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Diabetologia
Published in: Diabetologia 3/2014

01-03-2014 | Letter

Detection of enterovirus in the islet cells of patients with type 1 diabetes: what do we learn from immunohistochemistry?

Authors: Sara F. Hansson, Stella Korsgren, Fredrik Pontén, Olle Korsgren

Published in: Diabetologia | Issue 3/2014

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Excerpt

To the Editor: It is with great satisfaction that we read the paper by Richardson et al [1], describing ‘carefully optimised conditions’ for the detection of enteroviral antigens using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on formalin sections of the human pancreas. In their paper, the authors recommend performing IHC under conditions that are markedly different from the previously used standard protocol, involving pre-treatment of the formalin slides using a solution at a pH of 6 instead of 8 during heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) and a substantially greater dilution (1:2,000) of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) clone 5D8/1. The publication is of significant importance since it represents the standpoint of several of the most distinguished research groups working on the hypothesis of a viral aetiology of type 1 diabetes. …
Literature
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Richardson SJ, Leete P, Dhayal S et al (2013) Evaluation of the fidelity of immunolabelling obtained with clone 5D8/1, a monoclonal antibody directed against the enteroviral capsid protein, VP1, in human pancreas. Diabetologia. doi:10.​1007/​s00125-013-3094-7
2.
Hansson SF, Korsgren S, Ponten F, Korsgren O (2013) Enteroviruses and the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes revisited: cross-reactivity of enterovirus capsid protein (VP1) antibodies with human mitochondrial proteins. J Pathol 229:719–728PubMedCrossRef
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Flodstrom M, Maday A, Balakrishna D, Cleary MM, Yoshimura A, Sarvetnick N (2002) Target cell defense prevents the development of diabetes after viral infection. Nat Immunol 3:373–382PubMedCrossRef
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Flodstrom-Tullberg M, Hultcrantz M, Stotland A et al (2005) RNase L and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase exert complementary roles in islet cell defense during coxsackievirus infection. J Immunol 174:1171–1177PubMed
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Aida K, Nishida Y, Tanaka S et al (2011) RIG-I- and MDA5-initiated innate immunity linked with adaptive immunity accelerates beta-cell death in fulminant type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 60:884–889PubMedCrossRef
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Drescher KM, Kono K, Bopegamage S, Carson SD, Tracy S (2004) Coxsackievirus B3 infection and type 1 diabetes development in NOD mice: insulitis determines susceptibility of pancreatic islets to virus infection. Virology 329:381–394PubMedCrossRef
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Kobayashi T, Nishida Y, Tanaka S, Aida K (2011) Pathological changes in the pancreas of fulminant type 1 diabetes and slowly progressive insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (SPIDDM): innate immunity in fulminant type 1 diabetes and SPIDDM. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 27:965–970PubMedCrossRef
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Bopegamage S, Kovacova J, Vargova A et al (2005) Coxsackie B virus infection of mice: inoculation by the oral route protects the pancreas from damage, but not from infection. J Gen Virol 86:3271–3280PubMedCrossRef
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Oikarinen M, Tauriainen S, Honkanen T et al (2008) Analysis of pancreas tissue in a child positive for islet cell antibodies. Diabetologia 51:1796–1802PubMedCrossRef
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Dotta F, Censini S, van Halteren AG et al (2007) Coxsackie B4 virus infection of beta cells and natural killer cell insulitis in recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:5115–5120PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
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Richardson SJ, Leete P, Bone AJ, Foulis AK, Morgan NG (2013) Expression of the enteroviral capsid protein VP1 in the islet cells of patients with type 1 diabetes is associated with induction of protein kinase R and downregulation of Mcl-1. Diabetologia 56:185–193PubMedCrossRef
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Richardson SJ, Willcox A, Bone AJ, Foulis AK, Morgan NG (2009) The prevalence of enteroviral capsid protein vp1 immunostaining in pancreatic islets in human type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 52:1143–1151PubMedCrossRef
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Willcox A, Richardson SJ, Bone AJ, Foulis AK, Morgan NG (2011) Immunohistochemical analysis of the relationship between islet cell proliferation and the production of the enteroviral capsid protein, VP1, in the islets of patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 54:2417–2420PubMedCrossRef
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Metadata
Title
Detection of enterovirus in the islet cells of patients with type 1 diabetes: what do we learn from immunohistochemistry?
Authors
Sara F. Hansson
Stella Korsgren
Fredrik Pontén
Olle Korsgren
Publication date
01-03-2014
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Diabetologia / Issue 3/2014
Print ISSN: 0012-186X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0428
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-013-3138-z

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