Top

Virology Journal

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2008 | Research

Down-regulation of cell surface CXCR4 by HIV-1

Authors: Bongkun Choi, Paul J Gatti, Cesar D Fermin, Sandor Vigh, Allyson M Haislip, Robert F Garry

Published in: Virology Journal | Issue 1/2008

Abstract

Background

CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), a member of the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor family, can serve as a co-receptor along with CD4 for entry into the cell of T-cell tropic X4 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains. Productive infection of T-lymphoblastoid cells by X4 HIV-1 markedly reduces cell-surface expression of CD4, but whether or not the co-receptor CXCR4 is down-regulated has not been conclusively determined.

Results

Infection of human T-lymphoblastoid cell line RH9 with HIV-1 resulted in down-regulation of cell surface CXCR4 expression. Down-regulation of surface CXCR4 correlated temporally with the increase in HIV-1 protein expression. CXCR4 was concentrated in intracellular compartments in H9 cells after HIV-1 infection. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies showed that CXCR4 and HIV-1 glycoproteins were co-localized in HIV infected cells. Inducible expression of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins also resulted in down-regulation of CXCR4 from the cell surface.

Conclusion

These results indicated that cell surface CXCR4 was reduced in HIV-1 infected cells, whereas expression of another membrane antigen, CD3, was unaffected. CXCR4 down-regulation may be due to intracellular sequestering of HIV glycoprotein/CXCR4 complexes.

Available only for authorised users

Murphy PM: Viral exploitation and subversion of the immune system through chemokine mimicry. Nat Immunol 2001,2(2):116-122. 10.1038/84214CrossRefPubMed

Baggiolini M, Dewald B, Moser B: Human chemokines: an update. Annu Rev Immunol 1997, 15: 675-705. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.675CrossRefPubMed

Allen SJ, Crown SE, Handel TM: Chemokine: receptor structure, interactions, and antagonism. Annu Rev Immunol 2007, 25: 787-820. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090529CrossRefPubMed

Bacon K, Baggiolini M, Broxmeyer H, Horuk R, Lindley I, Mantovani A, Maysushima K, Murphy P, Nomiyama H, Oppenheim J, Rot A, Schall T, Tsang M, Thorpe R, Van Damme J, Wadhwa M, Yoshie O, Zlotnik A, Zoon K: Chemokine/chemokine receptor nomenclature. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002,22(10):1067-1068. 10.1089/107999002760624305CrossRefPubMed

Feng Y, Broder CC, Kennedy PE, Berger EA: HIV-1 entry cofactor: functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor [see comments]. Science 1996,272(5263):872-877. 10.1126/science.272.5263.872CrossRefPubMed

Moore JP: Coreceptors: implications for HIV pathogenesis and therapy. Science 1997,276(5309):51-52. 10.1126/science.276.5309.51CrossRefPubMed

Berger EA, Murphy PM, Farber JM: Chemokine receptors as HIV-1 coreceptors: roles in viral entry, tropism, and disease. Annu Rev Immunol 1999, 17: 657-700. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.657CrossRefPubMed

Bjorndal A, Deng H, Jansson M, Fiore JR, Colognesi C, Karlsson A, Albert J, Scarlatti G, Littman DR, Fenyo EM: Coreceptor usage of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates varies according to biological phenotype. J Virol 1997,71(10):7478-7487.PubMedCentralPubMed

Dragic T, Litwin V, Allaway GP, Martin SR, Huang Y, Nagashima KA, Cayanan C, Maddon PJ, Koup RA, Moore JP, Paxton WA: HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC- CKR-5 [see comments]. Nature 1996,381(6584):667-673. 10.1038/381667a0CrossRefPubMed

10.

Alkhatib G, Combadiere C, Broder CC, Feng Y, Kennedy PE, Murphy PM, Berger EA: CC CKR5: a RANTES, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Science 1996,272(5270):1955-1958. 10.1126/science.272.5270.1955CrossRefPubMed

11.

He J, Chen Y, Farzan M, Choe H, Ohagen A, Gartner S, Busciglio J, Yang X, Hofmann W, Newman W, Mackay CR, Sodroski J, Gabuzda D: CCR3 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV-1 infection of microglia. Nature 1997,385(6617):645-649. 10.1038/385645a0CrossRefPubMed

12.

Choe H, Farzan M, Sun Y, Sullivan N, Rollins B, Ponath PD, Wu L, Mackay CR, LaRosa G, Newman W, Gerard N, Gerard C, Sodroski J: The beta-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates. Cell 1996,85(7):1135-1148. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81313-6CrossRefPubMed

13.

Bleul CC, Farzan M, Choe H, Parolin C, Clark-Lewis I, Sodroski J, Springer TA: The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature 1996,382(6594):829-833. 10.1038/382829a0CrossRefPubMed

14.

Combadiere C, Ahuja SK, Tiffany HL, Murphy PM: Cloning and functional expression of CC CKR5, a human monocyte CC chemokine receptor selective for MIP-1(alpha), MIP-1(beta), and RANTES. J Leukoc Biol 1996,60(1):147-152.PubMed

15.

Samson M, Labbe O, Mollereau C, Vassart G, Parmentier M: Molecular cloning and functional expression of a new human CC-chemokine receptor gene. Biochemistry 1996,35(11):3362-3367. 10.1021/bi952950gCrossRefPubMed

16.

Blanpain C, Migeotte I, Lee B, Vakili J, Doranz BJ, Govaerts C, Vassart G, Doms RW, Parmentier M: CCR5 binds multiple CC-chemokines: MCP-3 acts as a natural antagonist. Blood 1999,94(6):1899-1905.PubMed

17.

Jansson M, Popovic M, Karlsson A, Cocchi F, Rossi P, Albert J, Wigzell H: Sensitivity to inhibition by beta-chemokines correlates with biological phenotypes of primary HIV-1 isolates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996,93(26):15382-15387. 10.1073/pnas.93.26.15382PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

18.

Oravecz T, Pall M, Norcross MA: Beta-chemokine inhibition of monocytotropic HIV-1 infection. Interference with a postbinding fusion step. J Immunol 1996,157(4):1329-1332.PubMed

19.

Capobianchi MR, Abbate I, Antonelli G, Turriziani O, Dolei A, Dianzani F: Inhibition of HIV type 1 BaL replication by MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES in macrophages. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998,14(3):233-240.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Stantchev TS, Broder CC: Consistent and significant inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope-mediated membrane fusion by beta-chemokines (RANTES) in primary human macrophages. J Infect Dis 2000,182(1):68-78. 10.1086/315700CrossRefPubMed

21.

Pugach P, Marozsan AJ, Ketas TJ, Landes EL, Moore JP, Kuhmann SE: HIV-1 clones resistant to a small molecule CCR5 inhibitor use the inhibitor-bound form of CCR5 for entry. Virology 2007,361(1):212-228. 10.1016/j.virol.2006.11.004PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

22.

Simmons G, Clapham PR, Picard L, Offord RE, Rosenkilde MM, Schwartz TW, Buser R, Wells TNC, Proudfoot AE: Potent inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity in macrophages and lymphocytes by a novel CCR5 antagonist. Science 1997,276(5310):276-279. 10.1126/science.276.5310.276CrossRefPubMed

23.

Clapham PR, Reeves JD, Simmons G, Dejucq N, Hibbitts S, McKnight A: HIV coreceptors, cell tropism and inhibition by chemokine receptor ligands. Mol Membr Biol 1999,16(1):49-55. 10.1080/096876899294751CrossRefPubMed

24.

Simmons G, Reeves JD, Hibbitts S, Stine JT, Gray PW, Proudfoot AE, Clapham PR: Co-receptor use by HIV and inhibition of HIV infection by chemokine receptor ligands. Immunol Rev 2000, 177: 112-126. 10.1034/j.1600-065X.2000.17719.xCrossRefPubMed

25.

Trkola A, Ketas TJ, Nagashima KA, Zhao L, Cilliers T, Morris L, Moore JP, Maddon PJ, Olson WC: Potent, broad-spectrum inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by the CCR5 monoclonal antibody PRO 140. J Virol 2001,75(2):579-588. 10.1128/JVI.75.2.579-588.2001PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

26.

Hoxie JA, Alpers JD, Rackowski JL, Huebner K, Haggarty BS, Cedarbaum AJ, Reed JC: Alterations in T4 (CD4) protein and mRNA synthesis in cells infected with HIV. Science 1986,234(4780):1123-1127. 10.1126/science.3095925CrossRefPubMed

27.

Potash MJ, Volsky DJ: Viral interference in HIV-1 infected cells. Rev Med Virol 1998,8(4):203-211. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1654(1998100)8:4<203::AID-RMV224>3.0.CO;2-#CrossRefPubMed

28.

Crise B, Buonocore L, Rose JK: CD4 is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein precursor. J Virol 1990,64(11):5585-5593.PubMedCentralPubMed

29.

Hoxie JA, Rackowski JL, Haggarty BS, Gaulton GN: T4 endocytosis and phosphorylation induced by phorbol esters but not by mitogen or HIV infection. J Immunol 1988,140(3):786-795.PubMed

30.

Geleziunas R, Bour S, Wainberg MA: HIV-1 associated down-modulation of CD4 gene expression is differentially restricted in lymphocytic and monocytic cell lines. J Leukoc Biol 1994,55(5):589-595.PubMed

31.

Amara A, Gall SL, Schwartz O, Salamero J, Montes M, Loetscher P, Baggiolini M, Virelizier JL, Arenzana-Seisdedos F: HIV coreceptor downregulation as antiviral principle: SDF-1alpha- dependent internalization of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 contributes to inhibition of HIV replication. J Exp Med 1997,186(1):139-146. 10.1084/jem.186.1.139PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

32.

Aramori I, Ferguson SS, Bieniasz PD, Zhang J, Cullen B, Cullen MG: Molecular mechanism of desensitization of the chemokine receptor CCR-5: receptor signaling and internalization are dissociable from its role as an HIV-1 co-receptor. Embo J 1997,16(15):4606-4616. 10.1093/emboj/16.15.4606PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

33.

Brandt SM, Mariani R, Holland AU, Hope TJ, Landau NR: Association of chemokine-mediated block to HIV entry with coreceptor internalization. J Biol Chem 2002,277(19):17291-17299. 10.1074/jbc.M108232200CrossRefPubMed

34.

Madani N, Kozak SL, Kavanaugh MP, Kabat D: gp120 envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency viruses competitively antagonize signaling by coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998,95(14):8005-8010. 10.1073/pnas.95.14.8005PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

35.

Wang JM, Ueda H, Howard OM, Grimm MC, Chertov O, Gong X, Gong W, Resau JH, Broder CC, Evans G, Arthur LO, Ruscetti FW, Oppenheim JJ: HIV-1 envelope gp120 inhibits the monocyte response to chemokines through CD4 signal-dependent chemokine receptor down-regulation. J Immunol 1998,161(8):4309-4317.PubMed

36.

Lapham CK, Ouyang J, Chandrasekhar B, Nguyen NY, Dimitrov DS, Golding H: Evidence for cell-surface association between fusin and the CD4-gp120 complex in human cell lines [see comments]. Science 1996,274(5287):602-605. 10.1126/science.274.5287.602CrossRefPubMed

37.

Ugolini S, Moulard M, Mondor I, Barois N, Demandolx D, Hoxie J, Brelot A, Alizon M, Davoust J, Sattentau QJ: HIV-1 gp120 induces an association between CD4 and the chemokine receptor CXCR4. J Immunol 1997,159(6):3000-3008.PubMed

38.

Chenine AL, Sattentau Q, Moulard M: Selective HIV-1-induced downmodulation of CD4 and coreceptors. Arch Virol 2000,145(3):455-471. 10.1007/s007050050039CrossRefPubMed

39.

Endres MJ, Clapham PR, Marsh M, Ahuja M, Turner JD, McKnight A, Thomas JF, Stoebenau-Haggarty B, Choe S, Vance PJ, Wells TN, Power CA, Sutterwala SS, Doms RW, Landau NR, Hoxie JA: CD4-independent infection by HIV-2 is mediated by fusin/CXCR4. Cell 1996,87(4):745-756. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81393-8CrossRefPubMed

40.

Valente ST, Chanel C, Dumonceaux J, Olivier R, Marullo S, Briand P, Hazan U: CXCR4 is down-regulated in cells infected with the CD4-independent X4 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate m7NDK. J Virol 2001,75(1):439-447. 10.1128/JVI.75.1.439-447.2001PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

41.

Michel N, Allespach I, Venzke S, Fackler OT, Keppler OT: The Nef protein of human immunodeficiency virus establishes superinfection immunity by a dual strategy to downregulate cell-surface CCR5 and CD4. Curr Biol 2005,15(8):714-723. 10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.058CrossRefPubMed

42.

Venzke S, Michel N, Allespach I, Fackler OT, Keppler OT: Expression of Nef downregulates CXCR4, the major coreceptor of human immunodeficiency virus, from the surfaces of target cells and thereby enhances resistance to superinfection. J Virol 2006,80(22):11141-11152. 10.1128/JVI.01556-06PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

43.

Cefai D, Ferrer M, Serpente N, Idziorek T, Dautry-Varsat A, Debre P, Bismuth G: Internalization of HIV glycoprotein gp120 is associated with down-modulation of membrane CD4 and p56lck together with impairment of T cell activation. J Immunol 1992,149(1):285-294.PubMed

44.

Bour S, Boulerice F, Wainberg MA: Inhibition of gp160 and CD4 maturation in U937 cells after both defective and productive infections by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1991,65(12):6387-6396.PubMedCentralPubMed

45.

Fujita K, Omura S, Silver J: Rapid degradation of CD4 in cells expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env and Vpu is blocked by proteasome inhibitors. J Gen Virol 1997, 78 ( Pt 3): 619-625.CrossRef

46.

Su SB, Ueda H, Howard OM, Grimm MC, Gong W, Ruscetti FW, Oppenheim JJ, Wang JM: Inhibition of the expression and function of chemokine receptors on human CD4+ leukocytes by HIV-1 envelope protein gp120. Chem Immunol 1999, 72: 141-160.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Gossen M, Bujard H: Studying gene function in eukaryotes by conditional gene inactivation. Annu Rev Genet 2002, 36: 153-173. 10.1146/annurev.genet.36.041002.120114CrossRefPubMed

48.

Cao J, Park IW, Cooper A, Sodroski J: Molecular determinants of acute single-cell lysis by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1996,70(3):1340-1354.PubMedCentralPubMed

49.

Vogt PK, Ishizaki R: Patterns of viral interference in the avian leukosis and sarcoma complex. Virology 1966,30(3):368-374. 10.1016/0042-6822(66)90115-2CrossRefPubMed

50.

Temin HM: Mechanisms of cell killing/cytopathic effects by nonhuman retroviruses. Rev Infect Dis 1988,10(2):399-405.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Weller SK, Joy AE, Temin HM: Correlation between cell killing and massive second-round superinfection by members of some subgroups of avian leukosis virus. J Virol 1980,33(1):494-506.PubMedCentralPubMed

52.

Nethe M, Berkhout B, van der Kuyl AC: Retroviral superinfection resistance. Retrovirology 2005, 2: 52. 10.1186/1742-4690-2-52PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

53.

Salmon P, Olivier R, Riviere Y, Brisson E, Gluckman JC, Kieny MP, Montagnier L, Klatzmann D: Loss of CD4 membrane expression and CD4 mRNA during acute human immunodeficiency virus replication. J Exp Med 1988,168(6):1953-1969. 10.1084/jem.168.6.1953CrossRefPubMed

54.

Crise B, Rose JK: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein precursor retains a CD4-p56lck complex in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Virol 1992,66(4):2296-2301.PubMedCentralPubMed

55.

Lindwasser OW, Chaudhuri R, Bonifacino JS: Mechanisms of CD4 downregulation by the Nef and Vpu proteins of primate immunodeficiency viruses. Curr Mol Med 2007,7(2):171-184. 10.2174/156652407780059177CrossRefPubMed

56.

Gama Sosa MA, DeGasperi R, Kim YS, Fazely F, Sharma P, Ruprecht RM: Serine phosphorylation-independent downregulation of cell-surface CD4 by nef. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991,7(11):859-860.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Kim YH, Chang SH, Kwon JH, Rhee SS: HIV-1 Nef plays an essential role in two independent processes in CD4 down-regulation: dissociation of the CD4-p56(lck) complex and targeting of CD4 to lysosomes. Virology 1999,257(1):208-219. 10.1006/viro.1999.9642CrossRefPubMed

58.

Stoddart CA, Geleziunas R, Ferrell S, Linquist-Stepps V, Moreno ME, Bare C, Xu W, Yonemoto W, Bresnahan PA, McCune JM, Greene WC: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef-mediated downregulation of CD4 correlates with Nef enhancement of viral pathogenesis. J Virol 2003,77(3):2124-2133. 10.1128/JVI.77.3.2124-2133.2003PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

59.

Chaudhuri R, Lindwasser OW, Smith WJ, Hurley JH, Bonifacino JS: Downregulation of CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef is dependent on clathrin and involves direct interaction of Nef with the AP2 clathrin adaptor. J Virol 2007,81(8):3877-3890. 10.1128/JVI.02725-06PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

60.

Willey RL, Maldarelli F, Martin MA, Strebel K: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein induces rapid degradation of CD4. J Virol 1992,66(12):7193-7200.PubMedCentralPubMed

61.

Hoxie JA, LaBranche CC, Endres MJ, Turner JD, Berson JF, Doms RW, Matthews TJ: CD4-independent utilization of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor by HIV-1 and HIV-2. J Reprod Immunol 1998,41(1-2):197-211. 10.1016/S0165-0378(98)00059-XCrossRefPubMed

62.

Trkola A, Dragic T, Arthos J, Binley JM, Olson WC, Allaway GP, Cheng-Mayer C, Robinson J, Maddon PJ, Moore JP: CD4-dependent, antibody-sensitive interactions between HIV-1 and its co- receptor CCR-5 [see comments]. Nature 1996,384(6605):184-187. 10.1038/384184a0CrossRefPubMed

63.

Yasukawa M, Hasegawa A, Sakai I, Ohminami H, Arai J, Kaneko S, Yakushijin Y, Maeyama K, Nakashima H, Arakaki R, Fujita S: Down-regulation of CXCR4 by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and HHV-7. J Immunol 1999,162(9):5417-5422.PubMed

Title: Down-regulation of cell surface CXCR4 by HIV-1
Authors: Bongkun Choi
Paul J Gatti
Cesar D Fermin
Sandor Vigh
Allyson M Haislip
Robert F Garry
Publication date: 01-12-2008
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Virology Journal / Issue 1/2008
Electronic ISSN: 1743-422X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-5-6

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits

Illustration of figure on mountain summit/© Orapun / Stock.adobe.com, STEP AAG HeroTeaserCollection image/© Tarek / Generated with AI / Stock.adobe.com, ACC 2024 Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Valvular Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 HF and Cardiomyopathies: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, Woman out walking/© Seventyfour / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Woman checking smartwatch /© saltdium / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Cardiac catheterization/© Damian / stock.adobe.com

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2008

HIV-1 gp120 N-linked glycosylation differs between plasma and leukocyte compartments

Genetic characterization of Measles Viruses in China, 2004

A novel cloning strategy for isolating, genotyping and phenotyping genetic variants of geminiviruses

Impairment of the CD8+ T cell response in lungs following infection with human respiratory syncytial virus is specific to the anatomical site rather than the virus, antigen, or route of infection

Subcellular forms and biochemical events triggered in human cells by HCV polyprotein expression from a viral vector

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) attachment and nonstructural proteins modify the type I interferon response associated with suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins and IFN-stimulated gene-15 (ISG15)

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage