Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Heart Failure Reviews 3/2011

Open Access 01-05-2011

Echocardiographic prediction of outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy: conventional methods and recent developments

Authors: Geert E. Leenders, Maarten J. Cramer, Margot D. Bogaard, Mathias Meine, Pieter A. Doevendans, Bart W. De Boeck

Published in: Heart Failure Reviews | Issue 3/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Echocardiography plays an important role in patient assessment before cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and can monitor many of its mechanical effects in heart failure patients. Encouraged by the highly variable individual response observed in the major CRT trials, echocardiography-based measurements of mechanical dyssynchrony have been extensively investigated with the aim of improving response prediction and CRT delivery. Despite recent setbacks, these techniques have continued to develop in order to overcome some of their initial flaws and limitations. This review discusses the concepts and rationale of the available echocardiographic techniques, highlighting newer quantification methods and discussing some of the unsolved issues that need to be addressed.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Prinzen FW, Hunter WC, Wyman BT et al (1999) Mapping of regional myocardial strain and work during ventricular pacing: experimental study using magnetic resonance imaging tagging. J Am Coll Cardiol 33(6):1735–1742PubMedCrossRef Prinzen FW, Hunter WC, Wyman BT et al (1999) Mapping of regional myocardial strain and work during ventricular pacing: experimental study using magnetic resonance imaging tagging. J Am Coll Cardiol 33(6):1735–1742PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Vernooy K, Verbeek XA, Peschar M et al (2005) Left bundle branch block induces ventricular remodelling and functional septal hypoperfusion. Eur Heart J 26(1):91–98PubMedCrossRef Vernooy K, Verbeek XA, Peschar M et al (2005) Left bundle branch block induces ventricular remodelling and functional septal hypoperfusion. Eur Heart J 26(1):91–98PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Wyman BT, Hunter WC, Prinzen FW et al (2002) Effects of single- and biventricular pacing on temporal and spatial dynamics of ventricular contraction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282(1):H372–H379PubMed Wyman BT, Hunter WC, Prinzen FW et al (2002) Effects of single- and biventricular pacing on temporal and spatial dynamics of ventricular contraction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282(1):H372–H379PubMed
4.
go back to reference Vernooy K, Cornelussen RN, Verbeek XA et al (2007) Cardiac resynchronization therapy cures dyssynchronopathy in canine left bundle-branch block hearts. Eur Heart J 28(17):2148–2155PubMedCrossRef Vernooy K, Cornelussen RN, Verbeek XA et al (2007) Cardiac resynchronization therapy cures dyssynchronopathy in canine left bundle-branch block hearts. Eur Heart J 28(17):2148–2155PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Vanderheyden M, Mullens W, Delrue L et al (2008) Myocardial gene expression in heart failure patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy responders versus nonresponders. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(2):129–136PubMedCrossRef Vanderheyden M, Mullens W, Delrue L et al (2008) Myocardial gene expression in heart failure patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy responders versus nonresponders. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(2):129–136PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL et al (2002) Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 346(24):1845–1853PubMedCrossRef Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL et al (2002) Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 346(24):1845–1853PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E et al (2005) The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 352(15):1539–1549PubMedCrossRef Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E et al (2005) The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 352(15):1539–1549PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference St John Sutton MG, Plappert T, Abraham WT et al (2003) Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure. Circulation 107(15):1985–1990PubMedCrossRef St John Sutton MG, Plappert T, Abraham WT et al (2003) Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure. Circulation 107(15):1985–1990PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS et al (2009) Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med 361(14):1329–1338PubMedCrossRef Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS et al (2009) Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med 361(14):1329–1338PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference St John Sutton MG, Ghio S, Plappert T et al (2009) Cardiac resynchronization induces major structural and functional reverse remodeling in patients with New York Heart Association class I/II heart failure. Circulation 120(19):1858–1865PubMedCrossRef St John Sutton MG, Ghio S, Plappert T et al (2009) Cardiac resynchronization induces major structural and functional reverse remodeling in patients with New York Heart Association class I/II heart failure. Circulation 120(19):1858–1865PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Achilli A, Peraldo C, Sassara M et al (2006) Prediction of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: the selection of candidates for CRT (SCART) study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 29(Suppl 2):S11–S19PubMedCrossRef Achilli A, Peraldo C, Sassara M et al (2006) Prediction of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: the selection of candidates for CRT (SCART) study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 29(Suppl 2):S11–S19PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Bax JJ, Bleeker GB, Marwick TH et al (2004) Left ventricular dyssynchrony predicts response and prognosis after cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 44(9):1834–1840PubMedCrossRef Bax JJ, Bleeker GB, Marwick TH et al (2004) Left ventricular dyssynchrony predicts response and prognosis after cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 44(9):1834–1840PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Bleeker GB, Kaandorp TA, Lamb HJ et al (2006) Effect of posterolateral scar tissue on clinical and echocardiographic improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 113(7):969–976PubMedCrossRef Bleeker GB, Kaandorp TA, Lamb HJ et al (2006) Effect of posterolateral scar tissue on clinical and echocardiographic improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 113(7):969–976PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Pitzalis MV, Iacoviello M, Romito R et al (2002) Cardiac resynchronization therapy tailored by echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular asynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol 40(9):1615–1622PubMedCrossRef Pitzalis MV, Iacoviello M, Romito R et al (2002) Cardiac resynchronization therapy tailored by echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular asynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol 40(9):1615–1622PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Suffoletto MS, Dohi K, Cannesson M et al (2006) Novel speckle-tracking radial strain from routine black-and-white echocardiographic images to quantify dyssynchrony and predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 113(7):960–968PubMedCrossRef Suffoletto MS, Dohi K, Cannesson M et al (2006) Novel speckle-tracking radial strain from routine black-and-white echocardiographic images to quantify dyssynchrony and predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 113(7):960–968PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Yu CM, Zhang Q, Fung JW et al (2005) A novel tool to assess systolic asynchrony and identify responders of cardiac resynchronization therapy by tissue synchronization imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(5):677–684PubMedCrossRef Yu CM, Zhang Q, Fung JW et al (2005) A novel tool to assess systolic asynchrony and identify responders of cardiac resynchronization therapy by tissue synchronization imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(5):677–684PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Chung ES, Leon AR, Tavazzi L et al (2008) Results of the Predictors of Response to CRT (PROSPECT) trial. Circulation 117(20):2608–2616PubMedCrossRef Chung ES, Leon AR, Tavazzi L et al (2008) Results of the Predictors of Response to CRT (PROSPECT) trial. Circulation 117(20):2608–2616PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Beshai JF, Grimm RA, Nagueh SF et al (2007) Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with narrow QRS complexes. N Engl J Med 357(24):2461–2471PubMedCrossRef Beshai JF, Grimm RA, Nagueh SF et al (2007) Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with narrow QRS complexes. N Engl J Med 357(24):2461–2471PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Hawkins NM, Petrie MC, Burgess MI et al (2009) Selecting patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy: the fallacy of echocardiographic dyssynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(21):1944–1959PubMedCrossRef Hawkins NM, Petrie MC, Burgess MI et al (2009) Selecting patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy: the fallacy of echocardiographic dyssynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(21):1944–1959PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference van der Land V, Germans T, van Dijk J et al (2007) The effect of left bundle branch block on left ventricular remodeling, dyssynchrony and deformation of the mitral valve apparatus: an observational cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 23(4):529–536PubMedCrossRef van der Land V, Germans T, van Dijk J et al (2007) The effect of left bundle branch block on left ventricular remodeling, dyssynchrony and deformation of the mitral valve apparatus: an observational cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 23(4):529–536PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Duncan AM, Francis DP, Henein MY et al (2003) Limitation of cardiac output by total isovolumic time during pharmacologic stress in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: activation-mediated effects of left bundle branch block and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 41(1):121–128PubMedCrossRef Duncan AM, Francis DP, Henein MY et al (2003) Limitation of cardiac output by total isovolumic time during pharmacologic stress in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: activation-mediated effects of left bundle branch block and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 41(1):121–128PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Cleland J, Freemantle N, Ghio S et al (2008) Predicting the long-term effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on mortality from baseline variables and the early response a report from the CARE-HF (Cardiac Resynchronization in Heart Failure) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 52(6):438–445PubMedCrossRef Cleland J, Freemantle N, Ghio S et al (2008) Predicting the long-term effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on mortality from baseline variables and the early response a report from the CARE-HF (Cardiac Resynchronization in Heart Failure) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 52(6):438–445PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Leclercq C, Faris O, Tunin R et al (2002) Systolic improvement and mechanical resynchronization does not require electrical synchrony in the dilated failing heart with left bundle-branch block. Circulation 106(14):1760–1763PubMedCrossRef Leclercq C, Faris O, Tunin R et al (2002) Systolic improvement and mechanical resynchronization does not require electrical synchrony in the dilated failing heart with left bundle-branch block. Circulation 106(14):1760–1763PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Kirn B, Jansen A, Bracke F et al (2008) Mechanical discoordination rather than dyssynchrony predicts reverse remodeling upon cardiac resynchronization. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295(2):H640–H646PubMedCrossRef Kirn B, Jansen A, Bracke F et al (2008) Mechanical discoordination rather than dyssynchrony predicts reverse remodeling upon cardiac resynchronization. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295(2):H640–H646PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Nelson GS, Curry CW, Wyman BT et al (2000) Predictors of systolic augmentation from left ventricular preexcitation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and intraventricular conduction delay. Circulation 101(23):2703–2709PubMed Nelson GS, Curry CW, Wyman BT et al (2000) Predictors of systolic augmentation from left ventricular preexcitation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and intraventricular conduction delay. Circulation 101(23):2703–2709PubMed
26.
go back to reference Auricchio A, Ding J, Spinelli JC et al (2002) Cardiac resynchronization therapy restores optimal atrioventricular mechanical timing in heart failure patients with ventricular conduction delay. J Am Coll Cardiol 39(7):1163–1169PubMedCrossRef Auricchio A, Ding J, Spinelli JC et al (2002) Cardiac resynchronization therapy restores optimal atrioventricular mechanical timing in heart failure patients with ventricular conduction delay. J Am Coll Cardiol 39(7):1163–1169PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Jansen AH, van DJ, Bracke F et al (2007) Improvement in diastolic function and left ventricular filling pressure induced by cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am Heart J 153(5):843–849PubMedCrossRef Jansen AH, van DJ, Bracke F et al (2007) Improvement in diastolic function and left ventricular filling pressure induced by cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am Heart J 153(5):843–849PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Duncan AM, Lim E, Clague J et al (2006) Comparison of segmental and global markers of dyssynchrony in predicting clinical response to cardiac resynchronization. Eur Heart J 27(20):2426–2432PubMedCrossRef Duncan AM, Lim E, Clague J et al (2006) Comparison of segmental and global markers of dyssynchrony in predicting clinical response to cardiac resynchronization. Eur Heart J 27(20):2426–2432PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Yu CM, Chau E, Sanderson JE et al (2002) Tissue Doppler echocardiographic evidence of reverse remodeling and improved synchronicity by simultaneously delaying regional contraction after biventricular pacing therapy in heart failure. Circulation 105(4):438–445PubMedCrossRef Yu CM, Chau E, Sanderson JE et al (2002) Tissue Doppler echocardiographic evidence of reverse remodeling and improved synchronicity by simultaneously delaying regional contraction after biventricular pacing therapy in heart failure. Circulation 105(4):438–445PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Miyazaki C, Redfield MM, Powell BD et al (2010) Dyssynchrony indices to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: a comprehensive prospective single-center study. Circ Heart Fail 3(5):565–573PubMedCrossRef Miyazaki C, Redfield MM, Powell BD et al (2010) Dyssynchrony indices to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: a comprehensive prospective single-center study. Circ Heart Fail 3(5):565–573PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Parsai C, Bijnens B, Sutherland GR et al (2009) Toward understanding response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: left ventricular dyssynchrony is only one of multiple mechanisms. Eur Heart J 30(8):940–949PubMedCrossRef Parsai C, Bijnens B, Sutherland GR et al (2009) Toward understanding response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: left ventricular dyssynchrony is only one of multiple mechanisms. Eur Heart J 30(8):940–949PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Lafitte S, Reant P, Zaroui A et al (2009) Validation of an echocardiographic multiparametric strategy to increase responders patients after cardiac resynchronization: a multicentre study. Eur Heart J 30(23):2880–2887PubMedCrossRef Lafitte S, Reant P, Zaroui A et al (2009) Validation of an echocardiographic multiparametric strategy to increase responders patients after cardiac resynchronization: a multicentre study. Eur Heart J 30(23):2880–2887PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Gorcsan J III, Abraham T, Agler DA et al (2008) Echocardiography for cardiac resynchronization therapy: recommendations for performance and reporting–a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21(3):191–213PubMedCrossRef Gorcsan J III, Abraham T, Agler DA et al (2008) Echocardiography for cardiac resynchronization therapy: recommendations for performance and reporting–a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21(3):191–213PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Stanton T, Hawkins NM, Hogg KJ et al (2008) How should we optimize cardiac resynchronization therapy? Eur Heart J 29(20):2458–2472PubMedCrossRef Stanton T, Hawkins NM, Hogg KJ et al (2008) How should we optimize cardiac resynchronization therapy? Eur Heart J 29(20):2458–2472PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Vernooy K, Verbeek XA, Cornelussen RN et al (2007) Calculation of effective VV interval facilitates optimization of AV delay and VV interval in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 4(1):75–82PubMedCrossRef Vernooy K, Verbeek XA, Cornelussen RN et al (2007) Calculation of effective VV interval facilitates optimization of AV delay and VV interval in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 4(1):75–82PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Little WC, Reeves RC, Arciniegas J et al (1982) Mechanism of abnormal interventricular septal motion during delayed left ventricular activation. Circulation 65(7):1486–1491PubMed Little WC, Reeves RC, Arciniegas J et al (1982) Mechanism of abnormal interventricular septal motion during delayed left ventricular activation. Circulation 65(7):1486–1491PubMed
37.
go back to reference Yu Y, Kramer A, Spinelli J et al (2003) Biventricular mechanical asynchrony predicts hemodynamic effect of uni- and biventricular pacing. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285(6):H2788–H2796PubMed Yu Y, Kramer A, Spinelli J et al (2003) Biventricular mechanical asynchrony predicts hemodynamic effect of uni- and biventricular pacing. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285(6):H2788–H2796PubMed
38.
go back to reference Bleasdale RA, Turner MS, Mumford CE et al (2004) Left ventricular pacing minimizes diastolic ventricular interaction, allowing improved preload-dependent systolic performance. Circulation 110(16):2395–2400PubMedCrossRef Bleasdale RA, Turner MS, Mumford CE et al (2004) Left ventricular pacing minimizes diastolic ventricular interaction, allowing improved preload-dependent systolic performance. Circulation 110(16):2395–2400PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Lumens J, Arts T, Broers B et al (2009) Right ventricular free wall pacing improves cardiac pump function in severe pulmonary arterial hypertension: a computer simulation analysis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 297(6):H2196–H2205PubMedCrossRef Lumens J, Arts T, Broers B et al (2009) Right ventricular free wall pacing improves cardiac pump function in severe pulmonary arterial hypertension: a computer simulation analysis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 297(6):H2196–H2205PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Verbeek XA, Auricchio A, Yu Y et al (2006) Tailoring cardiac resynchronization therapy using interventricular asynchrony. Validation of a simple model. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290(3):H968–H977PubMedCrossRef Verbeek XA, Auricchio A, Yu Y et al (2006) Tailoring cardiac resynchronization therapy using interventricular asynchrony. Validation of a simple model. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290(3):H968–H977PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Ghio S, Freemantle N, Scelsi L et al (2009) Long-term left ventricular reverse remodelling with cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from the CARE-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail 11(5):480–488PubMedCrossRef Ghio S, Freemantle N, Scelsi L et al (2009) Long-term left ventricular reverse remodelling with cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from the CARE-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail 11(5):480–488PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Richardson M, Freemantle N, Calvert MJ et al (2007) Predictors and treatment response with cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure characterized by dyssynchrony: a pre-defined analysis from the CARE-HF trial. Eur Heart J 28(15):1827–1834PubMedCrossRef Richardson M, Freemantle N, Calvert MJ et al (2007) Predictors and treatment response with cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure characterized by dyssynchrony: a pre-defined analysis from the CARE-HF trial. Eur Heart J 28(15):1827–1834PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Penicka M, Bartunek J, De Bruyne B et al (2004) Improvement of left ventricular function after cardiac resynchronization therapy is predicted by tissue Doppler imaging echocardiography. Circulation 109(8):978–983PubMedCrossRef Penicka M, Bartunek J, De Bruyne B et al (2004) Improvement of left ventricular function after cardiac resynchronization therapy is predicted by tissue Doppler imaging echocardiography. Circulation 109(8):978–983PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Marcus GM, Rose E, Viloria EM et al (2005) Septal to posterior wall motion delay fails to predict reverse remodeling or clinical improvement in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 46(12):2208–2214PubMedCrossRef Marcus GM, Rose E, Viloria EM et al (2005) Septal to posterior wall motion delay fails to predict reverse remodeling or clinical improvement in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 46(12):2208–2214PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Pitzalis MV, Iacoviello M, Romito R et al (2005) Ventricular asynchrony predicts a better outcome in patients with chronic heart failure receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(1):65–69PubMedCrossRef Pitzalis MV, Iacoviello M, Romito R et al (2005) Ventricular asynchrony predicts a better outcome in patients with chronic heart failure receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(1):65–69PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Diaz-Infante E, Sitges M, Vidal B et al (2007) Usefulness of ventricular dyssynchrony measured using M-mode echocardiography to predict response to resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol 100(1):84–89PubMedCrossRef Diaz-Infante E, Sitges M, Vidal B et al (2007) Usefulness of ventricular dyssynchrony measured using M-mode echocardiography to predict response to resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol 100(1):84–89PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Sogaard P, Egeblad H, Pedersen AK et al (2002) Sequential versus simultaneous biventricular resynchronization for severe heart failure: evaluation by tissue Doppler imaging. Circulation 106(16):2078–2084PubMedCrossRef Sogaard P, Egeblad H, Pedersen AK et al (2002) Sequential versus simultaneous biventricular resynchronization for severe heart failure: evaluation by tissue Doppler imaging. Circulation 106(16):2078–2084PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Kapetanakis S, Kearney MT, Siva A et al (2005) Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: a novel technique to quantify global left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony. Circulation 112(7):992–1000PubMedCrossRef Kapetanakis S, Kearney MT, Siva A et al (2005) Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: a novel technique to quantify global left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony. Circulation 112(7):992–1000PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Marsan NA, Bleeker GB, Ypenburg C et al (2008) Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography as a novel approach to assess left ventricular and left atrium reverse remodeling and to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 5(9):1257–1264PubMedCrossRef Marsan NA, Bleeker GB, Ypenburg C et al (2008) Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography as a novel approach to assess left ventricular and left atrium reverse remodeling and to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 5(9):1257–1264PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Soliman OI, Geleijnse ML, Theuns DA et al (2009) Usefulness of left ventricular systolic dyssynchrony by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to predict long-term response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol 103(11):1586–1591PubMedCrossRef Soliman OI, Geleijnse ML, Theuns DA et al (2009) Usefulness of left ventricular systolic dyssynchrony by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to predict long-term response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol 103(11):1586–1591PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Burgess MI, Jenkins C, Chan J et al (2007) Measurement of left ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy: a comparison of real-time three-dimensional and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Heart 93(10):1191–1196PubMedCrossRef Burgess MI, Jenkins C, Chan J et al (2007) Measurement of left ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy: a comparison of real-time three-dimensional and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Heart 93(10):1191–1196PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Soliman OI, Theuns DA, Geleijnse ML et al (2007) Spectral pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging lateral-to-septal delay fails to predict clinical or echocardiographic outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace 9(2):113–118PubMedCrossRef Soliman OI, Theuns DA, Geleijnse ML et al (2007) Spectral pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging lateral-to-septal delay fails to predict clinical or echocardiographic outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace 9(2):113–118PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Gorcsan J III, Kanzaki H, Bazaz R et al (2004) Usefulness of echocardiographic tissue synchronization imaging to predict acute response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol 93(9):1178–1181PubMedCrossRef Gorcsan J III, Kanzaki H, Bazaz R et al (2004) Usefulness of echocardiographic tissue synchronization imaging to predict acute response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol 93(9):1178–1181PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Gorcsan J III, Tanabe M, Bleeker GB et al (2007) Combined longitudinal and radial dyssynchrony predicts ventricular response after resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 50(15):1476–1483PubMedCrossRef Gorcsan J III, Tanabe M, Bleeker GB et al (2007) Combined longitudinal and radial dyssynchrony predicts ventricular response after resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 50(15):1476–1483PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Van de Veire NR, Yu CM, Ajmone-Marsan N et al (2008) Triplane tissue Doppler imaging: a novel three-dimensional imaging modality that predicts reverse left ventricular remodelling after cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Heart 94(3):e9PubMedCrossRef Van de Veire NR, Yu CM, Ajmone-Marsan N et al (2008) Triplane tissue Doppler imaging: a novel three-dimensional imaging modality that predicts reverse left ventricular remodelling after cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Heart 94(3):e9PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Yu CM, Fung WH, Lin H et al (2003) Predictors of left ventricular reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 91(6):684–688PubMedCrossRef Yu CM, Fung WH, Lin H et al (2003) Predictors of left ventricular reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 91(6):684–688PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Yu CM, Fung JW, Zhang Q et al (2004) Tissue Doppler imaging is superior to strain rate imaging and postsystolic shortening on the prediction of reverse remodeling in both ischemic and nonischemic heart failure after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 110(1):66–73PubMedCrossRef Yu CM, Fung JW, Zhang Q et al (2004) Tissue Doppler imaging is superior to strain rate imaging and postsystolic shortening on the prediction of reverse remodeling in both ischemic and nonischemic heart failure after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 110(1):66–73PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Yu CM, Gorcsan J III, Bleeker GB et al (2007) Usefulness of tissue Doppler velocity and strain dyssynchrony for predicting left ventricular reverse remodeling response after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol 100(8):1263–1270PubMedCrossRef Yu CM, Gorcsan J III, Bleeker GB et al (2007) Usefulness of tissue Doppler velocity and strain dyssynchrony for predicting left ventricular reverse remodeling response after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol 100(8):1263–1270PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference De Boeck BW, Meine M, Leenders GE et al (2008) Practical and conceptual limitations of tissue Doppler imaging to predict reverse remodelling in cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Eur J Heart Fail 10(3):281–290PubMedCrossRef De Boeck BW, Meine M, Leenders GE et al (2008) Practical and conceptual limitations of tissue Doppler imaging to predict reverse remodelling in cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Eur J Heart Fail 10(3):281–290PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Ansalone G, Giannantoni P, Ricci R et al (2002) Doppler myocardial imaging to evaluate the effectiveness of pacing sites in patients receiving biventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 39(3):489–499PubMedCrossRef Ansalone G, Giannantoni P, Ricci R et al (2002) Doppler myocardial imaging to evaluate the effectiveness of pacing sites in patients receiving biventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 39(3):489–499PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Seo Y, Ishizu T, Sakamaki F et al (2009) Analysis of the origin of cardiac wall motion that constitutes myocardial velocity-time curves in patients with left bundle branch block. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22(4):331–336PubMedCrossRef Seo Y, Ishizu T, Sakamaki F et al (2009) Analysis of the origin of cardiac wall motion that constitutes myocardial velocity-time curves in patients with left bundle branch block. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22(4):331–336PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Anderson LJ, Miyazaki C, Sutherland GR et al (2008) Patient selection and echocardiographic assessment of dyssynchrony in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 117(15):2009–2023PubMedCrossRef Anderson LJ, Miyazaki C, Sutherland GR et al (2008) Patient selection and echocardiographic assessment of dyssynchrony in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 117(15):2009–2023PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Breithardt OA, Stellbrink C, Herbots L et al (2003) Cardiac resynchronization therapy can reverse abnormal myocardial strain distribution in patients with heart failure and left bundle branch block. J Am Coll Cardiol 42(3):486–494PubMedCrossRef Breithardt OA, Stellbrink C, Herbots L et al (2003) Cardiac resynchronization therapy can reverse abnormal myocardial strain distribution in patients with heart failure and left bundle branch block. J Am Coll Cardiol 42(3):486–494PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Miyazaki C, Powell BD, Bruce CJ et al (2008) Comparison of echocardiographic dyssynchrony assessment by tissue velocity and strain imaging in subjects with or without systolic dysfunction and with or without left bundle-branch block. Circulation 117(20):2617–2625PubMedCrossRef Miyazaki C, Powell BD, Bruce CJ et al (2008) Comparison of echocardiographic dyssynchrony assessment by tissue velocity and strain imaging in subjects with or without systolic dysfunction and with or without left bundle-branch block. Circulation 117(20):2617–2625PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Russell K, Opdahl A, Remme EW et al (2010) Evaluation of left ventricular dyssynchrony by onset of active myocardial force generation: a novel method that differentiates between electrical and mechanical etiologies. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 3(4):405–414PubMedCrossRef Russell K, Opdahl A, Remme EW et al (2010) Evaluation of left ventricular dyssynchrony by onset of active myocardial force generation: a novel method that differentiates between electrical and mechanical etiologies. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 3(4):405–414PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Teske AJ, De Boeck BW, Melman PG et al (2007) Echocardiographic quantification of myocardial function using tissue deformation imaging, a guide to image acquisition and analysis using tissue Doppler and speckle tracking. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 5:27PubMedCrossRef Teske AJ, De Boeck BW, Melman PG et al (2007) Echocardiographic quantification of myocardial function using tissue deformation imaging, a guide to image acquisition and analysis using tissue Doppler and speckle tracking. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 5:27PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Tanaka H, Hara H, Saba S et al (2010) Usefulness of three-dimensional speckle tracking strain to quantify dyssynchrony and the site of latest mechanical activation. Am J Cardiol 105(2):235–242PubMedCrossRef Tanaka H, Hara H, Saba S et al (2010) Usefulness of three-dimensional speckle tracking strain to quantify dyssynchrony and the site of latest mechanical activation. Am J Cardiol 105(2):235–242PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Delgado V, Ypenburg C, Van Bommel RJ et al (2008) Assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony by speckle tracking strain imaging comparison between longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain in cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(20):1944–1952PubMedCrossRef Delgado V, Ypenburg C, Van Bommel RJ et al (2008) Assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony by speckle tracking strain imaging comparison between longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain in cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(20):1944–1952PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference McDonald IG (1973) Echocardiographic demonstration of abnormal motion of the interventricular septum in left bundle branch block. Circulation 48(2):272–280PubMed McDonald IG (1973) Echocardiographic demonstration of abnormal motion of the interventricular septum in left bundle branch block. Circulation 48(2):272–280PubMed
70.
go back to reference Voigt JU, Schneider TM, Korder S et al (2009) Apical transverse motion as surrogate parameter to determine regional left ventricular function inhomogeneities: a new, integrative approach to left ventricular asynchrony assessment. Eur Heart J 30(8):959–968PubMedCrossRef Voigt JU, Schneider TM, Korder S et al (2009) Apical transverse motion as surrogate parameter to determine regional left ventricular function inhomogeneities: a new, integrative approach to left ventricular asynchrony assessment. Eur Heart J 30(8):959–968PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Jansen AH, van Dantzig JM, Bracke F et al (2007) Qualitative observation of left ventricular multiphasic septal motion and septal-to-lateral apical shuffle predicts left ventricular reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol 99(7):966–969PubMedCrossRef Jansen AH, van Dantzig JM, Bracke F et al (2007) Qualitative observation of left ventricular multiphasic septal motion and septal-to-lateral apical shuffle predicts left ventricular reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol 99(7):966–969PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Bilchick KC, Dimaano V, Wu KC et al (2008) Cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of dyssynchrony and myocardial scar predicts function class improvement following cardiac resynchronization therapy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 1(5):561–568PubMedCrossRef Bilchick KC, Dimaano V, Wu KC et al (2008) Cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of dyssynchrony and myocardial scar predicts function class improvement following cardiac resynchronization therapy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 1(5):561–568PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Breithardt OA, Stellbrink C, Kramer AP et al (2002) Echocardiographic quantification of left ventricular asynchrony predicts an acute hemodynamic benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 40(3):536–545PubMedCrossRef Breithardt OA, Stellbrink C, Kramer AP et al (2002) Echocardiographic quantification of left ventricular asynchrony predicts an acute hemodynamic benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 40(3):536–545PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Buss SJ, Humpert PM, Bekeredjian R et al (2009) Echocardiographic phase imaging to predict reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2(5):535–543PubMedCrossRef Buss SJ, Humpert PM, Bekeredjian R et al (2009) Echocardiographic phase imaging to predict reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2(5):535–543PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Helm RH, Leclercq C, Faris OP et al (2005) Cardiac dyssynchrony analysis using circumferential versus longitudinal strain: implications for assessing cardiac resynchronization. Circulation 111(21):2760–2767PubMedCrossRef Helm RH, Leclercq C, Faris OP et al (2005) Cardiac dyssynchrony analysis using circumferential versus longitudinal strain: implications for assessing cardiac resynchronization. Circulation 111(21):2760–2767PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Lardo AC, Abraham TP, Kass DA (2005) Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of ventricular dyssynchrony: current and emerging concepts. J Am Coll Cardiol 46(12):2223–2228PubMedCrossRef Lardo AC, Abraham TP, Kass DA (2005) Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of ventricular dyssynchrony: current and emerging concepts. J Am Coll Cardiol 46(12):2223–2228PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Bertola B, Rondano E, Sulis M et al (2009) Cardiac dyssynchrony quantitated by time-to-peak or temporal uniformity of strain at longitudinal, circumferential, and radial level: implications for resynchronization therapy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22(6):665–671PubMedCrossRef Bertola B, Rondano E, Sulis M et al (2009) Cardiac dyssynchrony quantitated by time-to-peak or temporal uniformity of strain at longitudinal, circumferential, and radial level: implications for resynchronization therapy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22(6):665–671PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Ascione L, Iengo R, Accadia M et al (2008) A radial global dyssynchrony index as predictor of left ventricular reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 31(7):819–827PubMedCrossRef Ascione L, Iengo R, Accadia M et al (2008) A radial global dyssynchrony index as predictor of left ventricular reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 31(7):819–827PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Wang CL, Wu CT, Yeh YH et al (2010) Recoordination rather than resynchronization predicts reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23(6):611–620PubMedCrossRef Wang CL, Wu CT, Yeh YH et al (2010) Recoordination rather than resynchronization predicts reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23(6):611–620PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference De Boeck BW, Teske AJ, Meine M et al (2009) Septal rebound stretch reflects the functional substrate to cardiac resynchronization therapy and predicts volumetric and neurohormonal response. Eur J Heart Fail 11(9):863–871PubMedCrossRef De Boeck BW, Teske AJ, Meine M et al (2009) Septal rebound stretch reflects the functional substrate to cardiac resynchronization therapy and predicts volumetric and neurohormonal response. Eur J Heart Fail 11(9):863–871PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference De Boeck BW, Teske AJ, Leenders GE et al (2010) Detection and quantification by deformation imaging of the functional impact of septal compared to free wall preexcitation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. Am J Cardiol 106(4):539–546PubMedCrossRef De Boeck BW, Teske AJ, Leenders GE et al (2010) Detection and quantification by deformation imaging of the functional impact of septal compared to free wall preexcitation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. Am J Cardiol 106(4):539–546PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Wyman BT, Hunter WC, Prinzen FW et al (1999) Mapping propagation of mechanical activation in the paced heart with MRI tagging. Am J Physiol 276(3 Pt 2):H881–H891PubMed Wyman BT, Hunter WC, Prinzen FW et al (1999) Mapping propagation of mechanical activation in the paced heart with MRI tagging. Am J Physiol 276(3 Pt 2):H881–H891PubMed
83.
go back to reference Rutz AK, Manka R, Kozerke S et al (2009) Left ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with left bundle branch block and patients after myocardial infarction: integration of mechanics and viability by cardiac magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J 30(17):2117–2127PubMedCrossRef Rutz AK, Manka R, Kozerke S et al (2009) Left ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with left bundle branch block and patients after myocardial infarction: integration of mechanics and viability by cardiac magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J 30(17):2117–2127PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Skulstad H, Edvardsen T, Urheim S et al (2002) Postsystolic shortening in ischemic myocardium: active contraction or passive recoil? Circulation 106(6):718–724PubMedCrossRef Skulstad H, Edvardsen T, Urheim S et al (2002) Postsystolic shortening in ischemic myocardium: active contraction or passive recoil? Circulation 106(6):718–724PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Lim P, Buakhamsri A, Popovic ZB et al (2008) Longitudinal strain delay index by speckle tracking imaging: a new marker of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 118(11):1130–1137PubMedCrossRef Lim P, Buakhamsri A, Popovic ZB et al (2008) Longitudinal strain delay index by speckle tracking imaging: a new marker of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 118(11):1130–1137PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Abe Y, Yagishita D, Tagawa Y et al (2010) A novel echocardiographic index of inefficient left ventricular contraction resulting from mechanical dyssynchrony. J Cardiol 55(2):248–255PubMedCrossRef Abe Y, Yagishita D, Tagawa Y et al (2010) A novel echocardiographic index of inefficient left ventricular contraction resulting from mechanical dyssynchrony. J Cardiol 55(2):248–255PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Kerckhoffs RC, Omens JH, McCulloch AD et al (2010) Ventricular dilation and electrical dyssynchrony synergistically increase regional mechanical nonuniformity but not mechanical dyssynchrony: a computational model. Circ Heart Fail 3(4):528–536PubMedCrossRef Kerckhoffs RC, Omens JH, McCulloch AD et al (2010) Ventricular dilation and electrical dyssynchrony synergistically increase regional mechanical nonuniformity but not mechanical dyssynchrony: a computational model. Circ Heart Fail 3(4):528–536PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Parsai C, Baltabaeva A, Anderson L et al (2009) Low-dose dobutamine stress echo to quantify the degree of remodelling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J 30(8):950–958PubMedCrossRef Parsai C, Baltabaeva A, Anderson L et al (2009) Low-dose dobutamine stress echo to quantify the degree of remodelling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J 30(8):950–958PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference De Boeck BW, Kirn B, Teske AJ et al (2008) Three-dimensional mapping of mechanical activation patterns, contractile dyssynchrony and dyscoordination by two-dimensional strain echocardiography: rationale and design of a novel software toolbox. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 6:22PubMedCrossRef De Boeck BW, Kirn B, Teske AJ et al (2008) Three-dimensional mapping of mechanical activation patterns, contractile dyssynchrony and dyscoordination by two-dimensional strain echocardiography: rationale and design of a novel software toolbox. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 6:22PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Sengupta PP, Khandheria BK, Korinek J et al (2006) Apex-to-base dispersion in regional timing of left ventricular shortening and lengthening. J Am Coll Cardiol 47(1):163–172PubMedCrossRef Sengupta PP, Khandheria BK, Korinek J et al (2006) Apex-to-base dispersion in regional timing of left ventricular shortening and lengthening. J Am Coll Cardiol 47(1):163–172PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Tanaka H, Nesser HJ, Buck T et al (2010) Dyssynchrony by speckle-tracking echocardiography and response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: results of the Speckle Tracking and Resynchronization (STAR) study. Eur Heart J 31(14):1690–1700PubMedCrossRef Tanaka H, Nesser HJ, Buck T et al (2010) Dyssynchrony by speckle-tracking echocardiography and response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: results of the Speckle Tracking and Resynchronization (STAR) study. Eur Heart J 31(14):1690–1700PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Waldman LK, Nosan D, Villarreal F et al (1988) Relation between transmural deformation and local myofiber direction in canine left ventricle. Circ Res 63(3):550–562PubMed Waldman LK, Nosan D, Villarreal F et al (1988) Relation between transmural deformation and local myofiber direction in canine left ventricle. Circ Res 63(3):550–562PubMed
93.
go back to reference Mele D, Agricola E, Galderisi M et al (2009) Echocardiographic myocardial scar burden predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in ischemic heart failure. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22(6):702–708PubMedCrossRef Mele D, Agricola E, Galderisi M et al (2009) Echocardiographic myocardial scar burden predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in ischemic heart failure. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22(6):702–708PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference White JA, Yee R, Yuan X et al (2006) Delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with intraventricular dyssynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(10):1953–1960PubMedCrossRef White JA, Yee R, Yuan X et al (2006) Delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with intraventricular dyssynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(10):1953–1960PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Marsan NA, Westenberg JJ, Ypenburg C et al (2009) Magnetic resonance imaging and response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: relative merits of left ventricular dyssynchrony and scar tissue. Eur Heart J 30(19):2360–2367PubMedCrossRef Marsan NA, Westenberg JJ, Ypenburg C et al (2009) Magnetic resonance imaging and response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: relative merits of left ventricular dyssynchrony and scar tissue. Eur Heart J 30(19):2360–2367PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Rademakers LM, van KR, van Deursen CJ et al (2010) Myocardial infarction does not preclude electrical and hemodynamic benefits of cardiac resynchronization therapy in dyssynchronous canine hearts. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 3(4):361–368PubMedCrossRef Rademakers LM, van KR, van Deursen CJ et al (2010) Myocardial infarction does not preclude electrical and hemodynamic benefits of cardiac resynchronization therapy in dyssynchronous canine hearts. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 3(4):361–368PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Becker M, Kramann R, Franke A et al (2007) Impact of left ventricular lead position in cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular remodelling. A circumferential strain analysis based on 2D echocardiography. Eur Heart J 28(10):1211–1220PubMedCrossRef Becker M, Kramann R, Franke A et al (2007) Impact of left ventricular lead position in cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular remodelling. A circumferential strain analysis based on 2D echocardiography. Eur Heart J 28(10):1211–1220PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Yu CM, Chan YS, Zhang Q et al (2006) Benefits of cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure patients with narrow QRS complexes and coexisting systolic asynchrony by echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(11):2251–2257PubMedCrossRef Yu CM, Chan YS, Zhang Q et al (2006) Benefits of cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure patients with narrow QRS complexes and coexisting systolic asynchrony by echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(11):2251–2257PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Yu CM, Bleeker GB, Fung JW et al (2005) Left ventricular reverse remodeling but not clinical improvement predicts long-term survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 112(11):1580–1586PubMedCrossRef Yu CM, Bleeker GB, Fung JW et al (2005) Left ventricular reverse remodeling but not clinical improvement predicts long-term survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 112(11):1580–1586PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Solomon SD, Foster E, Bourgoun M et al (2010) Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on reverse remodeling and relation to outcome: multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial: cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 122(10):985–992 Solomon SD, Foster E, Bourgoun M et al (2010) Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on reverse remodeling and relation to outcome: multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial: cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 122(10):985–992
101.
go back to reference Wikstrom G, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Andren B et al (2009) The effects of aetiology on outcome in patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy in the CARE-HF trial. Eur Heart J 30(7):782–788PubMedCrossRef Wikstrom G, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Andren B et al (2009) The effects of aetiology on outcome in patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy in the CARE-HF trial. Eur Heart J 30(7):782–788PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Fruhwald FM, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Berger R et al (2007) Early and sustained effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with moderate to severe heart failure and cardiac dyssynchrony. Eur Heart J 28(13):1592–1597PubMedCrossRef Fruhwald FM, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Berger R et al (2007) Early and sustained effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with moderate to severe heart failure and cardiac dyssynchrony. Eur Heart J 28(13):1592–1597PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Fornwalt BK, Sprague WW, BeDell P et al (2010) Agreement is poor among current criteria used to define response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 121(18):1985–1991PubMedCrossRef Fornwalt BK, Sprague WW, BeDell P et al (2010) Agreement is poor among current criteria used to define response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 121(18):1985–1991PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Vanderheyden M, Vrints C, Bartunek J (in press) The molecular fingerprint of cardiac dyssynchrony and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Fail Rev. doi:10.1007/s10741-010-9199-x Vanderheyden M, Vrints C, Bartunek J (in press) The molecular fingerprint of cardiac dyssynchrony and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Fail Rev. doi:10.​1007/​s10741-010-9199-x
106.
go back to reference Leyva F, Foley P (in review) Current and future role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Fail Rev Leyva F, Foley P (in review) Current and future role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Fail Rev
Metadata
Title
Echocardiographic prediction of outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy: conventional methods and recent developments
Authors
Geert E. Leenders
Maarten J. Cramer
Margot D. Bogaard
Mathias Meine
Pieter A. Doevendans
Bart W. De Boeck
Publication date
01-05-2011
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Heart Failure Reviews / Issue 3/2011
Print ISSN: 1382-4147
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7322
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-010-9200-8

Other articles of this Issue 3/2011

Heart Failure Reviews 3/2011 Go to the issue