Skip to main content
Top
Published in: The Ultrasound Journal 2/2011

Open Access 01-08-2011 | Review Article

Echocardiography in the sepsis syndromes

Authors: Gabriele Via, Susanna Price, Enrico Storti

Published in: The Ultrasound Journal | Issue 2/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of the review

Non-invasiveness and instantaneous diagnostic capability are prominent features of the use of echocardiography in critical care. Sepsis and septic shock represent complex situations where early hemodynamic assessment and support are among the keys to therapeutic success. In this review, we discuss the range of applications of echocardiography in the management of the septic patient, and propose an echocardiography-based goal-oriented hemodynamic approach to septic shock.

Recent findings

Echocardiography can play a key role in the critical septic patient management, by excluding cardiac causes for sepsis, and mostly by guiding hemodynamic management of those patients in whom sepsis reaches such a severity to jeopardize cardiovascular function. In recent years, there have been both increasing evidence and diffusion of the use of echocardiography as monitoring tool in the patients with hemodynamic compromise. Also thanks to echocardiography, the features of the well-known sepsis-related myocardial dysfunction have been better characterized. Furthermore, many of the recent echocardiographic indices of volume responsiveness have been validated in populations of septic shock patients.

Conclusion

Although not proven yet in terms of patient outcome, echocardiography can be regarded as an ideal monitoring tool in the septic patient, as it allows (a) first line differential diagnosis of shock and early recognition of sepsis-related myocardial dysfunction; (b) detection of pre-existing cardiac pathology, that yields precious information in septic shock management; (c) comprehensive hemodynamic monitoring through a systematic approach based on repeated bedside assessment; (d) integration with other monitoring devices; and (e) screening for cardiac source of sepsis.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Angus DC (2001) Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the USA: analysis of incidence, outcome and costs of care. Crit Care Med 29:1303–1310PubMedCrossRef Angus DC (2001) Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the USA: analysis of incidence, outcome and costs of care. Crit Care Med 29:1303–1310PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Brun-Buisson C (1995) Incidence, risk factors and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a multicenter prospective study in ICU. JAMA 274:968–974PubMedCrossRef Brun-Buisson C (1995) Incidence, risk factors and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a multicenter prospective study in ICU. JAMA 274:968–974PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Magder S (1993) Shock physiology. In: Pinsky M et al (eds) Pathophysiologic foundations of critical care. William & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 140–160 Magder S (1993) Shock physiology. In: Pinsky M et al (eds) Pathophysiologic foundations of critical care. William & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 140–160
5.
go back to reference TTE/TEE Appropriateness Criteria Writing Group, Douglas PS, ACCF Appropriateness Criteria Working Group. American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group; American Society of Echocardiography; American College of Emergency Physicians; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (2007) ACCF/ASE/ACEP/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR 2007 appropriateness criteria for transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography: a report of the ACCF/ASE/ACEP/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR. Endorsed by SCCP and SCCM. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 20:787–805 TTE/TEE Appropriateness Criteria Writing Group, Douglas PS, ACCF Appropriateness Criteria Working Group. American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group; American Society of Echocardiography; American College of Emergency Physicians; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (2007) ACCF/ASE/ACEP/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR 2007 appropriateness criteria for transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography: a report of the ACCF/ASE/ACEP/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR. Endorsed by SCCP and SCCM. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 20:787–805
6.
go back to reference Cholley BP, Vieillard-Baron A, Mebazaa A (2006) Echocardiography in ICU: time for widespread use. Intensive Care Med 32:9–10PubMedCrossRef Cholley BP, Vieillard-Baron A, Mebazaa A (2006) Echocardiography in ICU: time for widespread use. Intensive Care Med 32:9–10PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Seppelt IM (2007) All intensivists need echocardiography skills in the 21st century. Crit Care Resusc 9:286–288PubMed Seppelt IM (2007) All intensivists need echocardiography skills in the 21st century. Crit Care Resusc 9:286–288PubMed
8.
go back to reference Price S, Via G, Sloth E, Guarracino F, Breitkreutz R, Catena E, Talmor D, World Interactive Network Focused On Critical Ultrasound ECHO-ICU Group (2008) Echocardiography practice, training and accreditation in the intensive care: document for the World Interactive Network Focused on Critical Ultrasound (WINFOCUS). Cardiovasc Ultrasound 6:49PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Price S, Via G, Sloth E, Guarracino F, Breitkreutz R, Catena E, Talmor D, World Interactive Network Focused On Critical Ultrasound ECHO-ICU Group (2008) Echocardiography practice, training and accreditation in the intensive care: document for the World Interactive Network Focused on Critical Ultrasound (WINFOCUS). Cardiovasc Ultrasound 6:49PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Price S, Nicol E, Gibson DG, Evans TW (2006) Echocardiography in the critically ill: current and potential roles. Intensive Care Med 32: 48–59 Price S, Nicol E, Gibson DG, Evans TW (2006) Echocardiography in the critically ill: current and potential roles. Intensive Care Med 32: 48–59
10.
go back to reference Boyd JH, Walley KR (2009) The role of echocardiography in hemodynamic monitoring. Curr Opin Crit Care 15:239–243PubMedCrossRef Boyd JH, Walley KR (2009) The role of echocardiography in hemodynamic monitoring. Curr Opin Crit Care 15:239–243PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Breitkreutz R, Walcher F, Seeger FH (2007) Focused echocardiographic evaluation in resuscitation management: concept of an advanced life support-conformed algorithm. Crit Care Med 35:S150–S161PubMedCrossRef Breitkreutz R, Walcher F, Seeger FH (2007) Focused echocardiographic evaluation in resuscitation management: concept of an advanced life support-conformed algorithm. Crit Care Med 35:S150–S161PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Manasia AR, Nagaraj HM, Kodali RB, Croft LB, Oropello JM, Kohli-Seth R, Leibowitz AB, DelGiudice R, Hufanda JF, Benjamin E, Goldman ME (2005) Feasibility and potential clinical utility of goal-directed transthoracic echocardiography performed by noncardiologist intensivists using a small hand-carried device (SonoHeart) in critically ill patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 19:155–159PubMedCrossRef Manasia AR, Nagaraj HM, Kodali RB, Croft LB, Oropello JM, Kohli-Seth R, Leibowitz AB, DelGiudice R, Hufanda JF, Benjamin E, Goldman ME (2005) Feasibility and potential clinical utility of goal-directed transthoracic echocardiography performed by noncardiologist intensivists using a small hand-carried device (SonoHeart) in critically ill patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 19:155–159PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Vignon P (2005) Hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients using echocardiography Doppler. Curr Opin Crit Care 11:227–234PubMedCrossRef Vignon P (2005) Hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients using echocardiography Doppler. Curr Opin Crit Care 11:227–234PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Vieillard-Baron A, Prin S, Chergui K, Dubourg O, Jardin F (2003) Hemodynamic instability in sepsis: bedside assessment by Doppler echocardiography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168:1270–1276PubMedCrossRef Vieillard-Baron A, Prin S, Chergui K, Dubourg O, Jardin F (2003) Hemodynamic instability in sepsis: bedside assessment by Doppler echocardiography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168:1270–1276PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Via G, Mongodi S, Venti A, Mojoli F (2009) Ultrasound-enhanced hemodynamic monitoring: echocardiography as a monitoring tool. Minerva Anestesiol 75(Suppl. 1 to No. 7–8): 178–184 Via G, Mongodi S, Venti A, Mojoli F (2009) Ultrasound-enhanced hemodynamic monitoring: echocardiography as a monitoring tool. Minerva Anestesiol 75(Suppl. 1 to No. 7–8): 178–184
16.
go back to reference Hüttemann E, Schlenz C, Kara F (2004) The use and safety of TEE in the general ICU—a minireview. Acta Aanaesthesiol Scand 48:827–836CrossRef Hüttemann E, Schlenz C, Kara F (2004) The use and safety of TEE in the general ICU—a minireview. Acta Aanaesthesiol Scand 48:827–836CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Orme RM, Oram MP, McKinstry CE (2009) Impact of echocardiography on patient management in the intensive care unit: an audit of district general hospital practice. Br J Anaesth 102:340–344PubMedCrossRef Orme RM, Oram MP, McKinstry CE (2009) Impact of echocardiography on patient management in the intensive care unit: an audit of district general hospital practice. Br J Anaesth 102:340–344PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Charron C, Caille V, Jardin F, Vieillard-Baron A (2006) Echocardiographic measurement of fluid responsiveness. Curr Opin Crit Care 12:249–254 Charron C, Caille V, Jardin F, Vieillard-Baron A (2006) Echocardiographic measurement of fluid responsiveness. Curr Opin Crit Care 12:249–254
19.
go back to reference Bouferrachea K, Caille V, Chimot L, Castro S, Charron C, Page B, Vieillard-Baron A (2010) Monitorage hémodynamique dans le sepsis: confrontation des recommandations de la Surviving Sepsis Campaign à l’échocardiographie. Réanimation 19S:S32–S33 (Abst) Bouferrachea K, Caille V, Chimot L, Castro S, Charron C, Page B, Vieillard-Baron A (2010) Monitorage hémodynamique dans le sepsis: confrontation des recommandations de la Surviving Sepsis Campaign à l’échocardiographie. Réanimation 19S:S32–S33 (Abst)
20.
go back to reference Vieillard-Baron A, Charron C, Chergui C, Peuyrouset O, Jardin F (2006) Bedside echocardiographic evaluation of hemodynamics in sepsis: is a qualitative evaluation sufficient? Intensive Care Med 32:1547–1552PubMedCrossRef Vieillard-Baron A, Charron C, Chergui C, Peuyrouset O, Jardin F (2006) Bedside echocardiographic evaluation of hemodynamics in sepsis: is a qualitative evaluation sufficient? Intensive Care Med 32:1547–1552PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M (2001) Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345:1368–1377PubMedCrossRef Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M (2001) Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345:1368–1377PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Rivers EP, Coba V, Whitmill M (2008) Early goal-directed therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock: a contemporary review of the literature. Curr Opin Anesthesiol 21:128–140CrossRef Rivers EP, Coba V, Whitmill M (2008) Early goal-directed therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock: a contemporary review of the literature. Curr Opin Anesthesiol 21:128–140CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, Bion J, Parker MM, Jaeschke R, Reinhart K, Angus DC, Brun-Buisson C, Beale R, Calandra T, Dhainaut JF, Gerlach H, Harvey M, Marini JJ, Marshall J, Ranieri M, Ramsay G, Sevransky J, Thompson BT, Townsend S, Vender JS, Zimmerman JL, Vincent JL (2008) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Intensive Care Med 36:296–327 Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, Bion J, Parker MM, Jaeschke R, Reinhart K, Angus DC, Brun-Buisson C, Beale R, Calandra T, Dhainaut JF, Gerlach H, Harvey M, Marini JJ, Marshall J, Ranieri M, Ramsay G, Sevransky J, Thompson BT, Townsend S, Vender JS, Zimmerman JL, Vincent JL (2008) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Intensive Care Med 36:296–327
25.
go back to reference Jones AE, Tayal S, Sullivan M, Kline JA (2004) Randomized, controlled trial of immediate versus delayed goal-directed ultrasound to identify the cause of nontraumatic hypotension in emergency department patients. Crit Care Med 32:1703–1708PubMedCrossRef Jones AE, Tayal S, Sullivan M, Kline JA (2004) Randomized, controlled trial of immediate versus delayed goal-directed ultrasound to identify the cause of nontraumatic hypotension in emergency department patients. Crit Care Med 32:1703–1708PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Leung JM, Levine EH (1994) LV end systolic cavity obliteration as an estimate of intraoperative hypovolemia. Anesthesiology 81:1102–1109PubMedCrossRef Leung JM, Levine EH (1994) LV end systolic cavity obliteration as an estimate of intraoperative hypovolemia. Anesthesiology 81:1102–1109PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Lyon M, Blaivas M, Branman M et al (2005) Sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava as a marker of blood loss. Am J Em Med 23:45–50CrossRef Lyon M, Blaivas M, Branman M et al (2005) Sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava as a marker of blood loss. Am J Em Med 23:45–50CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Lichtenstein D, Jardin F (1994) Appréciation non invasive de la pression veineuse centrale par la mesure échogaphique deu calibre de la veine cave inférieure en réanimation. Réanimation Urg 3:79–82CrossRef Lichtenstein D, Jardin F (1994) Appréciation non invasive de la pression veineuse centrale par la mesure échogaphique deu calibre de la veine cave inférieure en réanimation. Réanimation Urg 3:79–82CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Cheung AT, Savino JS, Weiss SJ et al (1994) Echocardiographic and Hemodynamic indexes of LV preload in patients with normal and abnormal ventricular function. Anesthesiology 81:376–387PubMedCrossRef Cheung AT, Savino JS, Weiss SJ et al (1994) Echocardiographic and Hemodynamic indexes of LV preload in patients with normal and abnormal ventricular function. Anesthesiology 81:376–387PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Neri L, Storti E, Lichtenstein D (2007) Toward a ultrasound curriculum for critical care medicine. Crit Care Med 35(Suppl):S290–S304PubMedCrossRef Neri L, Storti E, Lichtenstein D (2007) Toward a ultrasound curriculum for critical care medicine. Crit Care Med 35(Suppl):S290–S304PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Lichtenstein D (2007) Point-of-care ultrasound: Infection control in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 35(Suppl):S262–S267PubMedCrossRef Lichtenstein D (2007) Point-of-care ultrasound: Infection control in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 35(Suppl):S262–S267PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Griffee MJ, Merkel MJ, Wei KS (2010) The role of echocardiography in hemodynamic assessment of septic shock. Crit Care Clin 26:365–368PubMedCrossRef Griffee MJ, Merkel MJ, Wei KS (2010) The role of echocardiography in hemodynamic assessment of septic shock. Crit Care Clin 26:365–368PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Hollenberg SM, Ahrens TS, Annane D, Astiz ME, Chalfin DB, Dasta JF, Heard SO, Martin C, Napolitano LM, Susla GM, Totaro R, Vincent JL, Zanotti-Cavazzoni S (2004) Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients. 2004 update. Crit Care Med 32:1928–1948PubMedCrossRef Hollenberg SM, Ahrens TS, Annane D, Astiz ME, Chalfin DB, Dasta JF, Heard SO, Martin C, Napolitano LM, Susla GM, Totaro R, Vincent JL, Zanotti-Cavazzoni S (2004) Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients. 2004 update. Crit Care Med 32:1928–1948PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Feinberg MS, Hopkins WE, Davila-Roman VG, Barzilai B (1995) Multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic doppler imaging accurately determines cardiac output measurements in the critically ill patients. Chest 107:769–773PubMedCrossRef Feinberg MS, Hopkins WE, Davila-Roman VG, Barzilai B (1995) Multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic doppler imaging accurately determines cardiac output measurements in the critically ill patients. Chest 107:769–773PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Poelaert J, Schmidt C, Van Aken H, Hinder F, Mollhoff T, Loick HM (1999) A comparison of transoesophageal echocardiographic Doppler across the aortic valve and the thermodilution technique for estimating cardiac output. Anaesthesia 54:128–136PubMedCrossRef Poelaert J, Schmidt C, Van Aken H, Hinder F, Mollhoff T, Loick HM (1999) A comparison of transoesophageal echocardiographic Doppler across the aortic valve and the thermodilution technique for estimating cardiac output. Anaesthesia 54:128–136PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Jardin F, Bourdarias JP (1995) Right heart catheterization at bedside: a critical view. Intensive Care Med 21:291–295PubMedCrossRef Jardin F, Bourdarias JP (1995) Right heart catheterization at bedside: a critical view. Intensive Care Med 21:291–295PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Jardin F (1999) Persistent preload defect in severe sepsis despite fluid loading: a longitudinal echocardiographic study in patients with septic shock. Chest 116:1354–1359PubMedCrossRef Jardin F (1999) Persistent preload defect in severe sepsis despite fluid loading: a longitudinal echocardiographic study in patients with septic shock. Chest 116:1354–1359PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Feissel M, Michard F, Mangin I, Ruyer O, Faller JP, Teboul JL (2001) Respiratory changes in aortic blood velocity as an indicator of fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients with septic shock. Chest 119:867–873PubMedCrossRef Feissel M, Michard F, Mangin I, Ruyer O, Faller JP, Teboul JL (2001) Respiratory changes in aortic blood velocity as an indicator of fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients with septic shock. Chest 119:867–873PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Barbier C, Loubières Y, Schmit C, Hayon J, Ricôme JL, Jardin F, Vieillard-Baron A (2004) Respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter are helpful in predicting fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patients. Intensive Care Med 30:1740–1746PubMed Barbier C, Loubières Y, Schmit C, Hayon J, Ricôme JL, Jardin F, Vieillard-Baron A (2004) Respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter are helpful in predicting fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patients. Intensive Care Med 30:1740–1746PubMed
40.
go back to reference Vieillard-Baron A, Chergui K, Rabiller A, Peyrouset O, Page B, Beau-chet A, Jardin F (2004) Superior vena caval collapsibility as a gauge of volume status in ventilated septic patients. Intensive Care Med 30:1734–1739PubMed Vieillard-Baron A, Chergui K, Rabiller A, Peyrouset O, Page B, Beau-chet A, Jardin F (2004) Superior vena caval collapsibility as a gauge of volume status in ventilated septic patients. Intensive Care Med 30:1734–1739PubMed
41.
go back to reference De Backer D, Heenen S, Piagnerelli M, Koch M, Vincent JL (2005) Pulse pressure variations to predict fluid responsiveness: influence of tidal volume. Intensive Care Med 31:517–523 De Backer D, Heenen S, Piagnerelli M, Koch M, Vincent JL (2005) Pulse pressure variations to predict fluid responsiveness: influence of tidal volume. Intensive Care Med 31:517–523
42.
go back to reference Mahjoub Y, Pila C, Friggeri A, Zogheib E, Lobjoie E, Tinturier F, Galy C, Slama M, Dupont H (2009) Assessing fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients: False-positive pulse pressure variation is detected by Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of the right ventricle. Crit Care Med 37:2570–2575PubMedCrossRef Mahjoub Y, Pila C, Friggeri A, Zogheib E, Lobjoie E, Tinturier F, Galy C, Slama M, Dupont H (2009) Assessing fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients: False-positive pulse pressure variation is detected by Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of the right ventricle. Crit Care Med 37:2570–2575PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Lamia B, Ochagavia A, Monnet X, Osman D, Maizel J, Richard C, Chemla D (2007) Echocardiographic prediction of volume responsiveness in critically ill patients with spontaneous breathing activity. Int Care Med 32:1125–1132CrossRef Lamia B, Ochagavia A, Monnet X, Osman D, Maizel J, Richard C, Chemla D (2007) Echocardiographic prediction of volume responsiveness in critically ill patients with spontaneous breathing activity. Int Care Med 32:1125–1132CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Mahjoub Y, Touzeau J, Airapetian N, Lorne E, Hijazi M, Zogheib E, Tinturier F, Slama M, Dupont H (2010) The passive leg-raising maneuver cannot accurately predict fluid responsiveness in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension. Crit Care Med 38:1824–1829PubMedCrossRef Mahjoub Y, Touzeau J, Airapetian N, Lorne E, Hijazi M, Zogheib E, Tinturier F, Slama M, Dupont H (2010) The passive leg-raising maneuver cannot accurately predict fluid responsiveness in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension. Crit Care Med 38:1824–1829PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Monnet X, Jabot J, Maizel J, Gharbi R, Richard C, Teboul J-L (2010) La noradrénaline réduit la précharge-dépendance en recrutant du volume sanguin non contraint chez les patients septiques. Réanimation 19S:S34 (Abst) Monnet X, Jabot J, Maizel J, Gharbi R, Richard C, Teboul J-L (2010) La noradrénaline réduit la précharge-dépendance en recrutant du volume sanguin non contraint chez les patients septiques. Réanimation 19S:S34 (Abst)
46.
go back to reference Hamzaoui O, Georger JF, Monnet X, Ksouri H, Maizel J, Richard C, Teboul JL (2010) Early administration of norepinephrine increases cardiac preload and cardiac output in septic patients with life-threatening hypotension. Crit Care 14:R14CrossRef Hamzaoui O, Georger JF, Monnet X, Ksouri H, Maizel J, Richard C, Teboul JL (2010) Early administration of norepinephrine increases cardiac preload and cardiac output in septic patients with life-threatening hypotension. Crit Care 14:R14CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Alsous F, Khamiees M, DeGirolamo A, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, Manthous CA (2000) Negative fluid balance predicts survival in patients with septic shock: a retrospective pilot study. Chest 117:1749–1754 Alsous F, Khamiees M, DeGirolamo A, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, Manthous CA (2000) Negative fluid balance predicts survival in patients with septic shock: a retrospective pilot study. Chest 117:1749–1754
48.
go back to reference Rabeul C, Mebazaa A (2006) Septic shock: a heart story since the 1960s. Intensive Care Med 32:799–807CrossRef Rabeul C, Mebazaa A (2006) Septic shock: a heart story since the 1960s. Intensive Care Med 32:799–807CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Ellrodt AG (1985) LV performance in septic shock: reversible segmental and global abnormalities. Am Heart J 110:402–409PubMedCrossRef Ellrodt AG (1985) LV performance in septic shock: reversible segmental and global abnormalities. Am Heart J 110:402–409PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Vieillard-Baron CailleV, Charron C et al (2008) The actual incidence of global left ventricular hypokinesia in adult septic shock. Crit Care Med 36:1701–1706PubMedCrossRef Vieillard-Baron CailleV, Charron C et al (2008) The actual incidence of global left ventricular hypokinesia in adult septic shock. Crit Care Med 36:1701–1706PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Parker MM (1984) Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock. Ann Int Med 100:483–496PubMedCrossRef Parker MM (1984) Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock. Ann Int Med 100:483–496PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Vieillard-Baron A (2001) Early preload adaptation in septic shock? A TEE study. Anesthesiology 94:400–406PubMedCrossRef Vieillard-Baron A (2001) Early preload adaptation in septic shock? A TEE study. Anesthesiology 94:400–406PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Bouhemad B, Nicolas-Robin A, Arbelot C, Arthaud M, Fégere F, Rouby J-J (2009) Acute left ventricular dilatation and shock-induced myocardial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 37:441–447PubMedCrossRef Bouhemad B, Nicolas-Robin A, Arbelot C, Arthaud M, Fégere F, Rouby J-J (2009) Acute left ventricular dilatation and shock-induced myocardial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 37:441–447PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Etchecopar-Chevreuil C, François B, Clavel M, Pichon N, Gastinne H, Vignon P (2008) Cardiac morphological and functional changes during early septic shock: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. Intensive Care Med 34:250–256PubMedCrossRef Etchecopar-Chevreuil C, François B, Clavel M, Pichon N, Gastinne H, Vignon P (2008) Cardiac morphological and functional changes during early septic shock: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. Intensive Care Med 34:250–256PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Maeder M (2006) Sepsis-associated myocardial dysfunction: diagnostic and prognostic impact of cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides. Chest 129:1349–1366PubMedCrossRef Maeder M (2006) Sepsis-associated myocardial dysfunction: diagnostic and prognostic impact of cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides. Chest 129:1349–1366PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Sado D, Greaves K (2010) Myocardial perfusion echocardiography: a novel use in the diagnosis of sepsis-induced left ventricular systolic impairment on the intensive care unit. Eur J Echocardiogr (Epub ahead of print) Sado D, Greaves K (2010) Myocardial perfusion echocardiography: a novel use in the diagnosis of sepsis-induced left ventricular systolic impairment on the intensive care unit. Eur J Echocardiogr (Epub ahead of print)
58.
go back to reference Kimchi A, Ellrodt AG, Berman DS, Riedinger MS, Swan HJ, Murata GH (1984) Right ventricular performance in septic shock: a combined radionuclide and hemodynamic study. JACC 4:945–951PubMedCrossRef Kimchi A, Ellrodt AG, Berman DS, Riedinger MS, Swan HJ, Murata GH (1984) Right ventricular performance in septic shock: a combined radionuclide and hemodynamic study. JACC 4:945–951PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Sibbald WJ, Paterson NA, Holliday RL, Anderson RA, Lobb TR, Duff JH (1978) Pulmonary hypertension in sepsis: measurement by the pulmonary artery diastolic-pulmonary wedge pressure gradient and the influence of passive and active factors. Chest 73:583–591PubMedCrossRef Sibbald WJ, Paterson NA, Holliday RL, Anderson RA, Lobb TR, Duff JH (1978) Pulmonary hypertension in sepsis: measurement by the pulmonary artery diastolic-pulmonary wedge pressure gradient and the influence of passive and active factors. Chest 73:583–591PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Vieillard-Baron A, Schmitt JM, Augarde R, Fellahi JL, Prin S, Page B, Beauchet A, Jardin F (2001) Acute cor pulmonale in ARDS submitted to protective ventilation: incidence, clinical implications, and prognosis. Crit Care Med 29:1551–1555PubMedCrossRef Vieillard-Baron A, Schmitt JM, Augarde R, Fellahi JL, Prin S, Page B, Beauchet A, Jardin F (2001) Acute cor pulmonale in ARDS submitted to protective ventilation: incidence, clinical implications, and prognosis. Crit Care Med 29:1551–1555PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Vieillard-Baron A, Jardin F (2007) Is there a safe plateau pressure in ARDS: the right heart only knows. Intensive Care Med 33:444–447PubMedCrossRef Vieillard-Baron A, Jardin F (2007) Is there a safe plateau pressure in ARDS: the right heart only knows. Intensive Care Med 33:444–447PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Bouhemad B, Nicolas-Robin A, Arbelot C, Arthaud M, Fégere F, Rouby J-J (2008) Isolated and reversible impairment of ventricular relaxation in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 36:766–774PubMedCrossRef Bouhemad B, Nicolas-Robin A, Arbelot C, Arthaud M, Fégere F, Rouby J-J (2008) Isolated and reversible impairment of ventricular relaxation in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 36:766–774PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Poelaert J, Declerck C, Vogelaers D, Colardyn F, Visser CA (1997) Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 23:553–560PubMedCrossRef Poelaert J, Declerck C, Vogelaers D, Colardyn F, Visser CA (1997) Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 23:553–560PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Mousavi N, Czarnecki A, Ahmadie R, Tielan F, Kumar K, Lytwyn M, Kumar A, Jassal DS (2010) The utility of tissue Doppler imaging for the noninvasive determination of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with septic shock. J Intensive Care Med 25:163–167 Mousavi N, Czarnecki A, Ahmadie R, Tielan F, Kumar K, Lytwyn M, Kumar A, Jassal DS (2010) The utility of tissue Doppler imaging for the noninvasive determination of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with septic shock. J Intensive Care Med 25:163–167
65.
go back to reference Vignon P, AitHssain A, François B, Preux PM, Pichon N, Clavel M, Frat JP, Gastinne H (2008) Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in ventilated patients: a transoesophageal study. Crit Care 12:R18PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Vignon P, AitHssain A, François B, Preux PM, Pichon N, Clavel M, Frat JP, Gastinne H (2008) Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in ventilated patients: a transoesophageal study. Crit Care 12:R18PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Boussuges A, Blanc P, Molenat F, Burnet H, Habib G, Sainty JM (2002) Evaluation of left ventricular filling pressure by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 30:362–367PubMedCrossRef Boussuges A, Blanc P, Molenat F, Burnet H, Habib G, Sainty JM (2002) Evaluation of left ventricular filling pressure by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 30:362–367PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK (1994) New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Am J Med 96:200–209PubMedCrossRef Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK (1994) New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Am J Med 96:200–209PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VG Jr, Ryan T, Bashore T, Corey GR (2000) Proposed modifications to Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 30:633–638PubMedCrossRef Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VG Jr, Ryan T, Bashore T, Corey GR (2000) Proposed modifications to Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 30:633–638PubMedCrossRef
69.
70.
go back to reference Mourvillier B, Trouillet JL, Timsit JF, Baudot J, Chastre J, Régnier B, Gibert C, Wolff M (2004) Infective endocarditis in the ICU: clinical spectrum and prognostic factors in 228 consecutive patients. Intensive Care Med 30:2046–2052PubMedCrossRef Mourvillier B, Trouillet JL, Timsit JF, Baudot J, Chastre J, Régnier B, Gibert C, Wolff M (2004) Infective endocarditis in the ICU: clinical spectrum and prognostic factors in 228 consecutive patients. Intensive Care Med 30:2046–2052PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Perron JM (2001) Échocardiographie dans la prise en charge de l’endocardite infectiouse. Arch Mal Cœur 94:29–37 Perron JM (2001) Échocardiographie dans la prise en charge de l’endocardite infectiouse. Arch Mal Cœur 94:29–37
73.
go back to reference Erbel R, Rohmann S, Drexler M, Mohr-Kahaly S, Gerharz CD, Iversen S, Oelert H, Meyer J (1988) Improved diagnosis value of echocardigraphy in patients with infective endocarditis by TEE approach: a prospective study. Eur Heart J 9:45–53 Erbel R, Rohmann S, Drexler M, Mohr-Kahaly S, Gerharz CD, Iversen S, Oelert H, Meyer J (1988) Improved diagnosis value of echocardigraphy in patients with infective endocarditis by TEE approach: a prospective study. Eur Heart J 9:45–53
74.
go back to reference Roudaut R (1993) Appport diagnostique de l’échocardiographie transœsophagienne dans les endocardites infectieuses: fiabilité et limites. Arch Mal Cœur 86:1819–1823PubMed Roudaut R (1993) Appport diagnostique de l’échocardiographie transœsophagienne dans les endocardites infectieuses: fiabilité et limites. Arch Mal Cœur 86:1819–1823PubMed
75.
go back to reference Lindner JR, Case RA, Dent JM, Abbott RD, Scheld WM, Kaul S (1996) Diagnostic value of echocardiography in suspected endocarditis. An evaluation based on the pretest probability of disease. Circulation 93:730–736PubMedCrossRef Lindner JR, Case RA, Dent JM, Abbott RD, Scheld WM, Kaul S (1996) Diagnostic value of echocardiography in suspected endocarditis. An evaluation based on the pretest probability of disease. Circulation 93:730–736PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Daniel WG, Mügge A, Grote J, Hausmann D, Nikutta P, Laas J, Lichtlen PR, Martin RP (1993) Comparison of TTE and TEE for detection of abnormalities of prosthestic and bioprosthetic valves in the mitral and aortic position. Am J Cardiol 71:210–215PubMedCrossRef Daniel WG, Mügge A, Grote J, Hausmann D, Nikutta P, Laas J, Lichtlen PR, Martin RP (1993) Comparison of TTE and TEE for detection of abnormalities of prosthestic and bioprosthetic valves in the mitral and aortic position. Am J Cardiol 71:210–215PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Victor F, De Place C, Camus C, Le Breton H, Leclercq C, Pavin D, Mabo P, Daubert C (1999) Pacemaker lead infection: echocardiographic features, management, and outcome. Heart 81:82–87PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Victor F, De Place C, Camus C, Le Breton H, Leclercq C, Pavin D, Mabo P, Daubert C (1999) Pacemaker lead infection: echocardiographic features, management, and outcome. Heart 81:82–87PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Weber T, Huemer G, Tschernich H, Kranz A, Imhof M, Sladen RN (1998) Catheter-induced thrombus in the superior vena cava diagnosed by TEE. Acta Anaesth Scand 42:1227–1230PubMedCrossRef Weber T, Huemer G, Tschernich H, Kranz A, Imhof M, Sladen RN (1998) Catheter-induced thrombus in the superior vena cava diagnosed by TEE. Acta Anaesth Scand 42:1227–1230PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Yamashita S, Noma K, Kuwata G, Miyoshi K, Honaga K (2005) Infective Endocarditis at the tricuspid valve following central venous catheterization. J Anesth 19:84–87PubMedCrossRef Yamashita S, Noma K, Kuwata G, Miyoshi K, Honaga K (2005) Infective Endocarditis at the tricuspid valve following central venous catheterization. J Anesth 19:84–87PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Cohen GI, Klein AL, Chan KL, Stewart WJ, Salcedo EE (1992) TEE diagnosis of right sided cardiac mass in patients with central lines. Am J Cardiol 70:925–929PubMedCrossRef Cohen GI, Klein AL, Chan KL, Stewart WJ, Salcedo EE (1992) TEE diagnosis of right sided cardiac mass in patients with central lines. Am J Cardiol 70:925–929PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Vilacosta I, Sarriá C, San Román JA, Jiménez J, Castillo JA, Iturralde E, Rollán MJ, Martínez Elbal L (1994) Usefulness of TEE for diagnosis of infected transvenous permanent pacemakers. Circulation 89:2684–2687PubMedCrossRef Vilacosta I, Sarriá C, San Román JA, Jiménez J, Castillo JA, Iturralde E, Rollán MJ, Martínez Elbal L (1994) Usefulness of TEE for diagnosis of infected transvenous permanent pacemakers. Circulation 89:2684–2687PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Garcia E, Granier I, Geissler A, Boespflug MD, Magnan PE, Durand-Gasselin J (1997) Surgical management of Candida suppurative thrombophlebitis of superior vena cava after central venous catheterization. Intensive Care Med 23:1002–1004PubMedCrossRef Garcia E, Granier I, Geissler A, Boespflug MD, Magnan PE, Durand-Gasselin J (1997) Surgical management of Candida suppurative thrombophlebitis of superior vena cava after central venous catheterization. Intensive Care Med 23:1002–1004PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Rowley KM, Clubb KS, Smith GJ, Cabin HS (1984) Right-sided infective endocarditis as a consequence of flow-directed pulmonary-artery catheterization. NEJM 311:1152–1156PubMedCrossRef Rowley KM, Clubb KS, Smith GJ, Cabin HS (1984) Right-sided infective endocarditis as a consequence of flow-directed pulmonary-artery catheterization. NEJM 311:1152–1156PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Echocardiography in the sepsis syndromes
Authors
Gabriele Via
Susanna Price
Enrico Storti
Publication date
01-08-2011
Publisher
Springer Milan
Published in
The Ultrasound Journal / Issue 2/2011
Electronic ISSN: 2524-8987
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13089-011-0069-0

Other articles of this Issue 2/2011

The Ultrasound Journal 2/2011 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.