Top

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Published in:

01-12-2013 | Original Article

Effect of adiposity on insulin action after acute and chronic resistance exercise in non-diabetic women

Authors: Steven K. Malin, Kristi R. Hinnerichs, Brandon G. Echtenkamp, Tammy K. Evetovich, Barbara J. Engebretsen

Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Issue 12/2013

Abstract

Purpose

Obesity may attenuate metabolic health improvements following lifestyle interventions. However, the effect of adiposity on insulin action following resistance exercise in young non-diabetic women is unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that adiposity attenuates improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (INS_0–60/GLC_0–60) after both acute resistance exercise (ARE) and progressive training (PRT).

Methods

Twenty-six young non-diabetic women (21.2 ± 0.7 years) were randomly assigned to control (C; n = 7; BF 40.1 ± 2.1 %) or exercise groups: normal body fat (NBF; n = 8; BF 29.9 ± 2.3 %) and high body fat (HBF; n = 12; BF 48.2 ± 1.4 %). Acute whole-body exercises were performed at 60 % of 1-RM for three sets of 8–12 repetitions, and PRT was performed 3 days/week for 7 weeks. A 75 g OGTT was conducted before and after ARE and PRT to estimate insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) and INS_0–60/GLC_0–60. Insulin area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using the trapezoidal model.

Results

ARE had no statistical effect on insulin action across groups. Strength and fat-free mass (via DXA) increased after PRT in both NBF and HBF (p < 0.05), but only HBF women decreased BF (p < 0.01). HBF women were less insulin sensitive at baseline compared to NBF women (p < 0.05). Insulin sensitivity increased 95 % and INS_0–60/GLC_0–60 decreased 32 % following PRT in NBF, but not HBF or C (p < 0.05). After training, enhanced insulin sensitivity was inversely related to decreased INS_0–60/GLC_0–60 (r = −0.71, p < 0.001), fasting insulin (r = −0.71, p < 0.001), and insulin AUC (r = −0.85, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Seven weeks of PRT increases insulin sensitivity and reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in NBF, but not HBF women. Obesity attenuates exercise-induced improvements in glucose regulation in young non-diabetic women.

Abdul-Ghani M, Tripathy D, DeFronzo R (2006) Contributions of β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Diabetes Care 29:1130–1139PubMedCrossRef

Anderwald C, Gastaldelli A, Tura A et al (2011) Mechanism and effects of glucose absorption during an oral glucose tolerance test among females and males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:515–524PubMedCrossRef

Baechle TR, Earle RW (2008) Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Human Kinetics, Champaign

Balkau B, Mhamdi L, Oppert J et al (2008) Physical activity and insulin sensitivity: the RISC study. Diabetes 57:2613PubMedCrossRef

Bingley CA, Gitau R, Lovegrove JA (2008) Impact of menstrual cycle phase on insulin sensitivity measures and fasting lipids. Horm Metab Res 40:901–906PubMedCrossRef

Black SE, Mitchell E, Freedson PS, Chipkin SR, Braun B (2005) Improved insulin action following short-term exercise training: role of energy and carbohydrate balance. J Appl Physiol 99:2285PubMedCrossRef

Blake D, Meigs J, Muller D, Najjar S, Andres R, Nathan D (2004) Impaired glucose tolerance, but not impaired fasting glucose, is associated with increased levels of coronary heart disease risk factors: results from the Baltimore longitudinal study on aging. Diabetes 53:2095–2100PubMedCrossRef

Bouchard C, Blair SN, Church TS, Earnest CP, Hagberg JM, Hakkinen K, Jenkins NT, Karavirta L, Kraus WE, Leon AS, Rao DC, Sarzynski MA, Skinner JS, Slentz CA, Rankinen T (2012) Adverse metabolic response to regular exercise: is it a rare or common occurrence? PLoS ONE 7:e37887PubMedCrossRef

Cheng Y, Gregg E, De Rekeneire N et al (2007) Muscle-strengthening activity and its association with insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 30:2264–2270PubMedCrossRef

Church T, Blair S, Cocreham S et al (2010) Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 304:2253–2262PubMedCrossRef

Cuff DJ, Meneilly GS, Martin A, Ignaszewski A, Tildesley HD, Frohlich JJ (2003) Effective exercise modality to reduce insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:2977–2982PubMedCrossRef

De Filippis E, Alvarez G, Berria R et al (2008) Insulin-resistant muscle is exercise resistant: evidence for reduced response of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes to exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294:E607–E614PubMedCrossRef

DeFronzo R, Abdul Ghani M (2011) Preservation of β-cell function: the key to diabetes prevention. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:2354–2366PubMedCrossRef

DeFronzo R, Matsuda M (2010) Reduced time points to calculate the composite index. Diabetes Care 33:e93–e93PubMedCrossRef

Despres JP, Lemieux I, Prud’homme D (2001) Treatment of obesity: need to focus on high risk abdominally obese patients. BMJ 322:716–720PubMedCrossRef

Fenicchia LM, Kanaley JA, Azevedo JL et al (2004) Influence of resistance exercise training on glucose control in women with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 53:284–289PubMedCrossRef

Fluckey JD, Hickey MS, Brambrink JK, Hart KK, Alexander K, Craig BW (1994) Effects of resistance exercise on glucose tolerance in normal and glucose-intolerant subjects. J Appl Physiol 77:1087–1092PubMed

Heilbronn L, Gan S, Turner N, Campbell L, Chisholm D (2007) Markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism are lower in overweight and obese insulin-resistant subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:1467–1473PubMedCrossRef

Heyward VH (2002) Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription. Human Kinetics, Champaign

Holten MK, Zacho M, Gaster M, Juel C, Wojtaszewski JFP, Dela F (2004) Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 53:294–305PubMedCrossRef

Hurlbut DE, Lott ME, Ryan AS et al (2002) Does age, sex, or ACE genotype affect glucose and insulin responses to strength training? J Appl Physiol 92:643–650PubMed

Ibanez J, Gorostiaga E, Alonso A et al (2008) Lower muscle strength gains in older men with type 2 diabetes after resistance training. J Diabetes Complicat 22:112–118PubMedCrossRef

Ishii T, Yamakita T, Sato T, Tanaka S, Fujii S (1998) Resistance training improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM subjects without altering maximal oxygen uptake. Diabetes Care 21:1353–1355PubMedCrossRef

Jenkins N, Hagberg J (2011) Aerobic training effects on glucose tolerance in prediabetic and normoglycemic humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43:2231–2240PubMedCrossRef

Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK et al (1993) Quantification of the relationship between insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes 42:1663–1672PubMedCrossRef

Karelis A, Fontaine J, Messier V et al (2008) Psychosocial correlates of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength in overweight and obese post-menopausal women: a MONET study. J Sports Sci 26:935–940PubMedCrossRef

Krishnan RK, Hernandez JM, Williamson DL, O’Gorman DJ, Evans WJ, Kirwan JP (1998) Age-related differences in the pancreatic β-cell response to hyperglycemia after eccentric exercise. Am J Physiol 275:E463–E470PubMed

Layne A, Nasrallah S, South M et al (2011) Impaired muscle AMPK activation in the metabolic syndrome may attenuate improved insulin action after exercise training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:1815–1826PubMedCrossRef

Malin SK, Kirwan JP (2012) Fasting hyperglycaemia blunts the reversal of impaired glucose tolerance after exercise training in obese older adults. Diabetes Obes Metab 14:835–841PubMedCrossRef

Metcalfe R, Babraj J, Fawkner S, Vollaard NBJ (2012) Towards the minimal amount of exercise for improving metabolic health: beneficial effects of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training. Eur J Appl Physiol 112:2767–2775PubMedCrossRef

Miyazaki Y, Akasaka H, Ohnishi H, Saitoh S, DeFronzo R, Shimamoto K (2008) Differences in insulin action and secretion, plasma lipids and blood pressure levels between impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in Japanese subjects. Hypertens Res 31:1357–1363PubMedCrossRef

Nilsson M, Greene N, Dobson J et al (2010) Insulin resistance syndrome blunts the mitochondrial anabolic response following resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299:E466–E474PubMedCrossRef

Potteiger J, Claytor R, Hulver M et al (2011) Resistance exercise and aerobic exercise when paired with dietary energy restriction both reduce the clinical components of metabolic syndrome in previously physically inactive males. Eur J Appl Physiol 112(6):2035–2044PubMedCrossRef

Reed M, Ben Ezra V, Biggerstaff K, Nichols D (2012) The effects of two bouts of high- and low-volume resistance exercise on glucose tolerance in normoglycemic women. J Strength Cond Res 26:251–260PubMedCrossRef

Samuel V, Shulman G (2012) Mechanisms for insulin resistance: common threads and missing links. Cell 148:852–871PubMedCrossRef

Schmitz K, Ahmed R, Yee D (2002) Effects of a 9-month strength training intervention on insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1, and IGFBP-3 in 30–50-year-old women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:1597–1604PubMed

Stickland NC, Batt RA, Crook AR, Sutton CM (1994) Inability of muscles in the obese mouse (ob/ob) to respond to changes in body weight and activity. J Anat 184:527–533PubMed

Thamer C, Machann J, Stefan N et al (2007) High visceral fat mass and high liver fat are associated with resistance to lifestyle intervention. Obesity 15:531–538PubMedCrossRef

Walton C, Godsland IF, Proudler AJ, Felton CV, Wynn V (1992) Effect of body mass index and fat distribution on insulin sensitivity, secretion, and clearance in nonobese healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:170–175PubMedCrossRef

Yeung E, Zhang C, Mumford S et al (2010) Longitudinal study of insulin resistance and sex hormones over the menstrual cycle: the BioCycle Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:5435–5442PubMedCrossRef

Title: Effect of adiposity on insulin action after acute and chronic resistance exercise in non-diabetic women
Authors: Steven K. Malin
Kristi R. Hinnerichs
Brandon G. Echtenkamp
Tammy K. Evetovich
Barbara J. Engebretsen
Publication date: 01-12-2013
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology / Issue 12/2013
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Electronic ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2725-5

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Effect of adiposity on insulin action after acute and chronic resistance exercise in non-diabetic women

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 12/2013

Adolescent blood pressure hyperreactors have a higher reactive hyperemic index at the fingertip

The effects of aging on postural control and selective attention when stepping down while performing a concurrent auditory response task

Body mass maximizes power output in human jumping: a strength-independent optimum loading behavior

Region-specific vascular remodeling and its prevention by artificial gravity in weightless environment

Recruitment order of quadriceps motor units: femoral nerve vs. direct quadriceps stimulation

The effect of an even-pacing strategy on exercise tolerance in well-trained cyclists