Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
AIDS and Behavior
Published in: AIDS and Behavior 5/2013

01-06-2013 | Substantive Review

Effects and Processes Linking Social Support to Caregiver Health Among HIV/AIDS-Affected Carer-Child Dyads: A Critical Review of the Empirical Evidence

Authors: Marisa Casale, Lauren Wild

Published in: AIDS and Behavior | Issue 5/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

There is evidence to suggest that social support may be an important resource for the mental and physical health of caregivers and children affected by HIV/AIDS, especially in HIV-endemic areas of the developing world. Drawing from theory on social relations and health, in this paper we argue that it is important to assess not only the existence and direction of associations, but also the effects and processes explaining these. We refer to House et al’s (in Annu Rev Sociol 14;293–318, 1988) theoretical framework on social support structures and processes as a guide to present and discuss findings of a systematic review of literature assessing the relationship between social support and health among caregivers living with HIV or caring for HIV/AIDS-affected children. Findings confirm the importance of social support for health among this population, but also expose the absence of empirical work deriving from the developing world, as well as the need for further investigation on the biopsychosocial processes explaining observed effects.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
House J, Umberson D, Landis K. Structures and processes of social support. Annu Rev Sociol. 1988;14:293–318.CrossRef
2.
Pinquart M, Sorensen S. Correlates of physical health of informal caregivers: a meta-analysis. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2007;62(2):126–37.CrossRef
3.
Lakey B, Cronin A. Low social support and major depression: research, theory and methodological issues. In: Dobson K, Dozois D, editors. Risk factors for depression. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2008. p. 385–408.CrossRef
4.
Barrera M. Distinctions between social support concepts, measures and models. Am J Community Psychol. 1986;14:413–45.CrossRef
5.
Cohen S, Wills T. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull. 1985;98(2):310–57.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Gerard J, Landry-Meyer L, Guzell Roe J. Grandparents raising grandchildren: the role of social support in coping with caregiving challenges. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2006;62(4):359–83.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Musil C, Warner C, Zauszniewski J, et al. Grandmother caregiving, family stress and strain, and depressive symptoms. West J Nurs Res. 2009;31(3):389–408.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Tsai S-M, Wang H-H. The relationship between caregiver’s strain and social support amongst mothers with intellectually disabled children. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(4):539–48.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Jessop D, Riessman C, Stein R. Chronic childhood illness and maternal mental health. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1988;9(3):147–56.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Ray L, Ritchie J. Caring for chronically ill children at home: factors that influence parents’ coping. J Pediatr Nurs. 1993;8(4):217–25.PubMed
11.
Serovich J, Kimberly J, Mosack K, et al. The role of family and friend social support in reducing emotional distress among HIV-positive women. AIDS Care. 2001;13:335–41.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Martinez A, Israelski D, Walker C, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder in women attending human immunodeficiency virus outpatient clinics. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2003;16(6):283–91.CrossRef
13.
Linn J, Lewis F, Cain V, et al. HIV-illness, social support, sense of coherence, and psychosocial well-being in a sample of help-seeking adults. AIDS Educ Prev. 1993;5(3):254–62.PubMed
14.
Reading R. Depressive symptoms in mothers of pre-school children. Effects of deprivation, social support, stress and neighbourhood social capital. Child Care Health Dev. 2005;31(4):489.CrossRef
15.
Stein A, Ramchandani P, Murray L. Impact of parental psychiatric disorder and physical illness. In: Rutter M, Bishop D, Pine D, Scott S, Stevenson J, Taylor E, et al., editors. Child and adolescent psychiatry. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford Blackwell Publishing; 2008.
16.
Smith Fawzi M, Eustache E, Oswald C, et al. Psychosocial functioning among HIV-affected youth and their caregivers in Haiti: implications for family-focused service provision in high HIV burden settings. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2010;24(3):147–58.
17.
Folkman S, Chesney M, Pollack L, et al. Stress, control, coping and depressive mood in human immunodeficiency virus-positive and -negative gay men in San Francisco. J Nerv Mental Disease. 1993;181(7):409–16.CrossRef
18.
Linn J, Poku K, Cain V, et al. Psychosocial outcomes of HIV illness in male and female African American clients. Soc Work Health Care. 1995;21(3):43–60.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Barnett T, Whiteside A. AIDS in the 21st century: disease and globalisation. London, New York: Palgrave-MacMillian; 2006.
20.
21.
Leder S, Grinstead L, Torres E. Stressors, social support and health outcomes. J Fam Nurs. 2007;13(3):333–52.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Howard B, Phillips C, Matinhure N, et al. Barriers and incentives to orphan care in a time of AIDS and economic crisis: a cross-sectional survey of caregivers in rural Zimbabwe. BMC Public Health. 2006;6(27). doi:10.​1186/​471-2458-6-27.
23.
House J. Social support and social structure. Sociol Forum. 1987;2(1):135–46.CrossRef
24.
25.
Heaney C, Israel B. Social networks and social support. In: Glanz K, Lewis F, Rimer B, editors. Health behaviour and health education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1997. p. 179–205.
26.
Lakey B, Cohen S. Social support theory and measurement. In: Cohen S, Underwood L, Gottlieb B, editors. Social support measurement and intervention: a guide for health and social scientists. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. p. 29–52.
27.
Thoits P. Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical problems in studying social support as a buffer against life stress. J Health Social Behav. 1982;23(2):145–59.CrossRef
28.
UNAIDS. Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010. Geneva2010.
29.
Steinberg M, Johnson S, Schierhout G, et al. Hitting home: how households cope with the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. A survey of households affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Washington DC: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and Health Systems Trust; 2002.
30.
Yamano T, Shimarura Y, Serunkuuma D. Living arrangements and schooling of orphaned children and adolescents in Uganda. Econ Dev Cult Change. 2006;54:833–56.CrossRef
31.
Kuo C, Operario D. Caring for AIDS-orphaned children: a systematic review of studies on caregivers. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2009;4(1):1–12.CrossRef
32.
Patel V. Mental health in low- and middle-income countries. Br Med Bull. 2007;81 and 82:81–96.
33.
Herman A, Stein D, Seedat S, et al. The South African Stress and Health (SASH) study: 12-month and lifetime prevalence of common mental disorders. S Afr Med J. 2009;99(5):339–44.PubMed
34.
Norman R, Bradshaw D, Schneider M, et al. Revised burden of disease estimates for the comparative risk factor assessment, South Africa 2000. Methodological note. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council; 2006.
35.
Casale M. ‘I am living a peaceful life with my grandchildren. Nothing else.’ Stories of adversity and ‘resilience’ of older women caring for children in the context of HIV/AIDS and other stressors. Ageing Soc. 2011. doi:10.​1017/​S0144686X1000130​3.
36.
Belue R, Schreiner A, Taylor-Richardson K, et al. What matters most: an investigation of predictors of perceived stress among mothers in Khayelitsha. Health Care Women Int. 2008;29(6):638–48.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Ssengonzi R. The impact of HIV/AIDS on the living arrangements and well-being of elderly caregivers in rural Uganda. AIDS Care. 2009;21(3):309–14.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Vasquez M. A comparison study of fathers: Parenting stress, psychological distress and coping in a sample of fathers caring for HIV-infected children and fathers caring for children with cancer. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 2003;63((7-B)).
39.
Cruess S, Antoni M, Kilbourn K, et al. Optimism, distress, and immunologic status in HIV infected gay men following Hurricane Andrew. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2000;7(2):160–82.CrossRef
40.
Akintola O. Defying all odds: coping with the challenges of volunteer caregiving for patients with AIDS in South Africa. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(4):357–65.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Campbell C, Foulis C. Creating contexts for effective home-based care of people living with HIV/AIDS. Curationis. 2004;27(3):5–14.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Kipp W, Nkosi TM, Laing L, et al. Care burden and self-reported health status of informal women caregivers of HIV/AIDS patients in Kinshasha, Democratic Republic of Congo. AIDS Care. 2006;18(7):694–7.
43.
Thomas F. Stigma, fatigue and social breakdown: exploring the impacts of HIV/AIDS on patient and carer well-being in the Caprivi region, Namibia. Social Sci Med. 2006;63(12):3174–87.CrossRef
44.
Semple S, Patterson T, Shaw W, et al. HIV-seropositive parents: parental role strain and depressive symptoms. AIDS Behav. 1997;1(4):213–24.CrossRef
45.
Linsk N, Mason S. Stresses on grandparents and other relatives caring for children affected by HIV/AIDS. Health Soc Work. 2004;29:127–36.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Joslin D, Harrison R. The “hidden patient”: older relatives raising children orphaned by AIDS. J Am Med Women’s Assoc. 1998;53(2):65–71.
47.
Joslin D, Harrison R. Self-reported physical health among older surrogate parents to children orphaned and affected by HIV disease. AIDS Care. 2002;14:619–24.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Kuo C, Operario D. Health of adults caring for orphaned children in an HIV endemic community in South Africa. AIDS Care. 2011;23(9):1128–35.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Durkheim E. Suicide. New York: Free Press; 1951.
50.
Cassel J. The contribution of the social environment host resistance. Am J Epidemiol. 1976;102(2):107–23.
51.
Cobb S. Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosom Med. 1976;38(5):300–14.PubMed
52.
Caplan G, Killilea M. Support systems and mutual help. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1976.
53.
54.
Lakey B, Orehek E. Relational regulation theory: a new approach to explain the link between perceived social support and mental health. Psychol Rev. 2011;doi: 10.​1037/​a0023477.
55.
Lazarus R. Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1966.
56.
Lazarus R, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer; 1984.
57.
Folkman S, Lazarus R, Dunkel-Schetter C, et al. Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping and encounter outcomes. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;50(5):992–1003.PubMedCrossRef
58.
59.
Dunkel-Schetter C, Folkman S, Lazarus R. Correlates of social support receipt. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987;53(1):71–80.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Burns M, Feaster D, Mitrani V, et al. Stress processes in HIV-positive African American mothers: moderating effects of drug abuse history. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2008;21(1):95–116.PubMedCrossRef
61.
62.
Wolf T, Balson P, Morse E, et al. Relationship of coping style to affective state and perceived social support in asymptomatic and symptomatic hiv-infected persons: implications for clinical management. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991;52(4):171–3.PubMed
63.
Nyamathi A, Stein J, Brecht M. Psychosocial predictors of AIDS risk behavior and drug use behavior in homeless and drug addicted women of color. Health Psychol. 1995;14(3):265–73.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Patterson T, Semple S, Temoshok L, et al. Depressive symptoms among HIV positive men: life stress, coping, and social support. Appl Biobehav Res. 1993;1(1):64–87.CrossRef
65.
Folkman S, Lazarus R. If it changes it must be a process: study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985;48:150–70.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Uchino B. Understanding the links between social support and physical health: a life-span perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support. Perspect Psychol. 2009;4(3):236–55.CrossRef
67.
Thoits P. Social support and psychological well-being: theoretical possibilities. In: Sarason I, Sarason B, editors. Social support: theory, research and application. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff; 1985. p. 51–72.CrossRef
68.
Mead G. Mind, self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1934.
69.
House J, Khan R. Measures and concepts of social support. In: Cohen S, Syme S, editors. Social support and health. Orlando: Academic Press; 1985.
70.
Ryan A, Willits F. Family ties, physical health, and psychological well-being. J Aging Health. 2007;19(6):907–20.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Peterson I, Govender M. Theoretical considerations: from understanding to intervening. In: Peterson I, Bhana A, Flisher A, Swartz L, Richter L, editors. Promoting mental health in scarce resource contexts emerging evidence and practice. Cape Town: HSRC Press; 2010. p. 21–48.
72.
House J. Work, stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley; 1981.
73.
Lynch J. The broken heart. New York: Basic Books; 1979.
74.
Lazarus R, Averill J, Opton E. The psychology of coping: Issues of research and assessment. In: Coelho G, Hamburg D, Adams J, editors. Coping and adaptation. New York: Basic Books; 1974.
75.
Berkman L, Breslow L. Health and ways of living: the Alameda County study. London: Oxford University Press; 1983.
76.
77.
Prado G, Feaster D, Schwartz S, et al. Religious involvement, coping, social support, and psychological distress in HIV-seropositive African American Mothers. AIDS Behav. 2004;8(3):221–35.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Rose M, Clark-Alexander B. Coping styles of caregivers of children with HIV/AIDS: implications for health professionals. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 1999;13(6):335–42.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Ryan S. Caregivers of children infected and/or affected by HIV/AIDS. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University; 2001.
80.
Murphy D, Marelich W, Stritto MD, et al. Mothers living with HIV/AIDS: mental, physical, and family functioning. AIDS Care. 2002;14(5):633–44.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Robbins M, Szapocznik J, Tejeda M, et al. The protective role of the family and social support network in a sample of HIV-positive African American women: results of a pilot study. J Black Psychol. 2003;29(1):17–37.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Stock M. The effects of received and perceived social support on the health status of HIV-positive African-American women. Lousiana: Tulane University, USA; 2001.
83.
Rotheram-Borus M, Stein J, Jiraphongsa C, et al. Benefits of family and social relationships for Thai parents living with HIV. Prev Sci. 2010;11:298–307.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Leslie M, Stein J, Rotheram-Borus M. The impact of coping strategies, personal relationships, and emotional distress on health-related outcomes of parents living with HIV or AIDS. J Soc Pers Relat. 2002;19(45). doi:10.​1177/​0265407502191003​.
85.
Hough E, Brumitt G, Templin T, et al. A model of mother–child coping and adjustment to HIV. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(2003):643–55.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Wyatt A. Prediction of hopelessness among HIV positive mothers: evidence for the social support buffering and diathesis-stress models. IL, USA: Chicago Medical School; 1997.
87.
Mellins C, Ehrhardt A, Rapkin B, et al. Psychosocial factors associated with adaptation in HIV-infected mothers. AIDS Behav. 2000;4(4 Health Module):317–28.
88.
Klein K, Armistead L, Devine D, et al. Socioemotional support in African American families coping with maternal HIV: an examination of mothers’ and children’s psychosocial adjustment. Behav Ther. 2000;31:1–26.CrossRef
89.
Silver E, Bauman L, Camacho S, et al. Factors associated with psychological distress in urban mothers with late-stage HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav. 2003;7(4):421–31.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Cook K. Psychological distress and mediating variables in HIV-positive mothers of young children. USA, CA: California School of Professional Psychology; 1997.
91.
Mackay C, Cox T, Burrows G, et al. An inventory for the measurement of self-reported stress and arousal. Br J Social Clin Psychol. 1978;17:283–4.CrossRef
92.
Morse E, Simon P, Forehand R, et al. The descriptive Interview. Unpublished questionnaire. 1993.
93.
Padilla G, Presant C, Grant M, et al. Quality of life index for patients with cancer. Res Nurs Health. 1983;6:117–26.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Barbee A, Derlega V, Sherburne S, et al. Helpful and unhelpful forms of social support for HIV-positive individuals. In: Derlega V, Barbee A, editors. HIV and social interaction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1998. p. 83–105.
95.
Sharts-Hopko N, Regan-Kubinski M, Lincoln P, et al. Problem-focused coping in HIV-infected mothers in relation to self-efficacy, uncertainty, social support, and psychological distress. J Nurs Scholarsh. 1996;28(2):107–11.CrossRef
96.
Gay C. Psychological distress among mothers infected with HIV: a risk and resistance model. Miami: University of Miami; 1995.
97.
Carver C. You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: consider the brief COPE. Int J Behav Med. 1997;4(1):92–100.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Namir S, Woolcott D, Fawzy F, et al. Coping with AIDS: psychological and health implications. J Appl Soc Psychol. 1987;17:309–28.CrossRef
99.
Namir S, Woolcott D, Fawzy F, et al. Implications of different strategies for coping with AIDS. In: Temoshok L, Baum A, editors. Psychosocial perspectives on AIDS: etiology, prevention, and treatment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1990. p. 173–90.
100.
101.
Li L, Seltzer M, Greenberg J. Social support and depressive symptoms: differential patterns in wife and daughter caregivers. J Gerontol SerB Psychol Sci Social Sci. 1997;52(4):S200–11.CrossRef
102.
Andrews B, Brewin C, Rose S. Gender, social support, and PTSD in victims of violent crime. J Trauma Stress. 2003;16(4):421–7.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Rotheram-Borus M, Stein J. Problem behavior of adolescents whoe parents are living with AIDS. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1999;69:228–39.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Turner R. Social support as a contingency in psychological well-being. J Health Soc Behav. 1981;22(4):357–67.CrossRef
105.
Kimuna S, Makiwane M. Older people as resources in South Africa: Mpumalanga households. J Aging Soc Policy. 2007;19(1):97–114.PubMedCrossRef
106.
El-Khatib Z, Ekstrom AM, Coovadia A, et al. Adherence and virologic suppression during the first 24 weeks on antiretroviral therapy among women in Johannesburg, South Africa—a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):88–100.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Peltzer K, Mlambo M, Phaswana-Mafuya N, et al. Determinants of adherence to a single-dose nevirapine regimen for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Gert Sibande district in South Africa. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(5):699–704.PubMed
108.
Mason S, Vazquez D. Making positive changes: a psychoeducation group for parents with HIV/AIDS. Social Work Groups. 2007;30(2):27–40.CrossRef
109.
Davies S, Hortona T, Williams A, et al. MOMS: formative evaluation and subsequent intervention for mothers living with HIV. AIDS Care. 2009;21(5):552–60.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Hansell P, Hughes C, Caliandro G, et al. Boosting social support in caregivers of children with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 1999;13(5):297.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Szapocznik D, Feaster J, Mitrani V, et al. Structural ecosystems therapy for HIV-seropositive african american women: effects on psychological distress, family hassles, and family support. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72(2):288–303.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Feaster D, Brincks A, Mitrani V, et al. The efficacy of structural ecosystems therapy for HIV Medication adherence with African American women. J Fam Psychol. 2011;In press.
113.
Sarason I, Sarason B, Shearin E, et al. A brief measure of social support: practical and theoretical implications. J Social Pers Relat. 1987;4:497–510.CrossRef
114.
Radloff L. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1(3):385–401.CrossRef
115.
Delongis A, Folkman S, Lazarus R. The impact of daily stress on health and mood: psychological and social resources as mediators. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54:486–95.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Barnard K. Difficult life circumstances (DLC). Seattle: NCAST Publications; 1989.
117.
Sarason I, Johnson J, Siegal J. Assessing the impact of life changes: development of the life experiences survey. J Clin Consult Psychol. 1978;46:933–46.
118.
Carver C. You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: consider the brief COPE. Int J Behav Med. 1997;4:92–100.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Derogatis L. Brief symptom inventory: administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems; 1993.
120.
Cutrona C, Russell D. The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. In: Jones W, Perlman D, editors. Advances in personal relationships. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press; 1987. p. 36–67.
121.
Harrell S. The urban life stress scale—revised. Unpublished Instrument 1994.
122.
Hobfoll S, Dunahoo C, Ben-Porath Y, et al. Gender and coping: the dual-axis model of coping. Am J Community Psychol. 1994;22(1):49–82.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Spielberger C, Gorsuch R, Lushene R, et al. State-trait anxiety inventory for adults: sampler set, manual, test, scoring key. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden; 1983.
124.
Beck A, Ward C, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561–71.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Tobin D, Holroyd K, Reynolds R. User’s manual for the coping strategies inventory. Unpublished Manuscript. 1984.
126.
Zich J, Temoshok L. Perceptions of social support, distress, and hopelessness in men with AIDS and ARC: clinical implications. In: Temoshok L, Baum A, editors. Psychosocial perspectives on AIDS: etiology, prevention, and treatment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1990.
127.
Antonucci T. Personal characteristics, social support and social behavior. In: Binstock R, Shanas E, editors. Handbook of ageing and the social sciences. 2nd ed. New York: Reinhold, V; 1985.
128.
Nokes K, Wheeler K, Kendres J. Development of an HIV assessment tool. J Nurs Scholarsh. 1994;26:133–8.CrossRef
129.
McNair D, Lorr M. An analysis of mood in neurotics. J Abnorm Soc Psychol. 1964;69:620–7.CrossRef
130.
Ahrons C. The binuclear family: two households, one family. Altern Lifestyles. 1979;2:499–515.CrossRef
131.
Belle D. Social ties and social support. In: Belle D, editor. Lives in stress: women and depression. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1982. p. 133–44.
132.
Derogatis L, Spencer P. The brief symptom inventory (BSI) administration, scoring & procedures manual—I. Baltimore, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research; 1982.
133.
134.
Hein K, Dell R, Futterman D, et al. Comparison of HIV + and HIV − adolescents: risk factors and psychosocial determinants. Pediatrics. 1995;95:96–104.PubMed
135.
Bauman L. The multidimensional social support inventory. Unpublished manuscript. 1997.
136.
Dohrenwend BS, Krasnoff L, Ashehasy A, et al. Examplification of a method for scaling life events: the PERI life events scale. J Health Soc Behav. 1978;19:205–29.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Spitzer R, Williams J, Gibbon M, et al. Structured clinical interviews for DSM-IIIR. Nonpatient edition (SCID NP, version 1.0). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990.
138.
Dohrenwend B, Shrout P, Egri G, et al. Nonspecific psychological distress and other dimensions of psychopathology: measures for use in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37:1229–36.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Miles M. Psychometric properties of the child health worry scale. Unpublished manuscript. 1995.
140.
Barrera M. Social support in the adjustment of pregnant adolescents: assessment issues. In: Gottlieb B, editor. Social networks and social support. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1981. p. 69–96.
141.
Payne R, Jones G. Measurement and methodological issues in social support. In: Kasl S, Cooper C, editors. Stress and health: issues in research methodology. New York: Wiley; 1987. p. 167–205.
142.
Reynolds W, Kobak K. Hamilton depression inventory: a self-report version of the Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS). Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1995.
143.
Murphy D, Steers W, Stritto MD. Maternal disclosure of HIV serostatus to their young children. J Famly Psychol. 2001;15:441–50.CrossRef
144.
Ware J, Sherbourne C. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30:473–83.
145.
Williams A, Ware J, Donald C, et al. A model of mental health, life events, and social supports applicable to general populations. J Health Social Behav. 1981;22(4):324–36.CrossRef
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
Tilden V. The Tilden interpersonal relationship inventory (IPRI) instrument development summary. Oregon Health Sciences University School of Nursing. 1991.
152.
Folkman S, Lazarus R. An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. J Health Soc Behav. 1980;21:219–39.PubMedCrossRef
153.
Bauman L, Weiss E. Multidimensional social support inventory: revised. Bronx, NY: Albert Einstein College of Medicine; 1995.
154.
Ilfeld F. Further validation of a psychiatric symptom index in a normal population. Psychol Rep. 1976;39:1215–28.CrossRef
155.
156.
Beck A, Weissman A, Lester D, et al. The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1974;42(6):861–5.PubMedCrossRef
157.
Jalowiec A. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Jalowoec coping scale. In: Waltz C, Strickland L, editors. Measurement of nursing outcomes. New York: Springer; 1988. p. 287–308.
Metadata
Title
Effects and Processes Linking Social Support to Caregiver Health Among HIV/AIDS-Affected Carer-Child Dyads: A Critical Review of the Empirical Evidence
Authors
Marisa Casale
Lauren Wild
Publication date
01-06-2013
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
AIDS and Behavior / Issue 5/2013
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0275-1

Other articles of this Issue 5/2013

AIDS and Behavior 5/2013 Go to the issue

Substantive Review

HIV and H2O: Tracing the Connections Between Gender, Water and HIV

Original Paper

Prevalence of Inconsistent Condom Use and Associated Factors Among HIV Discordant Couples in a Rural County in China

Brief Report

Associations Between Partner-Venue Specific Personal Responsibility Beliefs and Transmission Risk Behavior by HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM)

Original Paper

Seroadaptation in a Sample of Very Poor Los Angeles Area Men Who Have Sex with Men

Original Paper

Alcohol Consumption Trajectory Patterns in Adult Women with HIV Infection

Original Paper

Counselling, Case Management and Health Promotion for People Living with HIV/AIDS: An Overview of Systematic Reviews
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits