Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 3/2012

01-06-2012

Cutting-edge Issues in Autoimmunity and Allergy of the Digestive System

Author: Carlo Selmi

Published in: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology | Issue 3/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Autoimmunity and allergy involving the digestive system may be considered as paradigmatic for numerous common themes of complex diseases secondary to tolerance breakdown. Among gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases, for example, we encounter diseases in which a clear environmental trigger is identified (i.e., celiac disease), serum autoantibodies are most specific (i.e., primary biliary cirrhosis), or in which the disease pathophysiology is clearly understood (i.e., autoimmune gastritis). Similarly, it is intriguing that the gastrointestinal tract and the liver circulation represent the crucial environment for the development of immune tolerance. This issue is dedicated to the discussion of recent concepts while identifying two major common issues, i.e., the need for serum biomarkers and the role of vitamin D. Other common themes characterize the etiology and effector mechanisms of these and other autoimmune diseases and are discussed in each cutting-edge overview.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Gershwin ME, Shoenfeld Y (2011) Cutting-edge issues in organ-specific autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 41:123–125PubMedCrossRef Gershwin ME, Shoenfeld Y (2011) Cutting-edge issues in organ-specific autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 41:123–125PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Gorlova O, Martin JE, Rueda B, Koeleman BP, Ying J, Teruel M et al (2011) Identification of novel genetic markers associated with clinical phenotypes of systemic sclerosis through a genome-wide association strategy. PLoS genet 7:e1002178PubMedCrossRef Gorlova O, Martin JE, Rueda B, Koeleman BP, Ying J, Teruel M et al (2011) Identification of novel genetic markers associated with clinical phenotypes of systemic sclerosis through a genome-wide association strategy. PLoS genet 7:e1002178PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Allanore Y, Saad M, Dieude P, Avouac J, Distler JH, Amouyel P et al (2011) Genome-wide scan identifies TNIP1, PSORS1C1, and RHOB as novel risk loci for systemic sclerosis. PLoS genet 7:e1002091PubMedCrossRef Allanore Y, Saad M, Dieude P, Avouac J, Distler JH, Amouyel P et al (2011) Genome-wide scan identifies TNIP1, PSORS1C1, and RHOB as novel risk loci for systemic sclerosis. PLoS genet 7:e1002091PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Radstake TR, Gorlova O, Rueda B, Martin JE, Alizadeh BZ, Palomino-Morales R et al (2010) Genome-wide association study of systemic sclerosis identifies CD247 as a new susceptibility locus. Nat Genet 42:426–429PubMedCrossRef Radstake TR, Gorlova O, Rueda B, Martin JE, Alizadeh BZ, Palomino-Morales R et al (2010) Genome-wide association study of systemic sclerosis identifies CD247 as a new susceptibility locus. Nat Genet 42:426–429PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Deng Y, Tsao BP (2010) Genetic susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in the genomic era. Nat Rev Rheumatol 6:683–692PubMedCrossRef Deng Y, Tsao BP (2010) Genetic susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in the genomic era. Nat Rev Rheumatol 6:683–692PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Wang S, Adrianto I, Wiley GB, Lessard CJ, Kelly JA, Adler AJ et al. (2012) A functional haplotype of UBE2L3 confers risk for systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun. doi:10.1038/gene.2012.6 Wang S, Adrianto I, Wiley GB, Lessard CJ, Kelly JA, Adler AJ et al. (2012) A functional haplotype of UBE2L3 confers risk for systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun. doi:10.​1038/​gene.​2012.​6
7.
go back to reference Lessard CJ, Adrianto I, Ice JA, Wiley GB, Kelly JA, Glenn SB et al (2012) Identification of IRF8, TMEM39A, and IKZF3-ZPBP2 as susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus in a large-scale multiracial replication study. Am J Hum Genet 90:648–660PubMedCrossRef Lessard CJ, Adrianto I, Ice JA, Wiley GB, Kelly JA, Glenn SB et al (2012) Identification of IRF8, TMEM39A, and IKZF3-ZPBP2 as susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus in a large-scale multiracial replication study. Am J Hum Genet 90:648–660PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Mells GF, Floyd JA, Morley KI, Cordell HJ, Franklin CS, Shin SY et al (2011) Genome-wide association study identifies 12 new susceptibility loci for primary biliary cirrhosis. Nat Genet 43:329–332PubMedCrossRef Mells GF, Floyd JA, Morley KI, Cordell HJ, Franklin CS, Shin SY et al (2011) Genome-wide association study identifies 12 new susceptibility loci for primary biliary cirrhosis. Nat Genet 43:329–332PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Liu X, Invernizzi P, Lu Y, Kosoy R, Bianchi I, Podda M et al (2010) Genome-wide meta-analyses identify three loci associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Nat Genet 42:658–660PubMedCrossRef Liu X, Invernizzi P, Lu Y, Kosoy R, Bianchi I, Podda M et al (2010) Genome-wide meta-analyses identify three loci associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Nat Genet 42:658–660PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Okada Y, Terao C, Ikari K, Kochi Y, Ohmura K, Suzuki A et al (2012) Meta-analysis identifies nine new loci associated with rheumatoid arthritis in the Japanese population. Nature Genet 44(5):511–516PubMedCrossRef Okada Y, Terao C, Ikari K, Kochi Y, Ohmura K, Suzuki A et al (2012) Meta-analysis identifies nine new loci associated with rheumatoid arthritis in the Japanese population. Nature Genet 44(5):511–516PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Terao C, Ohmura K, Katayama M, Takahashi M, Kokubo M, Diop G et al (2011) Myelin basic protein as a novel genetic risk factor in rheumatoid arthritis—a genome-wide study combined with immunological analyses. PLoS One 6:e20457PubMedCrossRef Terao C, Ohmura K, Katayama M, Takahashi M, Kokubo M, Diop G et al (2011) Myelin basic protein as a novel genetic risk factor in rheumatoid arthritis—a genome-wide study combined with immunological analyses. PLoS One 6:e20457PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Zhernakova A, Stahl EA, Trynka G, Raychaudhuri S, Festen EA, Franke L et al (2011) Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in celiac disease and rheumatoid arthritis identifies fourteen non-HLA shared loci. PLoS genet 7:e1002004PubMedCrossRef Zhernakova A, Stahl EA, Trynka G, Raychaudhuri S, Festen EA, Franke L et al (2011) Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in celiac disease and rheumatoid arthritis identifies fourteen non-HLA shared loci. PLoS genet 7:e1002004PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Eyre S, Ke X, Lawrence R, Bowes J, Panoutsopoulou K, Barton A et al (2011) Examining the overlap between genome-wide rare variant association signals and linkage peaks in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis rheum 63:1522–1526PubMedCrossRef Eyre S, Ke X, Lawrence R, Bowes J, Panoutsopoulou K, Barton A et al (2011) Examining the overlap between genome-wide rare variant association signals and linkage peaks in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis rheum 63:1522–1526PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Liu C, Ackerman HH, Carulli JP (2011) A genome-wide screen of gene-gene interactions for rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility. Hum Genet 129:473–485PubMedCrossRef Liu C, Ackerman HH, Carulli JP (2011) A genome-wide screen of gene-gene interactions for rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility. Hum Genet 129:473–485PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Padyukov L, Seielstad M, Ong RT, Ding B, Ronnelid J, Seddighzadeh M et al (2011) A genome-wide association study suggests contrasting associations in ACPA-positive versus ACPA-negative rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 70:259–265PubMedCrossRef Padyukov L, Seielstad M, Ong RT, Ding B, Ronnelid J, Seddighzadeh M et al (2011) A genome-wide association study suggests contrasting associations in ACPA-positive versus ACPA-negative rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 70:259–265PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Plant D, Bowes J, Potter C, Hyrich KL, Morgan AW, Wilson AG et al (2011) Genome-wide association study of genetic predictors of anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis identifies associations with polymorphisms at seven loci. Arthritis Rheum 63:645–653PubMedCrossRef Plant D, Bowes J, Potter C, Hyrich KL, Morgan AW, Wilson AG et al (2011) Genome-wide association study of genetic predictors of anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis identifies associations with polymorphisms at seven loci. Arthritis Rheum 63:645–653PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Festen EA, Goyette P, Green T, Boucher G, Beauchamp C, Trynka G et al (2011) A meta-analysis of genome-wide association scans identifies IL18RAP, PTPN2, TAGAP, and PUS10 as shared risk loci for Crohn’s disease and celiac disease. PLoS genet 7:e1001283PubMedCrossRef Festen EA, Goyette P, Green T, Boucher G, Beauchamp C, Trynka G et al (2011) A meta-analysis of genome-wide association scans identifies IL18RAP, PTPN2, TAGAP, and PUS10 as shared risk loci for Crohn’s disease and celiac disease. PLoS genet 7:e1001283PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Smyk D, Rigopoulou EI, Baum H, Burroughs AK, Vergani D, Bogdanos DP (2012) Autoimmunity and environment: am I at risk? Clin rev allergy immunol 42:199–212PubMedCrossRef Smyk D, Rigopoulou EI, Baum H, Burroughs AK, Vergani D, Bogdanos DP (2012) Autoimmunity and environment: am I at risk? Clin rev allergy immunol 42:199–212PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Ramos PS, Criswell LA, Moser KL, Comeau ME, Williams AH, Pajewski NM et al (2011) A comprehensive analysis of shared loci between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and sixteen autoimmune diseases reveals limited genetic overlap. PLoS genet 7:e1002406PubMedCrossRef Ramos PS, Criswell LA, Moser KL, Comeau ME, Williams AH, Pajewski NM et al (2011) A comprehensive analysis of shared loci between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and sixteen autoimmune diseases reveals limited genetic overlap. PLoS genet 7:e1002406PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Bogdanos DP, Smyk DS, Rigopoulou EI, Mytilinaiou MG, Heneghan MA, Selmi C et al (2012) Twin studies in autoimmune disease: genetics, gender and environment. J Autoimmun 38:J156–J169PubMedCrossRef Bogdanos DP, Smyk DS, Rigopoulou EI, Mytilinaiou MG, Heneghan MA, Selmi C et al (2012) Twin studies in autoimmune disease: genetics, gender and environment. J Autoimmun 38:J156–J169PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Brooks WH (2012) Mechanisms and pathophysiology of autoimmune disease. Clin rev allergy immunol 42:1–4PubMedCrossRef Brooks WH (2012) Mechanisms and pathophysiology of autoimmune disease. Clin rev allergy immunol 42:1–4PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Misery L (2011) Atopic dermatitis: new trends and perspectives. Clin rev allergy immunol 41:296–297PubMedCrossRef Misery L (2011) Atopic dermatitis: new trends and perspectives. Clin rev allergy immunol 41:296–297PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Valesini G, Conti F (2011) The persistent challenge of lupus nephritis. Clin rev allergy immunol 40:135–137PubMedCrossRef Valesini G, Conti F (2011) The persistent challenge of lupus nephritis. Clin rev allergy immunol 40:135–137PubMedCrossRef
25.
26.
go back to reference Peeva E (2011) Reproductive immunology: a focus on the role of female sex hormones and other gender-related factors. Clin rev allergy immunol 40:1–7PubMedCrossRef Peeva E (2011) Reproductive immunology: a focus on the role of female sex hormones and other gender-related factors. Clin rev allergy immunol 40:1–7PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Bizzaro N, Tozzoli R, Villalta D, Fabris M, Tonutti E (2012) Cutting-edge issues in celiac disease and in gluten intolerance. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-010-8223-1 Bizzaro N, Tozzoli R, Villalta D, Fabris M, Tonutti E (2012) Cutting-edge issues in celiac disease and in gluten intolerance. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.​1007/​s12016-010-8223-1
32.
33.
go back to reference Bonaguri C, Melegari A, Ballabio A, Parmeggiani M, Russo A, Battistelli L et al (2011) Italian multicentre study for application of a diagnostic algorithm in autoantibody testing for autoimmune rheumatic disease: conclusive results. Autoimmun Rev 11:1–5PubMedCrossRef Bonaguri C, Melegari A, Ballabio A, Parmeggiani M, Russo A, Battistelli L et al (2011) Italian multicentre study for application of a diagnostic algorithm in autoantibody testing for autoimmune rheumatic disease: conclusive results. Autoimmun Rev 11:1–5PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Conrad K, Roggenbuck D, Reinhold D, Sack U (2012) Autoantibody diagnostics in clinical practice. Autoimmun Rev 11:207–211PubMedCrossRef Conrad K, Roggenbuck D, Reinhold D, Sack U (2012) Autoantibody diagnostics in clinical practice. Autoimmun Rev 11:207–211PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Hickman-Brecks CL, Racz JL, Meyer DM, LaBranche TP, Allen PM (2011) Th17 cells can provide B cell help in autoantibody induced arthritis. J Autoimmun 36:65–75PubMedCrossRef Hickman-Brecks CL, Racz JL, Meyer DM, LaBranche TP, Allen PM (2011) Th17 cells can provide B cell help in autoantibody induced arthritis. J Autoimmun 36:65–75PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Hu N, Westra J, Kallenberg CG (2011) Dysregulated neutrophil–endothelial interaction in antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides: implications for pathogenesis and disease intervention. Autoimmun Rev 10:536–543PubMedCrossRef Hu N, Westra J, Kallenberg CG (2011) Dysregulated neutrophil–endothelial interaction in antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides: implications for pathogenesis and disease intervention. Autoimmun Rev 10:536–543PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Somers K, Geusens P, Elewaut D, De Keyser F, Rummens JL, Coenen M et al (2011) Novel autoantibody markers for early and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 36:33–46PubMedCrossRef Somers K, Geusens P, Elewaut D, De Keyser F, Rummens JL, Coenen M et al (2011) Novel autoantibody markers for early and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 36:33–46PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Rozenberg O, Lerner A, Pacht A, Grinberg M, Reginashvili D, Henig C et al. (2012) A novel algorithm for the diagnosis of celiac disease and a comprehensive review of celiac disease diagnostics. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-010-8250-y Rozenberg O, Lerner A, Pacht A, Grinberg M, Reginashvili D, Henig C et al. (2012) A novel algorithm for the diagnosis of celiac disease and a comprehensive review of celiac disease diagnostics. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.​1007/​s12016-010-8250-y
39.
go back to reference Bizzaro N, Covini G, Rosina F, Muratori P, Tonutti E, Villalta D, et al. (2012) Overcoming a “probable” diagnosis in antimitochondrial antibody negative primary biliary cirrhosis: study of 100 sera and review of the literature. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-010-8234-y Bizzaro N, Covini G, Rosina F, Muratori P, Tonutti E, Villalta D, et al. (2012) Overcoming a “probable” diagnosis in antimitochondrial antibody negative primary biliary cirrhosis: study of 100 sera and review of the literature. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.​1007/​s12016-010-8234-y
40.
go back to reference Selmi C, Bowlus CL, Gershwin ME, Coppel RL (2011) Primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet 377:1600–1609PubMedCrossRef Selmi C, Bowlus CL, Gershwin ME, Coppel RL (2011) Primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet 377:1600–1609PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Mytilinaiou MG, Meyer W, Scheper T, Rigopoulou EI, Probst C, Koutsoumpas AL et al. (2012) Diagnostic and clinical utility of antibodies against the nuclear body promyelocytic leukaemia and Sp100 antigens in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Chim Acta. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2012.03.020 Mytilinaiou MG, Meyer W, Scheper T, Rigopoulou EI, Probst C, Koutsoumpas AL et al. (2012) Diagnostic and clinical utility of antibodies against the nuclear body promyelocytic leukaemia and Sp100 antigens in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Chim Acta. doi:10.​1016/​j.​cca.​2012.​03.​020
43.
go back to reference Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Defining and analyzing geoepidemiology and human autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 34:J168–J177PubMedCrossRef Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Defining and analyzing geoepidemiology and human autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 34:J168–J177PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Antico A, Tozzoli R, Giavarina D, Tonutti E, Bizzaro N (2012) Hypovitaminosis D as predisposing factor for atrophic type A gastritis: a case–control study and review of the literature on the interaction of vitamin D with the immune system. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-011-8255-1 Antico A, Tozzoli R, Giavarina D, Tonutti E, Bizzaro N (2012) Hypovitaminosis D as predisposing factor for atrophic type A gastritis: a case–control study and review of the literature on the interaction of vitamin D with the immune system. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.​1007/​s12016-011-8255-1
45.
go back to reference Lerner A, Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Pacht A, Ben-Ami Shor D, Lopez HM et al. (2012) The clinical significance of 25OH-vitamin D status in celiac disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-010-8237-8 Lerner A, Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Pacht A, Ben-Ami Shor D, Lopez HM et al. (2012) The clinical significance of 25OH-vitamin D status in celiac disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.​1007/​s12016-010-8237-8
46.
go back to reference Arnson Y, Amital H, Agmon-Levin N, Alon D, Sanchez-Castanon M, Lopez-Hoyos M et al (2011) Serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations are linked with various clinical aspects in patients with systemic sclerosis: a retrospective cohort study and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 10:490–494PubMedCrossRef Arnson Y, Amital H, Agmon-Levin N, Alon D, Sanchez-Castanon M, Lopez-Hoyos M et al (2011) Serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations are linked with various clinical aspects in patients with systemic sclerosis: a retrospective cohort study and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 10:490–494PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Cutolo M, Pizzorni C, Sulli A (2011) Vitamin D endocrine system involvement in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev 11:84–87PubMedCrossRef Cutolo M, Pizzorni C, Sulli A (2011) Vitamin D endocrine system involvement in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev 11:84–87PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Hajas A, Sandor J, Csathy L, Csipo I, Barath S, Paragh G et al (2011) Vitamin D insufficiency in a large MCTD population. Autoimmun Rev 10:317–324PubMedCrossRef Hajas A, Sandor J, Csathy L, Csipo I, Barath S, Paragh G et al (2011) Vitamin D insufficiency in a large MCTD population. Autoimmun Rev 10:317–324PubMedCrossRef
49.
50.
go back to reference Chandran V, Raychaudhuri SP (2010) Geoepidemiology and environmental factors of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. J Autoimmun 34:J314–J321PubMedCrossRef Chandran V, Raychaudhuri SP (2010) Geoepidemiology and environmental factors of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. J Autoimmun 34:J314–J321PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Zeki AA, Schivo M, Chan AL, Hardin KA, Kenyon NJ, Albertson TE et al (2010) Geoepidemiology of COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Autoimmun 34:J327–J338PubMedCrossRef Zeki AA, Schivo M, Chan AL, Hardin KA, Kenyon NJ, Albertson TE et al (2010) Geoepidemiology of COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Autoimmun 34:J327–J338PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Shoenfeld Y, Selmi C, Zimlichman E, Gershwin ME (2008) The autoimmunologist: geoepidemiology, a new center of gravity, and prime time for autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 31:325–330PubMedCrossRef Shoenfeld Y, Selmi C, Zimlichman E, Gershwin ME (2008) The autoimmunologist: geoepidemiology, a new center of gravity, and prime time for autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 31:325–330PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Moroni L, Bianchi I, Lleo A (2012) Geoepidemiology, gender and autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 11:A386–A392PubMedCrossRef Moroni L, Bianchi I, Lleo A (2012) Geoepidemiology, gender and autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 11:A386–A392PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Peelen E, Knippenberg S, Muris AH, Thewissen M, Smolders J, Tervaert JW et al (2011) Effects of vitamin D on the peripheral adaptive immune system: a review. Autoimmun Rev 10:733–743PubMedCrossRef Peelen E, Knippenberg S, Muris AH, Thewissen M, Smolders J, Tervaert JW et al (2011) Effects of vitamin D on the peripheral adaptive immune system: a review. Autoimmun Rev 10:733–743PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Hypponen E (2010) Vitamin D and increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes—evidence for an association? Diabetes Obes Metab 12:737–743PubMedCrossRef Hypponen E (2010) Vitamin D and increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes—evidence for an association? Diabetes Obes Metab 12:737–743PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Selmi C, Tsuneyama K (2010) Nutrition, geoepidemiology, and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 9:A267–A270PubMedCrossRef Selmi C, Tsuneyama K (2010) Nutrition, geoepidemiology, and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 9:A267–A270PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Zold E, Szodoray P, Nakken B, Barath S, Kappelmayer J, Csathy L et al (2011) Alfacalcidol treatment restores derailed immune-regulation in patients with undifferentiated connective tissue disease. Autoimmun Rev 10:155–162PubMedCrossRef Zold E, Szodoray P, Nakken B, Barath S, Kappelmayer J, Csathy L et al (2011) Alfacalcidol treatment restores derailed immune-regulation in patients with undifferentiated connective tissue disease. Autoimmun Rev 10:155–162PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Adorini L, Penna G (2009) Dendritic cell tolerogenicity: a key mechanism in immunomodulation by vitamin D receptor agonists. Hum Immunol 70:345–352PubMedCrossRef Adorini L, Penna G (2009) Dendritic cell tolerogenicity: a key mechanism in immunomodulation by vitamin D receptor agonists. Hum Immunol 70:345–352PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Cutolo M, Plebani M, Shoenfeld Y, Adorini L, Tincani A (2011) Vitamin D endocrine system and the immune response in rheumatic diseases. Vitam Horm 86:327–351PubMedCrossRef Cutolo M, Plebani M, Shoenfeld Y, Adorini L, Tincani A (2011) Vitamin D endocrine system and the immune response in rheumatic diseases. Vitam Horm 86:327–351PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Sellitto M, Bai G, Serena G, Fricke WF, Sturgeon C, Gajer P et al (2012) Proof of concept of microbiome-metabolome analysis and delayed gluten exposure on celiac disease autoimmunity in genetically at-risk infants. PLoS One 7:e33387PubMedCrossRef Sellitto M, Bai G, Serena G, Fricke WF, Sturgeon C, Gajer P et al (2012) Proof of concept of microbiome-metabolome analysis and delayed gluten exposure on celiac disease autoimmunity in genetically at-risk infants. PLoS One 7:e33387PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Maslowski KM, Vieira AT, Ng A, Kranich J, Sierro F, Yu D et al (2009) Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43. Nature 461:1282–1286PubMedCrossRef Maslowski KM, Vieira AT, Ng A, Kranich J, Sierro F, Yu D et al (2009) Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43. Nature 461:1282–1286PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Macia L, Thorburn AN, Binge LC, Marino E, Rogers KE, Maslowski KM et al (2012) Microbial influences on epithelial integrity and immune function as a basis for inflammatory diseases. Immunol Rev 245:164–176PubMedCrossRef Macia L, Thorburn AN, Binge LC, Marino E, Rogers KE, Maslowski KM et al (2012) Microbial influences on epithelial integrity and immune function as a basis for inflammatory diseases. Immunol Rev 245:164–176PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Kapsogeorgou EK, Gourzi VC, Manoussakis MN, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG (2011) Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) and Sjogren’s syndrome: candidate regulators of autoimmune response and autoantigen expression. J Autoimmun 37:129–135PubMedCrossRef Kapsogeorgou EK, Gourzi VC, Manoussakis MN, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG (2011) Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) and Sjogren’s syndrome: candidate regulators of autoimmune response and autoantigen expression. J Autoimmun 37:129–135PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Scrivo R, Vasile M, Bartosiewicz I, Valesini G (2011) Inflammation as “common soil” of the multifactorial diseases. Autoimmun Rev 10:369–374PubMedCrossRef Scrivo R, Vasile M, Bartosiewicz I, Valesini G (2011) Inflammation as “common soil” of the multifactorial diseases. Autoimmun Rev 10:369–374PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Thamilarasan M, Koczan D, Hecker M, Paap B, Zettl UK (2012) MicroRNAs in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Autoimmun Rev 11:174–179PubMedCrossRef Thamilarasan M, Koczan D, Hecker M, Paap B, Zettl UK (2012) MicroRNAs in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Autoimmun Rev 11:174–179PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Cutting-edge Issues in Autoimmunity and Allergy of the Digestive System
Author
Carlo Selmi
Publication date
01-06-2012
Publisher
Humana Press Inc
Published in
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology / Issue 3/2012
Print ISSN: 1080-0549
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0267
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-012-8311-5

Other articles of this Issue 3/2012

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 3/2012 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine