Top

BMC Oral Health

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2023 | Cytokines | Research

Correlation between salivary cytokine profiles and white spot lesions in adolescent patients receiving clear aligner orthodontic treatment

Authors: Qian Liu, Tao Guo, Wei Dang, Zhixin Song, Yi Wen, Houzhuo Luo, Axian Wang

Published in: BMC Oral Health | Issue 1/2023

Abstract

Background

To explore the relationship between changes in salivary cytokine levels and the occurrence of white spot lesions in adolescents receiving clear aligner orthodontic treatment and investigate the predictive value of various factors for lesion occurrence.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed sixthy eight adolescent in the permanent dentition period, who received clear aligner orthodontics in our hospital were randomly divided into two groups according to the occurrence or aggravation of white spot lesions after treatment. The general condition of the oral cavity was analyzed, saliva was collected, and inflammation-related cytokines with varying transcription levels between groups were screened by transcriptome analysis. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in the saliva of the patients in the two groups were measured, and the risk factors for white spot lesions were screened by correlation analysis and binary logistic regression analysis. The value of the independent and combined application of risk factors for predicting the occurrence of white spot lesions in adolescent patients after invisible orthodontic treatment was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results

Transcriptome and GO and KEGG pathway analyses showed that there were differences in the transcription levels of inflammatory cytokines such as CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, CCL3, CCL4, IL-1β and IL-2 between groups. The levels of CXCL8, CCL3, CCL4, IL-1β and IL-2 in the saliva of patients with white spot lesions were significantly higher in patients after invisible orthodontic treatment (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis and binary logistic regression analysis showed that elevated levels of CXCL8, IL-1β and IL-2 were independent risk factors for the occurrence of white spot lesions (P < 0.05). CXCL8 had the highest independent predictive value for the occurrence of white spot lesions (AUC = 0.773, P < 0.05), and the combination of IL-1β and IL-2 was also of high value in predicting the occurrence of white spot lesions.

Conclusion

After invisible orthodontic treatment, the oral microenvironment, including inflammatory cytokine levels, in adolescent patients changes; in particular, the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as CXCLs and ILs change. CXCL8 expression is significantly associated with the occurrence of white spot lesions and is an important potential target for the prevention and treatment of white spot lesions in the future.

Patano A, Malcangi G, Sardano R, et al. White spots: Prevention in Orthodontics-systematic review of the literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(8):5608. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085608.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Leeper DK, Noureldin A, Julien K, et al. Risk assessments in orthodontic patients developing white spot lesions. J Investig Clin Dent. 2019;10(4):e12470. https://doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12470.CrossRefPubMed

Kumar H, Sharma K, Kumari A, et al. Assessment of White spots with quantitative light-Induced fluorescence in patients undergoing fixed Orthodontics. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021;13(Suppl 1):312–S314. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_812_20.CrossRef

Yamaguchi M, Fukasawa S. Is inflammation a friend or foe for Orthodontic Treatment? Inflammation in Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption and accelerating tooth Movement. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):2388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052388.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Song Z, Fang S, Guo T, et al. Microbiome and metabolome associated with white spot lesions in patients treated with clear aligners. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1119616. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1119616.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Alsulaiman AA. Orthodontic Treatment as a protective factor for Dental Caries Experience and Severity: a Population-based study. Int J Dent. 2021;2021:9926069. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9926069.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Meade MJ, Weir T. A survey of orthodontic clear aligner practices among orthodontists. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2022;162(6):e302–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2022.08.018.CrossRefPubMed

Raghavan S, Abu Alhaija ES, Duggal MS, et al. White spot lesions, plaque accumulation and salivary caries-associated bacteria in clear aligners compared to fixed orthodontic treatment. A systematic review and meta- analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):599. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03257-8. Published 2023 Aug 27.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Reichardt E, Geraci J, Sachse S, et al. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the oral bacterial flora occur shortly after implementation of fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2019;156(6):735–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.12.018.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Bilgic F, Akinci Sozer O, Ozcan O, et al. Evaluation of inflammation during fixed orthodontic treatment. Arch Oral Biol. 2016;71:54–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.07.004.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Samaranayake L, Matsubara VH. Normal oral Flora and the oral ecosystem. Dent Clin North Am. 2017;61(2):199–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2016.11.002.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Trtić N, Mori M, Matsui S, et al. Oral commensal bacterial flora is responsible for peripheral differentiation of neutrophils in the oral mucosa in the steady state. J Oral Biosci. 2023;65(1):119–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.job.2022.11.002.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Di Stefano M, Polizzi A, Santonocito S, et al. Impact of oral Microbiome in Periodontal Health and Periodontitis: a critical review on Prevention and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(9):5142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095142.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Gómez-García AP, López-Vidal Y, Pinto-Cardoso S, et al. Overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines in dental pulp tissue and distinct bacterial microbiota in carious teeth of Mexican individuals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:958722. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.958722.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Lapenaite E, Lopatiene K, Ragauskaite A. Prevention and treatment of white spot lesions during and after fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic literature review. Stomatologija. 2016;18(1):3–8.PubMed

16.

Lopatiene K, Borisovaite M, Lapenaite E. Prevention and Treatment of White Spot lesions during and after treatment with fixed Orthodontic Appliances: a systematic literature review. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2016;7(2):e1. https://doi.org/10.5037/jomr.2016.7201.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Sampaio FA, Sampaio CRA, Cunha CO, et al. The effect of orthodontic separator and short-term fixed orthodontic appliance on inflammatory mediators and somatosensory function. J Oral Rehabil. 2019;46(3):257–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12742.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Hobson RS, Nunn JH, Cozma I. Orthodontic management of orofacial problems in young people with impairments: review of the literature and case reports. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2005;15(5):355–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-263X.2005.00642.x.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Zhu YC, Zhu FJ, Zhai L, et al. Effect of invisible appliance without bracket and self-locking bracket appliance on periodontal and subgingival flora in patients with periodontitis. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2022;31(2):184–8.PubMed

20.

Chen X, Ma J. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to explore genes responsive to Streptococcus oralis biofilm and immune infiltration analysis in human gingival fibroblasts cells. Bioengineered. 2021;12(1):1054–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.1902697.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Myers S, Do T, Meade JL, et al. Immunomodulatory streptococci that inhibit CXCL8 secretion and NFκB activation are common members of the oral microbiota. J Med Microbiol. 2021;70(3):001329. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001329.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Shang L, Deng D, Buskermolen JK, et al. Multi-species oral biofilm promotes reconstructed human gingiva epithelial barrier function. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):16061. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34390-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Altmeier S, Toska A, Sparber F, et al. IL-1 coordinates the Neutrophil response to C. Albicans in the oral mucosa. PLoS Pathog. 2016;12(9):e1005882. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005882.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Chen X, Luo Q, Ding J, et al. Zymosan promotes proliferation, Candida albicans adhesion and IL-1β production of oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro. Infect Agent Cancer. 2020;15:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13027-020-00315-6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Yu L, Maishi N, Akahori E, et al. The oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans promotes Tumor Metastasis by inducing vascular inflammation. Cancer Sci. 2022;113(11):3980–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.15538.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Araujo LDC, Furlaneto FAC, da Silva LAB, et al. Use of the Probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 in oral Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(16):9334. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169334.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Correlation between salivary cytokine profiles and white spot lesions in adolescent patients receiving clear aligner orthodontic treatment
Authors: Qian Liu
Tao Guo
Wei Dang
Zhixin Song
Yi Wen
Houzhuo Luo
Axian Wang
Publication date: 01-12-2023
Publisher: BioMed Central
Keywords: Cytokines
Aligner
Published in: BMC Oral Health / Issue 1/2023
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6831
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03561-3

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Correlation between salivary cytokine profiles and white spot lesions in adolescent patients receiving clear aligner orthodontic treatment

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2023

Low-dose arecoline regulates distinct core signaling pathways in oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma

Evaluating the accuracy of automated cephalometric analysis based on artificial intelligence

Prevalence of frailty and its association with oral hypofunction in older adults: a gender perspective

Effect of thermal manipulation on the biological and mechanical characteristics of horizontal platelet rich fibrin membranes

Investigation of the efficacy of different Ni-Ti systems on acrylic blocks for correcting ledge formation

Association between psychological stress, anxiety and oral health status among college students during the Omicron wave: a cross-sectional study