G, Ting GO, Unruh ML, Star RA, Kliger AS (2010) In-center hemodialysis six times per week versus three times per week. N Engl J Med 363:2287–2300CrossRef Graup FT, Chertow GM, Levin NW, Beck GJ, Depner TA, Eggers PW, Gassman JJ, Gorodetskaya I, Greene T, James S, Larive B, Lindsay RM, Mehta RL, Miller B, Ornt DB, Rajagopalan S, Rastogi A, Rocco MV, Schiller B, Sergeyeva O, Schulman G, Ting GO, Unruh ML, Star RA, Kliger AS (2010) In-center hemodialysis six times per week versus three times per week. N Engl J Med 363:2287–2300CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Schoenfeld PY, Henry RR, Laird NM, Roxe DM (1983) Assessment of nutritional status of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study population. Kidney Int Suppl 13:S80–S88 Schoenfeld PY, Henry RR, Laird NM, Roxe DM (1983) Assessment of nutritional status of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study population. Kidney Int Suppl 13:S80–S88
12.
go back to reference Santiago GC, Rao TK, Laird NM (1983) Effect of dialysis therapy on the hematopoietic system: the National Cooperative Dialysis Study. Kidney Int Suppl 13:S95–S100 Santiago GC, Rao TK, Laird NM (1983) Effect of dialysis therapy on the hematopoietic system: the National Cooperative Dialysis Study. Kidney Int Suppl 13:S95–S100
13.
go back to reference Teschan PE, Bourne JR, Reed RB, Ward JW (1983) Electrophysiological and neurobehavioral responses to therapy: the National Cooperative Dialysis Study. Kidney Int Suppl 13:S58–S65 Teschan PE, Bourne JR, Reed RB, Ward JW (1983) Electrophysiological and neurobehavioral responses to therapy: the National Cooperative Dialysis Study. Kidney Int Suppl 13:S58–S65
14.
go back to reference Daugirdas JT, Depner TA, Inrig J, Mehrotra R, Rocco MV, Suri RS, Weiner DE, Greer N, Ishani A, MacDonald R, Olson C, Rutks I, Slinin Y, Wilt TJ, Rocco M, Kramer H, Choi MJ, Samaniego-Picota M, Scheel PJ, Willis K, Joseph J, Brereton L (2015) KDOQI clinical practice guideline for hemodialysis adequacy: 2015 update. Am J Kidney Dis 66:884–930CrossRef Daugirdas JT, Depner TA, Inrig J, Mehrotra R, Rocco MV, Suri RS, Weiner DE, Greer N, Ishani A, MacDonald R, Olson C, Rutks I, Slinin Y, Wilt TJ, Rocco M, Kramer H, Choi MJ, Samaniego-Picota M, Scheel PJ, Willis K, Joseph J, Brereton L (2015) KDOQI clinical practice guideline for hemodialysis adequacy: 2015 update. Am J Kidney Dis 66:884–930CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Basile C, Casino F, Lopez T (1990) Percent reduction in blood urea concentration during dialysis estimates Kt/V in a simple and accurate way. Am J Kidney Dis 15:40–45PubMedCrossRef Basile C, Casino F, Lopez T (1990) Percent reduction in blood urea concentration during dialysis estimates Kt/V in a simple and accurate way. Am J Kidney Dis 15:40–45PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Sherman RA, Cody RP, Rogers ME, Solanchick JC (1995) Accuracy of the urea reduction ratio in predicting dialysis delivery. Kidney Int 47:319–321PubMedCrossRef Sherman RA, Cody RP, Rogers ME, Solanchick JC (1995) Accuracy of the urea reduction ratio in predicting dialysis delivery. Kidney Int 47:319–321PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Daugirdas JT, Blake PG, Ing TS (2007) Handbook of Dialysis, 4th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Phialdelphia Daugirdas JT, Blake PG, Ing TS (2007) Handbook of Dialysis, 4th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Phialdelphia
19.
go back to reference Sargent JA, Gotch FA (1996) Principles and biophysics of dialysis. In: Jacobs C, Kjellstrand CM, Koch KM, Winchester JF (eds) Replacement of renal function by dialysis. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 34–102CrossRef Sargent JA, Gotch FA (1996) Principles and biophysics of dialysis. In: Jacobs C, Kjellstrand CM, Koch KM, Winchester JF (eds) Replacement of renal function by dialysis. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 34–102CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Held PJ, Port FK, Wolfe RA, Stannard DC, Carroll CE, Daugirdas JT, Bloembergen WE, Greer JW, Hakim RM (1996) The dose of hemodialysis and patient mortality. Kidney Int 50:550–556PubMedCrossRef Held PJ, Port FK, Wolfe RA, Stannard DC, Carroll CE, Daugirdas JT, Bloembergen WE, Greer JW, Hakim RM (1996) The dose of hemodialysis and patient mortality. Kidney Int 50:550–556PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Shinzato T, Nakai S, Akiba T, Yamazaki C, Sasaki R, Kitaoka T, Kubo K, Shinoda T, Kurokawa K, Marumo F, Sato T, Maeda K (1997) Survival in long-term haemodialysis patients: results from the annual survey of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:884–888PubMedCrossRef Shinzato T, Nakai S, Akiba T, Yamazaki C, Sasaki R, Kitaoka T, Kubo K, Shinoda T, Kurokawa K, Marumo F, Sato T, Maeda K (1997) Survival in long-term haemodialysis patients: results from the annual survey of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:884–888PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, Daugirdas JT, Greene T, Kusek JW, Allon M, Bailey J, Delmez JA, Depner TA, Dwyer JT, Levey AS, Levin NW, Milford E, Ornt DB, Rocco MV, Schulman G, Schwab SJ, Teehan BP, Toto R, Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study Group (2002) Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 347:2010–2019PubMedCrossRef Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, Daugirdas JT, Greene T, Kusek JW, Allon M, Bailey J, Delmez JA, Depner TA, Dwyer JT, Levey AS, Levin NW, Milford E, Ornt DB, Rocco MV, Schulman G, Schwab SJ, Teehan BP, Toto R, Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study Group (2002) Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 347:2010–2019PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Neu AM, Frankenfield DL (2009) Clinical outcomes in pediatric hemodialysis patients in the USA: lessons from CMS’ ESRD CPM project. Pediatr Nephrol 24:1287–1295PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Neu AM, Frankenfield DL (2009) Clinical outcomes in pediatric hemodialysis patients in the USA: lessons from CMS’ ESRD CPM project. Pediatr Nephrol 24:1287–1295PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Tom A, McCauley L, Bell L, Rodd C, Espinosa P, Yu G, Yu J, Girardin C, Sharma A (1999) Growth during maintenance hemodialysis: impact of enhanced nutrition and clearance. J Pediatr 134:464–471PubMedCrossRef Tom A, McCauley L, Bell L, Rodd C, Espinosa P, Yu G, Yu J, Girardin C, Sharma A (1999) Growth during maintenance hemodialysis: impact of enhanced nutrition and clearance. J Pediatr 134:464–471PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Daugirdas JT (1993) Second generation logarithmic estimates of single-pool variable volume Kt/V: an analysis of error. J Am Soc Nephrol 4:1205–1213PubMedCrossRef Daugirdas JT (1993) Second generation logarithmic estimates of single-pool variable volume Kt/V: an analysis of error. J Am Soc Nephrol 4:1205–1213PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Goldstein SL, Sorof JM, Brewer ED (1999) Natural logarithmic estimates of Kt/V in the pediatric hemodialysis population. Am J Kidney Dis 33:518–522PubMedCrossRef Goldstein SL, Sorof JM, Brewer ED (1999) Natural logarithmic estimates of Kt/V in the pediatric hemodialysis population. Am J Kidney Dis 33:518–522PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Daugirdas JT, Leypoldt JK, Akonur A, Greene T, Depner TA (2013) Improved equation for estimating single-pool Kt/V at higher dialysis frequencies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28:2156–2160PubMedCrossRef Daugirdas JT, Leypoldt JK, Akonur A, Greene T, Depner TA (2013) Improved equation for estimating single-pool Kt/V at higher dialysis frequencies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28:2156–2160PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Daugirdas J, Schneditz D (1995) Overestimation of hemodialysis dose depends on dialysis efficiency by regional blood flow but not by conventional two pool urea kinetic analysis. ASAIO J 41:M719–M724PubMedCrossRef Daugirdas J, Schneditz D (1995) Overestimation of hemodialysis dose depends on dialysis efficiency by regional blood flow but not by conventional two pool urea kinetic analysis. ASAIO J 41:M719–M724PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Goldstein SL, Sorof JM, Brewer ED (1999) Evaluation and prediction of urea rebound and equilibrated Kt/V in the pediatric hemodialysis population. Am J Kidney Dis 34:49–54PubMedCrossRef Goldstein SL, Sorof JM, Brewer ED (1999) Evaluation and prediction of urea rebound and equilibrated Kt/V in the pediatric hemodialysis population. Am J Kidney Dis 34:49–54PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Marsenic O, Booker K, Studnicka K, Wilson D, Beck A, Swanson T, Henry D, Turman M (2011) Use of ionic dialysance to calculate Kt/V in pediatric hemodialysis. Hemodial Int 15(Suppl 1):S2–S8PubMedCrossRef Marsenic O, Booker K, Studnicka K, Wilson D, Beck A, Swanson T, Henry D, Turman M (2011) Use of ionic dialysance to calculate Kt/V in pediatric hemodialysis. Hemodial Int 15(Suppl 1):S2–S8PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Pedrini LA, Zereik S, Rasmy S (1988) Causes, kinetics and clinical implications of post-hemodialysis urea rebound. Kidney Int 34:817–824PubMedCrossRef Pedrini LA, Zereik S, Rasmy S (1988) Causes, kinetics and clinical implications of post-hemodialysis urea rebound. Kidney Int 34:817–824PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Tattersall JE, DeTakats D, Chamney P, Greenwood RN, Farrington K (1996) The post-hemodialysis rebound: predicting and quantifying its effect on Kt/V. Kidney Int 50:2094–2102PubMedCrossRef Tattersall JE, DeTakats D, Chamney P, Greenwood RN, Farrington K (1996) The post-hemodialysis rebound: predicting and quantifying its effect on Kt/V. Kidney Int 50:2094–2102PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Maduell F, Garcia-Valdecasas J, Garcia H, Hernández-Jaras J, Sigüenza F, del Pozo C, Giner R, Moll R, Garrigos E (1997) Validation of different methods to calculate Kt/V considering postdialysis rebound. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:1928–1933PubMedCrossRef Maduell F, Garcia-Valdecasas J, Garcia H, Hernández-Jaras J, Sigüenza F, del Pozo C, Giner R, Moll R, Garrigos E (1997) Validation of different methods to calculate Kt/V considering postdialysis rebound. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:1928–1933PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Goldstein SL, Brewer ED (2000) Logarithmic extrapolation of a 15-minute postdialysis BUN to predict equilibrated BUN and calculate double-pool KT/V in the pediatric hemodialysis population. Am J Kidney Dis 36:98–104PubMedCrossRef Goldstein SL, Brewer ED (2000) Logarithmic extrapolation of a 15-minute postdialysis BUN to predict equilibrated BUN and calculate double-pool KT/V in the pediatric hemodialysis population. Am J Kidney Dis 36:98–104PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Goldstein SL, Brem A, Warady BA, Fivush B, Frankenfield D (2006) Comparison of single-pool and equilibrated Kt/V values for pediatric hemodialysis prescription management: analysis from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Clinical Performance Measures Project. Pediatr Nephrol 21:1161–1166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-006-0112-8CrossRefPubMed Goldstein SL, Brem A, Warady BA, Fivush B, Frankenfield D (2006) Comparison of single-pool and equilibrated Kt/V values for pediatric hemodialysis prescription management: analysis from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Clinical Performance Measures Project. Pediatr Nephrol 21:1161–1166. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00467-006-0112-8CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Gotch FA (1998) The current place of urea kinetic modelling with respect to different dialysis modalities. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13(Suppl 6):10–14PubMedCrossRef Gotch FA (1998) The current place of urea kinetic modelling with respect to different dialysis modalities. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13(Suppl 6):10–14PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Leypoldt JK, Jaber BL, Zimmerman DL (2004) Predicting treatment dose for novel therapies using urea standard Kt/V. Semin Dial 17:142–145PubMedCrossRef Leypoldt JK, Jaber BL, Zimmerman DL (2004) Predicting treatment dose for novel therapies using urea standard Kt/V. Semin Dial 17:142–145PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Daugirdas JT, Depner TA, Greene T, Levin NW, Chertow GM, Rocco MV (2010) Standard Kt/Vurea: a method of calculation that includes effects of fluid removal and residual kidney clearance. Kidney Int 77:637–644PubMedCrossRef Daugirdas JT, Depner TA, Greene T, Levin NW, Chertow GM, Rocco MV (2010) Standard Kt/Vurea: a method of calculation that includes effects of fluid removal and residual kidney clearance. Kidney Int 77:637–644PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Gál G, Gróf J, Kiss E (1983) Continuous monitoring of the efficiency of haemodialysis by recording the UV transmittance of the dialysis solution. Acta Chir Hung 24:231–239PubMed Gál G, Gróf J, Kiss E (1983) Continuous monitoring of the efficiency of haemodialysis by recording the UV transmittance of the dialysis solution. Acta Chir Hung 24:231–239PubMed
42.
go back to reference Uhlin F, Fridolin I, Lindberg LG, Magnusson M (2003) Estimation of delivered dialysis dose by on-line monitoring of the ultraviolet absorbance in the spent dialysate. Am J Kidney Dis 41:1026–1036PubMedCrossRef Uhlin F, Fridolin I, Lindberg LG, Magnusson M (2003) Estimation of delivered dialysis dose by on-line monitoring of the ultraviolet absorbance in the spent dialysate. Am J Kidney Dis 41:1026–1036PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Castellarnau A, Werner M, Günthner R, Jakob M (2010) Real-time Kt/V determination by ultraviolet absorbance in spent dialysate: technique validation. Kidney Int 78:920–925PubMedCrossRef Castellarnau A, Werner M, Günthner R, Jakob M (2010) Real-time Kt/V determination by ultraviolet absorbance in spent dialysate: technique validation. Kidney Int 78:920–925PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Müller-Deile J, Lichtinghagen R, Haller H, Schmitt R (2014) Online Kt/V monitoring in haemodialysis by UV absorbance: variations during intra-dialytic meals. Blood Purif 37:113–118PubMedCrossRef Müller-Deile J, Lichtinghagen R, Haller H, Schmitt R (2014) Online Kt/V monitoring in haemodialysis by UV absorbance: variations during intra-dialytic meals. Blood Purif 37:113–118PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Kuhlmann U, Goldau R, Samadi N, Graf T, Gross M, Orlandini G, Lange H (2001) Accuracy and safety of online clearance monitoring based on conductivity variation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:1053–1058PubMedCrossRef Kuhlmann U, Goldau R, Samadi N, Graf T, Gross M, Orlandini G, Lange H (2001) Accuracy and safety of online clearance monitoring based on conductivity variation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:1053–1058PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Al Saran K, Sabry A, Abdulghafour M, Yehia A (2010) Online conductivity monitoring of dialysis adequacy versus Kt/V derived from urea reduction ratio: a prospective study from a Saudi center. Ren Fail 32:36–40PubMedCrossRef Al Saran K, Sabry A, Abdulghafour M, Yehia A (2010) Online conductivity monitoring of dialysis adequacy versus Kt/V derived from urea reduction ratio: a prospective study from a Saudi center. Ren Fail 32:36–40PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Churchill DN, Taylor DW, Keshaviah PR (1996) Adequacy of dialysis and nutrition in continuous peritoneal dialysis: association with clinical outcomes. Canada-USA (CANUSA) Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:198–207CrossRef Churchill DN, Taylor DW, Keshaviah PR (1996) Adequacy of dialysis and nutrition in continuous peritoneal dialysis: association with clinical outcomes. Canada-USA (CANUSA) Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:198–207CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Bargman JM, Thorpe KE, Churchill DN, CANUSA Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group (2001) Relative contribution of residual renal function and peritoneal clearance to adequacy of dialysis: a reanalysis of the CANUSA study. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:2158–2162PubMedCrossRef Bargman JM, Thorpe KE, Churchill DN, CANUSA Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group (2001) Relative contribution of residual renal function and peritoneal clearance to adequacy of dialysis: a reanalysis of the CANUSA study. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:2158–2162PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Paniagua R, Amato D, Vonesh E, Correa-Rotter R, Ramos A, Moran J, Mujais S, Mexican Nephrology Collaborative Study Group (2002) Effects of increased peritoneal clearances on mortality rates in peritoneal dialysis: ADEMEX, a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1307–1320PubMedCrossRef Paniagua R, Amato D, Vonesh E, Correa-Rotter R, Ramos A, Moran J, Mujais S, Mexican Nephrology Collaborative Study Group (2002) Effects of increased peritoneal clearances on mortality rates in peritoneal dialysis: ADEMEX, a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1307–1320PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Lo W-K, Ho Y-W, Li C-S, Wong K-S, Chan T-M, Yu AW-Y, Ng FS-K, Cheng IK-P (2003) Effect of Kt/V on survival and clinical outcome in CAPD patients in a randomized prospective study. Kidney Int 64:649–656PubMedCrossRef Lo W-K, Ho Y-W, Li C-S, Wong K-S, Chan T-M, Yu AW-Y, Ng FS-K, Cheng IK-P (2003) Effect of Kt/V on survival and clinical outcome in CAPD patients in a randomized prospective study. Kidney Int 64:649–656PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Chadha V, Blowey DL, Warady BA (2001) Is growth a valid outcome measure of dialysis clearance in children undergoing peritoneal dialysis? Perit Dial Int 21(Suppl 3):S179–S184PubMedCrossRef Chadha V, Blowey DL, Warady BA (2001) Is growth a valid outcome measure of dialysis clearance in children undergoing peritoneal dialysis? Perit Dial Int 21(Suppl 3):S179–S184PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Schaefer F, Klaus G, Mehls O (1999) Peritoneal transport properties and dialysis dose affect growth and nutritional status in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Mid-European Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1786–1792PubMedCrossRef Schaefer F, Klaus G, Mehls O (1999) Peritoneal transport properties and dialysis dose affect growth and nutritional status in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Mid-European Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1786–1792PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Fishbach M, Terzic J, Menouer S (2006) Intensified and daily hemodialysis in children might improve statural growth. Pediatr Nephrol 21:1746–1752CrossRef Fishbach M, Terzic J, Menouer S (2006) Intensified and daily hemodialysis in children might improve statural growth. Pediatr Nephrol 21:1746–1752CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Hemodialysis Adequacy 2006 Work Group (2006) Clinical practice guidelines for hemodialysis adequacy, update 2006. Am J Kidney Dis 48(Suppl 1):S2–S90 Hemodialysis Adequacy 2006 Work Group (2006) Clinical practice guidelines for hemodialysis adequacy, update 2006. Am J Kidney Dis 48(Suppl 1):S2–S90
57.
go back to reference Sharma A (2001) Reassessing hemodialysis adequacy in children: the case for more. Pediatr Nephrol 16:383–390PubMedCrossRef Sharma A (2001) Reassessing hemodialysis adequacy in children: the case for more. Pediatr Nephrol 16:383–390PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Mammen C, Goldstein SL, Milner R (2010) Standard Kt/V thresholds to accurately predict single-pool Kt/V targets for children receiving thrice-weekly maintenance haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25:3044–3050PubMedCrossRef Mammen C, Goldstein SL, Milner R (2010) Standard Kt/V thresholds to accurately predict single-pool Kt/V targets for children receiving thrice-weekly maintenance haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25:3044–3050PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Owen WF, Lew NL, Yan Liu SM (1993) The urea reduction ratio and serum albumin concentration as predictors of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 329:1001–1006PubMedCrossRef Owen WF, Lew NL, Yan Liu SM (1993) The urea reduction ratio and serum albumin concentration as predictors of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 329:1001–1006PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Eloot S, Van Biesen W, Glorieux G, Neirynck N, Dhondt A, Vanholder R (2013) Does the adequacy parameter Kt/V(urea) reflect uremic toxin concentrations in hemodialysis patients? PLoS One 8:e76838PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Eloot S, Van Biesen W, Glorieux G, Neirynck N, Dhondt A, Vanholder R (2013) Does the adequacy parameter Kt/V(urea) reflect uremic toxin concentrations in hemodialysis patients? PLoS One 8:e76838PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Chazot C, Wabel P, Chamney P (2012) Importance of normohydration for the long-term survival of hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:2404–2410PubMedCrossRef Chazot C, Wabel P, Chamney P (2012) Importance of normohydration for the long-term survival of hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:2404–2410PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Wang AY-M, Lai K-N (2006) The importance of residual renal function in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 69:1726–1732PubMedCrossRef Wang AY-M, Lai K-N (2006) The importance of residual renal function in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 69:1726–1732PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Spalding EM, Chandna SM, Davenport A (2008) Kt/V underestimates the hemodialysis dose in women and small men. Kidney Int 74:348–355PubMedCrossRef Spalding EM, Chandna SM, Davenport A (2008) Kt/V underestimates the hemodialysis dose in women and small men. Kidney Int 74:348–355PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference El-Kateb A, Sridharan S, Farrington K (2016) A single weekly Kt/Vurea target for peritoneal dialysis patients does not provide an equal dialysis dose for all. Kidney Int 90:1342–1347PubMedCrossRef El-Kateb A, Sridharan S, Farrington K (2016) A single weekly Kt/Vurea target for peritoneal dialysis patients does not provide an equal dialysis dose for all. Kidney Int 90:1342–1347PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Glorieux G, Tattersall J (2015) Uraemic toxins and new methods to control their accumulation: game changers for the concept of dialysis adequacy. Clin Kidney J 8:353–362PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Glorieux G, Tattersall J (2015) Uraemic toxins and new methods to control their accumulation: game changers for the concept of dialysis adequacy. Clin Kidney J 8:353–362PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Vanholder R, Pletinck A, Schepers E, Glorieux G (2018) Biochemical and clinical impact of organic uremic retention solutes: a comprehensive update. Toxins (Basel) 10:33CrossRef Vanholder R, Pletinck A, Schepers E, Glorieux G (2018) Biochemical and clinical impact of organic uremic retention solutes: a comprehensive update. Toxins (Basel) 10:33CrossRef
83.
go back to reference Cornelis T, van der Sande FM, Eloot S, Cardinaels E, Bekers O, Damoiseaux J, Leunissen KM, Kooman JP (2014) Acute hemodynamic response and uremic toxin removal in conventional and extended hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration: a randomized crossover study. Am J Kidney Dis 64:247–256PubMedCrossRef Cornelis T, van der Sande FM, Eloot S, Cardinaels E, Bekers O, Damoiseaux J, Leunissen KM, Kooman JP (2014) Acute hemodynamic response and uremic toxin removal in conventional and extended hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration: a randomized crossover study. Am J Kidney Dis 64:247–256PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Vanholder R, Glorieux G, Eloot S (2015) Once upon a time in dialysis: the last days of Kt/V? Kidney Int 88:460–465PubMedCrossRef Vanholder R, Glorieux G, Eloot S (2015) Once upon a time in dialysis: the last days of Kt/V? Kidney Int 88:460–465PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Ward RA, Schmidt B, Hullin J (2000) A comparison of on-line hemodiafiltration and high-flux hemodialysis: a prospective clinical study. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:2344–2350PubMedCrossRef Ward RA, Schmidt B, Hullin J (2000) A comparison of on-line hemodiafiltration and high-flux hemodialysis: a prospective clinical study. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:2344–2350PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Maduell F, Moreso F, Pons M (2013) High-efficiency postdilution hemodiafiltration reduces all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 24:487–497PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Maduell F, Moreso F, Pons M (2013) High-efficiency postdilution hemodiafiltration reduces all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 24:487–497PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Chertow GM, Levin NW, Beck GJ (2016) Long-term effects of frequent in-center hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 27:1830–1836PubMedCrossRef Chertow GM, Levin NW, Beck GJ (2016) Long-term effects of frequent in-center hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 27:1830–1836PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Geary DF, Piva E, Tyrrell J (2005) Home nocturnal hemodialysis in children. J Pediatr 147:383–387PubMedCrossRef Geary DF, Piva E, Tyrrell J (2005) Home nocturnal hemodialysis in children. J Pediatr 147:383–387PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Rocco MV, Lockridge RS Jr, Beck GJ (2011) The effects of frequent nocturnal home hemodialysis: the frequent hemodialysis network nocturnal trial. Kidney Int 80:1080–1091PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rocco MV, Lockridge RS Jr, Beck GJ (2011) The effects of frequent nocturnal home hemodialysis: the frequent hemodialysis network nocturnal trial. Kidney Int 80:1080–1091PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Simonsen O (2000) Slow nocturnal dialysis as a rescue treatment for children and young patients with end-stage renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:327A Simonsen O (2000) Slow nocturnal dialysis as a rescue treatment for children and young patients with end-stage renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:327A
98.
99.
go back to reference Burton JO, Jefferies HJ, Selby NM (2009) Hemodialysis-induced repetitive myocardial injury results in global and segmental reduction in systolic cardiac function. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:1925–1931PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Burton JO, Jefferies HJ, Selby NM (2009) Hemodialysis-induced repetitive myocardial injury results in global and segmental reduction in systolic cardiac function. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:1925–1931PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Buchanan C, Mohammed A, Cox E (2017) Intradialytic cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to assess cardiovascular responses in a short-term trial of hemodiafiltration and hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 28:1269–1277PubMedCrossRef Buchanan C, Mohammed A, Cox E (2017) Intradialytic cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to assess cardiovascular responses in a short-term trial of hemodiafiltration and hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 28:1269–1277PubMedCrossRef
101.
102.
go back to reference Shroff R, Smith C, Ranchin B (2019) Effects of Hemodiafiltration versus conventional hemodialysis in children with ESKD: the HDF, heart and height study. J Am Soc Nephrol 30:678–691PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shroff R, Smith C, Ranchin B (2019) Effects of Hemodiafiltration versus conventional hemodialysis in children with ESKD: the HDF, heart and height study. J Am Soc Nephrol 30:678–691PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Hanson CS, Gutman T, Craig JC, Bernays S, Raman G, Zhang Y, James LJ, Ralph AF, Ju A, Manera KE, Teixeira-Pinto A, Viecelli AK, Alexander SI, Blydt-Hansen TD, Dionne J, McTaggart S, Michael M, Walker A, Carter S, Wenderfer SE, Winkelmayer WC, Bockenhauer D, Dart A, Eddy AA, Furth SL, Gipson DS, Goldstein SL, Groothoff J, Samuel S, Sinha A, Webb NJA, Yap HK, Zappitelli M, Currier H, Tong A (2019) Identifying important outcomes for young people with CKD and their caregivers: a nominal group technique study. Am J Kidney Dis 74:82–94. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.12.040CrossRefPubMed Hanson CS, Gutman T, Craig JC, Bernays S, Raman G, Zhang Y, James LJ, Ralph AF, Ju A, Manera KE, Teixeira-Pinto A, Viecelli AK, Alexander SI, Blydt-Hansen TD, Dionne J, McTaggart S, Michael M, Walker A, Carter S, Wenderfer SE, Winkelmayer WC, Bockenhauer D, Dart A, Eddy AA, Furth SL, Gipson DS, Goldstein SL, Groothoff J, Samuel S, Sinha A, Webb NJA, Yap HK, Zappitelli M, Currier H, Tong A (2019) Identifying important outcomes for young people with CKD and their caregivers: a nominal group technique study. Am J Kidney Dis 74:82–94. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1053/​j.​ajkd.​2018.​12.​040CrossRefPubMed
104.
go back to reference Tong A, Samuel S, Zappitelli M, Dart A, Furth S, Eddy A, Groothoff J, Webb NJA, Yap H-K, Bockenhauer D, Sinha A, Alexander SI, Goldstein SL, Gipson DS, Hanson CS, Evangelidis N, Crowe S, Harris T, Hemmelgarn BR, Manns B, Gill J, Tugwell P, Van Biesen W, Wheeler DC, Winkelmayer WC, Craig JC, SONG-Kids Investigators (2016) Standardised Outcomes in Nephrology-Children and Adolescents (SONG-Kids): a protocol for establishing a core outcome set for children with chronic kidney disease. Trials 17:401PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tong A, Samuel S, Zappitelli M, Dart A, Furth S, Eddy A, Groothoff J, Webb NJA, Yap H-K, Bockenhauer D, Sinha A, Alexander SI, Goldstein SL, Gipson DS, Hanson CS, Evangelidis N, Crowe S, Harris T, Hemmelgarn BR, Manns B, Gill J, Tugwell P, Van Biesen W, Wheeler DC, Winkelmayer WC, Craig JC, SONG-Kids Investigators (2016) Standardised Outcomes in Nephrology-Children and Adolescents (SONG-Kids): a protocol for establishing a core outcome set for children with chronic kidney disease. Trials 17:401PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Tong A, Craig JC, Nagler EV (2017) Composing a new song for trials: the Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology (SONG) initiative. Nephrol Dial Transplant 32:1963–1966PubMedCrossRef Tong A, Craig JC, Nagler EV (2017) Composing a new song for trials: the Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology (SONG) initiative. Nephrol Dial Transplant 32:1963–1966PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Monitoring dialysis adequacy: history and current practice
Authors
Linda Ding
James Johnston
Maury N. Pinsk
Publication date
01-08-2021
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Pediatric Nephrology / Issue 8/2021
Print ISSN: 0931-041X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-198X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04816-9

Other articles of this Issue 8/2021

Pediatric Nephrology 8/2021 Go to the issue