Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Psychiatry Reports 12/2015

01-12-2015 | Women’s Mental Health (CN Epperson, Section Editor)

Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety in the Aging Woman

Authors: Andrew M. Siegel, Sarah B. Mathews

Published in: Current Psychiatry Reports | Issue 12/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

The peri- and postmenopausal periods represent a window of vulnerability for emergence of anxiety symptoms and disorders in the life cycle of adult women. Compared to depression, anxiety symptoms and disorders remain largely unexplored during this phase of a woman’s life, despite the significant impact on quality of life if not diagnosed and treated. Here, we review the literature to present our current understanding of the epidemiology, causal factors, diagnosis, and treatment of anxiety in the aging woman.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Bromberger JT, Assmann SF, Avis NE, Schocken M, Kravitz HM, Cordal A. Persistent mood symptoms in a multiethnic community cohort of pre- and perimenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(4):347–56.CrossRefPubMed Bromberger JT, Assmann SF, Avis NE, Schocken M, Kravitz HM, Cordal A. Persistent mood symptoms in a multiethnic community cohort of pre- and perimenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(4):347–56.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Sagsoz N, Oguzturk O, Bayram M, Kamaci M. Anxiety and depression before and after the menopause. Arch Gynecol Obstet 264(4):199–202. Sagsoz N, Oguzturk O, Bayram M, Kamaci M. Anxiety and depression before and after the menopause. Arch Gynecol Obstet 264(4):199–202.
3.
go back to reference Woods NF, Smith-DiJulio K, Percival DB, Tao EY, Mariella A, Mitchell S. Depressed mood during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. Menopause. 2008;15(2):223–32. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181450fc2.CrossRefPubMed Woods NF, Smith-DiJulio K, Percival DB, Tao EY, Mariella A, Mitchell S. Depressed mood during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. Menopause. 2008;15(2):223–32. doi:10.​1097/​gme.​0b013e3181450fc2​.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Lepine JP. The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: prevalence and societal costs. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63 Suppl 14:4–8.PubMed Lepine JP. The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: prevalence and societal costs. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63 Suppl 14:4–8.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Avis NE, Stellato R, Crawford S, Bromberger J, Ganz P, Cain V, et al. Is there a menopausal syndrome? Menopausal status and symptoms across racial/ethnic groups. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52(3):345–56.CrossRefPubMed Avis NE, Stellato R, Crawford S, Bromberger J, Ganz P, Cain V, et al. Is there a menopausal syndrome? Menopausal status and symptoms across racial/ethnic groups. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52(3):345–56.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Porter M, Penney GC, Russell D, Russell E, Templeton A. A population based survey of women’s experience of the menopause. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996;103(10):1025–8.CrossRefPubMed Porter M, Penney GC, Russell D, Russell E, Templeton A. A population based survey of women’s experience of the menopause. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996;103(10):1025–8.CrossRefPubMed
8.•
go back to reference Bromberger JT, Kravitz HM, Chang Y, Randolph JF, Jr., Avis NE, Gold EB et al. Does risk for anxiety increase during the menopausal transition? Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Menopause 20(5):488–95. In this 10-year, longitudinal, multi-site study involving 2956 women aged 42–52 at study entry, women with low levels of anxiety at baseline were more likely to report high anxiety at perimenopause or postmenopause than at premenopause. Bromberger JT, Kravitz HM, Chang Y, Randolph JF, Jr., Avis NE, Gold EB et al. Does risk for anxiety increase during the menopausal transition? Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Menopause 20(5):488–95. In this 10-year, longitudinal, multi-site study involving 2956 women aged 42–52 at study entry, women with low levels of anxiety at baseline were more likely to report high anxiety at perimenopause or postmenopause than at premenopause.
9.
go back to reference Hunter MS. Psychological and somatic experience of the menopause: a prospective study [corrected]. Psychosom Med. 1990;52(3):357–67.CrossRefPubMed Hunter MS. Psychological and somatic experience of the menopause: a prospective study [corrected]. Psychosom Med. 1990;52(3):357–67.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Matthews KA, Wing RR, Kuller LH, Meilahn EN, Kelsey SF, Costello EJ, et al. Influences of natural menopause on psychological characteristics and symptoms of middle-aged healthy women. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990;58(3):345–51.CrossRefPubMed Matthews KA, Wing RR, Kuller LH, Meilahn EN, Kelsey SF, Costello EJ, et al. Influences of natural menopause on psychological characteristics and symptoms of middle-aged healthy women. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990;58(3):345–51.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Juang KD, Wang SJ, Lu SR, Lee SJ, Fuh JL. Hot flashes are associated with psychological symptoms of anxiety and depression in peri- and post- but not premenopausal women. Maturitas 52(2):119–26. Juang KD, Wang SJ, Lu SR, Lee SJ, Fuh JL. Hot flashes are associated with psychological symptoms of anxiety and depression in peri- and post- but not premenopausal women. Maturitas 52(2):119–26.
12.
go back to reference Seritan AL, Iosif AM, Park JH, Deatherage H and D, Sweet RL, Gold EB. Self-reported anxiety, depressive, and vasomotor symptoms: a study of perimenopausal women presenting to a specialized midlife assessment center. Menopause 17(2):410–5. Seritan AL, Iosif AM, Park JH, Deatherage H and D, Sweet RL, Gold EB. Self-reported anxiety, depressive, and vasomotor symptoms: a study of perimenopausal women presenting to a specialized midlife assessment center. Menopause 17(2):410–5.
13.
go back to reference Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Gracia CR, Kapoor S. Symptoms in the menopausal transition: hormone and behavioral correlates. Obstet Gynecol 111(1):127–36. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Gracia CR, Kapoor S. Symptoms in the menopausal transition: hormone and behavioral correlates. Obstet Gynecol 111(1):127–36.
14.
go back to reference Greenblum CA, Rowe MA, Neff DF, Greenblum JS. Midlife women: symptoms associated with menopausal transition and early postmenopause and quality of life. Menopause 20(1):22–7. Greenblum CA, Rowe MA, Neff DF, Greenblum JS. Midlife women: symptoms associated with menopausal transition and early postmenopause and quality of life. Menopause 20(1):22–7.
15.
go back to reference Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Symptom interference with work and relationships during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. Menopause 18(6):654–61. Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Symptom interference with work and relationships during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. Menopause 18(6):654–61.
17.
go back to reference Samuelsson G, McCamish-Svensson C, Hagberg B, Sundstrom G, Dehlin O. Incidence and risk factors for depression and anxiety disorders: results from a 34-year longitudinal Swedish cohort study. Aging Ment Health. 2005;9(6):571–5. doi:10.1080/13607860500193591.CrossRefPubMed Samuelsson G, McCamish-Svensson C, Hagberg B, Sundstrom G, Dehlin O. Incidence and risk factors for depression and anxiety disorders: results from a 34-year longitudinal Swedish cohort study. Aging Ment Health. 2005;9(6):571–5. doi:10.​1080/​1360786050019359​1.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Lenze EJ, Mulsant BH, Shear MK, Schulberg HC, Dew MA, Begley AE, et al. Comorbid anxiety disorders in depressed elderly patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(5):722–8.CrossRefPubMed Lenze EJ, Mulsant BH, Shear MK, Schulberg HC, Dew MA, Begley AE, et al. Comorbid anxiety disorders in depressed elderly patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(5):722–8.CrossRefPubMed
24.•
go back to reference Norton J, Ancelin ML, Stewart R, Berr C, Ritchie K, Carriere I. Anxiety symptoms and disorder predict activity limitations in the elderly. J Affect Disord. 2012;141(2–3):276–85. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.002. In this study of 1581 community-dwelling persons over 65 years of age, anxiety symptoms and disorder were independently associated with activity limitations. CrossRefPubMed Norton J, Ancelin ML, Stewart R, Berr C, Ritchie K, Carriere I. Anxiety symptoms and disorder predict activity limitations in the elderly. J Affect Disord. 2012;141(2–3):276–85. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jad.​2012.​04.​002. In this study of 1581 community-dwelling persons over 65 years of age, anxiety symptoms and disorder were independently associated with activity limitations. CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Smoller JW, Pollack MH, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Barton B, Hendrix SL, Jackson RD, et al. Prevalence and correlates of panic attacks in postmenopausal women: results from an ancillary study to the Women’s Health Initiative. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(17):2041–50. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.17.2041.CrossRefPubMed Smoller JW, Pollack MH, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Barton B, Hendrix SL, Jackson RD, et al. Prevalence and correlates of panic attacks in postmenopausal women: results from an ancillary study to the Women’s Health Initiative. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(17):2041–50. doi:10.​1001/​archinte.​163.​17.​2041.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Eaton W DA, Weissman M. Psychiatric disorders in America. Free Press; 1991. Eaton W DA, Weissman M. Psychiatric disorders in America. Free Press; 1991.
27.
go back to reference Amin Z, Gueorguieva R, Cappiello A, Czarkowski KA, Stiklus S, Anderson GM, et al. Estradiol and tryptophan depletion interact to modulate cognition in menopausal women. Neuropsychopharmacol: Off Public Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;31(11):2489–97. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301114.CrossRef Amin Z, Gueorguieva R, Cappiello A, Czarkowski KA, Stiklus S, Anderson GM, et al. Estradiol and tryptophan depletion interact to modulate cognition in menopausal women. Neuropsychopharmacol: Off Public Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;31(11):2489–97. doi:10.​1038/​sj.​npp.​1301114.CrossRef
28.••
go back to reference Walf AA, Frye CA. A review and update of mechanisms of estrogen in the hippocampus and amygdala for anxiety and depression behavior. Neuropsychopharmacol : Off Public Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;31(6):1097–111. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301067. This review highlights recent findings on the effects of estrogen on anxiety and depression in women and animal models. Walf AA, Frye CA. A review and update of mechanisms of estrogen in the hippocampus and amygdala for anxiety and depression behavior. Neuropsychopharmacol : Off Public Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;31(6):1097–111. doi:10.​1038/​sj.​npp.​1301067. This review highlights recent findings on the effects of estrogen on anxiety and depression in women and animal models.
30.
go back to reference Avis NE, Crawford S, Stellato R, Longcope C. Longitudinal study of hormone levels and depression among women transitioning through menopause. Climacteric. 2001;4(3):243–9.CrossRefPubMed Avis NE, Crawford S, Stellato R, Longcope C. Longitudinal study of hormone levels and depression among women transitioning through menopause. Climacteric. 2001;4(3):243–9.CrossRefPubMed
32.••
go back to reference Gordon JL, Girdler SS, Meltzer-Brody SE, Stika CS, Thurston RC, Clark CT, et al. Ovarian hormone fluctuation, neurosteroids, and HPA axis dysregulation in perimenopausal depression: a novel heuristic model. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(3):227–36. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14070918. This conceptual review posits a novel model candidate in the etiology of depression with onset in the menopausal transition, involving alterations in GABA-ergic tone and HPA axis dysfunction. CrossRefPubMed Gordon JL, Girdler SS, Meltzer-Brody SE, Stika CS, Thurston RC, Clark CT, et al. Ovarian hormone fluctuation, neurosteroids, and HPA axis dysregulation in perimenopausal depression: a novel heuristic model. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(3):227–36. doi:10.​1176/​appi.​ajp.​2014.​14070918. This conceptual review posits a novel model candidate in the etiology of depression with onset in the menopausal transition, involving alterations in GABA-ergic tone and HPA axis dysfunction. CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Rodriguez-Landa JF, Contreras CM, Bernal-Morales B, Gutierrez-Garcia AG, Saavedra M. Allopregnanolone reduces immobility in the forced swimming test and increases the firing rate of lateral septal neurons through actions on the GABAA receptor in the rat. J Psychopharmacol. 2007;21(1):76–84. doi:10.1177/0269881106064203.CrossRefPubMed Rodriguez-Landa JF, Contreras CM, Bernal-Morales B, Gutierrez-Garcia AG, Saavedra M. Allopregnanolone reduces immobility in the forced swimming test and increases the firing rate of lateral septal neurons through actions on the GABAA receptor in the rat. J Psychopharmacol. 2007;21(1):76–84. doi:10.​1177/​0269881106064203​.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Bitran D, Purdy RH, Kellogg CK. Anxiolytic effect of progesterone is associated with increases in cortical allopregnanolone and GABAA receptor function. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1993;45(2):423–8.CrossRefPubMed Bitran D, Purdy RH, Kellogg CK. Anxiolytic effect of progesterone is associated with increases in cortical allopregnanolone and GABAA receptor function. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1993;45(2):423–8.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Morrow AL, Suzdak PD, Paul SM. Steroid hormone metabolites potentiate GABA receptor-mediated chloride ion flux with nanomolar potency. Eur J Pharmacol. 1987;142(3):483–5.CrossRefPubMed Morrow AL, Suzdak PD, Paul SM. Steroid hormone metabolites potentiate GABA receptor-mediated chloride ion flux with nanomolar potency. Eur J Pharmacol. 1987;142(3):483–5.CrossRefPubMed
37.•
go back to reference Epperson CN, Sammel MD, Freeman EW. Menopause effects on verbal memory: findings from a longitudinal community cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(9):3829–38. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1808. This longitudinal, 14-year population-based cohort study found a significant decline in delayed verbal recall early in the menopausal transition and decline in immediate verbal recall late in the transition. PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Epperson CN, Sammel MD, Freeman EW. Menopause effects on verbal memory: findings from a longitudinal community cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(9):3829–38. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2013-1808. This longitudinal, 14-year population-based cohort study found a significant decline in delayed verbal recall early in the menopausal transition and decline in immediate verbal recall late in the transition. PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Sullivan ME, Fugate Woods N. Midlife women’s attributions about perceived memory changes: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10(4):351–62. doi:10.1089/152460901750269670.CrossRef Sullivan ME, Fugate Woods N. Midlife women’s attributions about perceived memory changes: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10(4):351–62. doi:10.​1089/​1524609017502696​70.CrossRef
40.•
go back to reference Epperson CN, Pittman B, Czarkowski KA, Bradley J, Quinlan DM, Brown TE. Impact of atomoxetine on subjective attention and memory difficulties in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2011;18(5):542–8. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181fcafd6. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study involving 16 women with complaints of midlife-onset memory and concentration/attention difficulties, atomoxetine was found to be superior to placebo in subjective improvement in these symptoms. PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Epperson CN, Pittman B, Czarkowski KA, Bradley J, Quinlan DM, Brown TE. Impact of atomoxetine on subjective attention and memory difficulties in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2011;18(5):542–8. doi:10.​1097/​gme.​0b013e3181fcafd6​. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study involving 16 women with complaints of midlife-onset memory and concentration/attention difficulties, atomoxetine was found to be superior to placebo in subjective improvement in these symptoms. PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Epperson CN, Shanmugan S, Kim DR, Mathews S, Czarkowski KA, Bradley J, et al. New onset executive function difficulties at menopause: a possible role for lisdexamfetamine. Psychopharmacology. 2015;232(16):3091–100.CrossRefPubMed Epperson CN, Shanmugan S, Kim DR, Mathews S, Czarkowski KA, Bradley J, et al. New onset executive function difficulties at menopause: a possible role for lisdexamfetamine. Psychopharmacology. 2015;232(16):3091–100.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Parry IA-MaBL. Women’s mental health. Guilford Press; 2002. Parry IA-MaBL. Women’s mental health. Guilford Press; 2002.
44.•
go back to reference Bromberger JT, Kravitz HM, Chang YF, Cyranowski JM, Brown C, Matthews KA. Major depression during and after the menopausal transition: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Psychol Med. 2011;41(9):1879–88. doi:10.1017/S003329171100016X. In this study of 221 African-American and Caucasian women, ages 42–52, who were premenopausal at entry, participants were two to four times more likely to experience a major depressive episode during peri-menopause or early post-menopause compared to premenopause. PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Bromberger JT, Kravitz HM, Chang YF, Cyranowski JM, Brown C, Matthews KA. Major depression during and after the menopausal transition: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Psychol Med. 2011;41(9):1879–88. doi:10.​1017/​S003329171100016​X. In this study of 221 African-American and Caucasian women, ages 42–52, who were premenopausal at entry, participants were two to four times more likely to experience a major depressive episode during peri-menopause or early post-menopause compared to premenopause. PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Sommer B, Avis N, Meyer P, Ory M, Madden T, Kagawa-Singer M, et al. Attitudes toward menopause and aging across ethnic/racial groups. Psychosom Med. 1999;61(6):868–75.CrossRefPubMed Sommer B, Avis N, Meyer P, Ory M, Madden T, Kagawa-Singer M, et al. Attitudes toward menopause and aging across ethnic/racial groups. Psychosom Med. 1999;61(6):868–75.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Palmer BW, Jeste DV, Sheikh JI. Anxiety disorders in the elderly: DSM-IV and other barriers to diagnosis and treatment. J Affect Disord. 1997;46(3):183–90.CrossRefPubMed Palmer BW, Jeste DV, Sheikh JI. Anxiety disorders in the elderly: DSM-IV and other barriers to diagnosis and treatment. J Affect Disord. 1997;46(3):183–90.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Soares CN, Arsenio H, Joffe H, Bankier B, Cassano P, Petrillo LF, et al. Escitalopram versus ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone acetate for symptomatic peri- and postmenopausal women: impact on depression, vasomotor symptoms, sleep, and quality of life. Menopause. 2006;13(5):780–6. doi:10.1097/01.gme.0000240633.46300.fa.CrossRefPubMed Soares CN, Arsenio H, Joffe H, Bankier B, Cassano P, Petrillo LF, et al. Escitalopram versus ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone acetate for symptomatic peri- and postmenopausal women: impact on depression, vasomotor symptoms, sleep, and quality of life. Menopause. 2006;13(5):780–6. doi:10.​1097/​01.​gme.​0000240633.​46300.​fa.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, Waller JL, Maclean JR, Beers MH. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(22):2716–24. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.22.2716.CrossRefPubMed Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, Waller JL, Maclean JR, Beers MH. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(22):2716–24. doi:10.​1001/​archinte.​163.​22.​2716.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Fernandez L, Cassagne-Pinel C. Benzodiazepine addiction and symptoms of anxiety and depression in elderly subjects. Encéphale. 2001;27(5):459–74.PubMed Fernandez L, Cassagne-Pinel C. Benzodiazepine addiction and symptoms of anxiety and depression in elderly subjects. Encéphale. 2001;27(5):459–74.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Hallström C. Benzodiazepine dependence. Oxford University Press; 1993. Hallström C. Benzodiazepine dependence. Oxford University Press; 1993.
54.
go back to reference Egan M, Moride Y, Wolfson C, Monette J. Long-term continuous use of benzodiazepines by older adults in Quebec: prevalence, incidence and risk factors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(7):811–6.CrossRefPubMed Egan M, Moride Y, Wolfson C, Monette J. Long-term continuous use of benzodiazepines by older adults in Quebec: prevalence, incidence and risk factors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(7):811–6.CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference de Gage SB, Moride Y, Ducruet T, Kurth T, Verdoux H, Tournier M, et al. Benzodiazepine use and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: case-control study. BMJ. 2014;349:g5205.CrossRef de Gage SB, Moride Y, Ducruet T, Kurth T, Verdoux H, Tournier M, et al. Benzodiazepine use and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: case-control study. BMJ. 2014;349:g5205.CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321–33.CrossRefPubMed Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321–33.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Hollon SD, Jarrett RB, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Trivedi M, Rush AJ. Psychotherapy and medication in the treatment of adult and geriatric depression: which monotherapy or combined treatment? J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(4):455–68.CrossRefPubMed Hollon SD, Jarrett RB, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Trivedi M, Rush AJ. Psychotherapy and medication in the treatment of adult and geriatric depression: which monotherapy or combined treatment? J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(4):455–68.CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Kelly R, Zatzick D, Anders T. The detection and treatment of psychiatric disorders and substance use among pregnant women cared for in obstetrics. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(2):213–9.CrossRefPubMed Kelly R, Zatzick D, Anders T. The detection and treatment of psychiatric disorders and substance use among pregnant women cared for in obstetrics. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(2):213–9.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety in the Aging Woman
Authors
Andrew M. Siegel
Sarah B. Mathews
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Psychiatry Reports / Issue 12/2015
Print ISSN: 1523-3812
Electronic ISSN: 1535-1645
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0636-3

Other articles of this Issue 12/2015

Current Psychiatry Reports 12/2015 Go to the issue

Sleep Disorders (P Gehrman, Section Editor)

Sleep, Cognition and Dementia

Sleep Disorders (P Gehrman, Section Editor)

Chronobiological Therapy for Mood Disorders

Psychiatry in the Digital Age (JS Luo, Section Editor)

A Twitter Education: Why Psychiatrists Should Tweet