Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Review

Current evidence for the effectiveness of heated and humidified high flow nasal cannula supportive therapy in adult patients with respiratory failure

Authors: Oriol Roca, Gonzalo Hernández, Salvador Díaz-Lobato, José M. Carratalá, Rosa M. Gutiérrez, Joan R. Masclans, for the Spanish Multidisciplinary Group of High Flow Supportive Therapy in Adults (HiSpaFlow)

Published in: Critical Care | Issue 1/2016

Abstract

High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) supportive therapy has emerged as a safe, useful therapy in patients with respiratory failure, improving oxygenation and comfort. Recently several clinical trials have analyzed the effectiveness of HFNC therapy in different clinical situations and have reported promising results. Here we review the current knowledge about HFNC therapy, from its mechanisms of action to its effects on outcomes in different clinical situations.

Anderson NJ, Cassidy PE, Janssen LL, Dengel DR. Peak inspiratory flows of adults exercising at light, moderate and heavy workloads. J Int Soc Respir Prot. 2006;23:53–63.

Masclans JR, Roca O. High-flow oxygen therapy in acute respiratory failure. Clin Pulm Med. 2012;19(3):127–30. doi:10.1097/CPM.0b013e3182514f29.CrossRef

Parke RL, McGuinness SP. Pressures delivered by nasal high flow oxygen during all phases of the respiratory cycle. Respir Care. 2013;58(10):1621–4. doi:10.4187/respcare.02358.CrossRefPubMed

Parke R, McGuinness S, Eccleston M. Nasal high-flow therapy delivers low level positive airway pressure. Br J Anaesth. 2009;103(6):886–90. doi:10.1093/bja/aep280.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Parke RL, Bloch A, McGuinness SP. Effect of very-high-flow nasal therapy on airway pressure and end-expiratory lung impedance in healthy volunteers. Respir Care. 2015;60(10):1397–403. doi:10.4187/respcare.04028.CrossRefPubMed

Chatila W, Nugent T, Vance G, et al. The effects of high-flow vs low-flow oxygen on exercise in advanced obstructive airways disease. Chest. 2004;126(4):1108–15. doi:10.1378/chest.126.4.1108.CrossRefPubMed

Groves N, Tobin A. High flow nasal oxygen generates positive airway pressure in adult volunteers. Aust Crit Care. 2007;20(4):126–31. doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2007.08.001.CrossRefPubMed

Chanques G, Riboulet F, Molinari N, et al. Comparison of three high flow oxygen therapy delivery devices: a clinical physiological cross-over study. Minerva Anestesiol. 2013;79(12):1344–55. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23857440. Accessed October 26, 2015.PubMed

Hinz J, Hahn G, Neumann P, et al. End-expiratory lung impedance change enables bedside monitoring of end-expiratory lung volume change. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(1):37–43. doi:10.1007/s00134-002-1555-4.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Corley A, Caruana LR, Barnett AG, et al. Oxygen delivery through high-flow nasal cannulae increase end-expiratory lung volume and reduce respiratory rate in post-cardiac surgical patients. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107(6):998–1004. doi:10.1093/bja/aer265.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Riera J, Pérez P, Cortés J, et al. Effect of high-flow nasal cannula and body position on end-expiratory lung volume: a cohort study using electrical impedance tomography. Respir Care. 2013;58(4):589–96. doi:10.4187/respcare.02086.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Dysart K, Miller TL, Wolfson MR, Shaffer TH. Research in high flow therapy: mechanisms of action. Respir Med. 2009;103(10):1400–5. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2009.04.007.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Spence CJT, Buchmann NA, Jermy MC. Unsteady flow in the nasal cavity with high flow therapy measured by stereoscopic PIV. Exp Fluids. 2012;52(3):569–79. doi:10.1007/s00348-011-1044-z.CrossRef

14.

Frizzola M, Miller TL, Rodriguez ME, et al. High-flow nasal cannula: impact on oxygenation and ventilation in an acute lung injury model. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011;46(1):67–74. doi:10.1002/ppul.21326.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Chanques G, Constantin J-M, Sauter M, et al. Discomfort associated with underhumidified high-flow oxygen therapy in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35(6):996–1003. doi:10.1007/s00134-009-1456-x.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Roca O, Riera J, Torres F, Masclans JR. High-flow oxygen therapy in acute respiratory failure. Respir Care. 2010;55(4):408–13. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20406507. Accessed October 26, 2015.PubMed

17.

Kilgour E, Rankin N, Ryan S, Pack R. Mucociliary function deteriorates in the clinical range of inspired air temperature and humidity. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(7):1491–4. doi:10.1007/s00134-004-2235-3.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Chidekel A, Zhu Y, Wang J, et al. The effects of gas humidification with high-flow nasal cannula on cultured human airway epithelial cells. Pulm Med. 2012;2012:380686. doi:10.1155/2012/380686.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Vargas F, Saint-Leger M, Boyer A, et al. Physiologic effects of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen in critical care subjects. Respir Care. 2015;60(10):1369–76. doi:10.4187/respcare.03814.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Fontanari P, Burnet H, Zattara-Hartmann MC, Jammes Y. Changes in airway resistance induced by nasal inhalation of cold dry, dry, or moist air in normal individuals. J Appl Physiol. 1996;81(4):1739–43. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8904594. Accessed January 7, 2016.PubMed

21.

Miller MJ, DiFiore JM, Strohl KP, Martin RJ. Effects of nasal CPAP on supraglottic and total pulmonary resistance in preterm infants. J Appl Physiol. 1990;68(1):141–6. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2179206. Accessed October 26, 2015.PubMed

22.

Sztrymf B, Messika J, Mayot T, et al. Impact of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy on intensive care unit patients with acute respiratory failure: a prospective observational study. J Crit Care. 2012;27(3):324. e9-13. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.07.075.

23.

Sztrymf B, Messika J, Bertrand F, et al. Beneficial effects of humidified high flow nasal oxygen in critical care patients: a prospective pilot study. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(11):1780–6. doi:10.1007/s00134-011-2354-6.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Rello J, Pérez M, Roca O, et al. High-flow nasal therapy in adults with severe acute respiratory infection: a cohort study in patients with 2009 influenza A/H1N1v. J Crit Care. 2012;27(5):434–9. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.04.006.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Roca O, Pérez-Terán P, Masclans JR, et al. Patients with New York Heart Association class III heart failure may benefit with high flow nasal cannula supportive therapy: high flow nasal cannula in heart failure. J Crit Care. 2013;28(5):741–6. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.02.007.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Moreno FL, Hagan AD, Holmen JR, et al. Evaluation of size and dynamics of the inferior vena cava as an index of right-sided cardiac function. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53(4):579–85. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6695787. Accessed February 15, 2016.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Barbier C, Loubières Y, Schmit C, et al. Respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter are helpful in predicting fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patients. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(9):1740–6. doi:10.1007/s00134-004-2259-8.PubMed

28.

Feissel M, Michard F, Faller J-P, Teboul J-L. The respiratory variation in inferior vena cava diameter as a guide to fluid therapy. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(9):1834–7. doi:10.1007/s00134-004-2233-5.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Carratalá Perales JM, Llorens P, Brouzet B, et al. High-flow therapy via nasal cannula in acute heart failure. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2011;64(8):723–5. doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2010.10.034.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Hyun Cho W, Ju Yeo H, Hoon Yoon S, et al. High-flow nasal cannula therapy for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in adults: a retrospective analysis. Intern Med. 2015;54(18):2307–13. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.54.4266.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Frat J-P, Brugiere B, Ragot S, et al. Sequential application of oxygen therapy via high-flow nasal cannula and noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure: an observational pilot study. Respir Care. 2015;60(2):170–8. doi:10.4187/respcare.03075.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Schwabbauer N, Berg B, Blumenstock G, et al. Nasal high-flow oxygen therapy in patients with hypoxic respiratory failure: effect on functional and subjective respiratory parameters compared to conventional oxygen therapy and non-invasive ventilation (NIV). BMC Anesthesiol. 2014;14:66. doi:10.1186/1471-2253-14-66.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Roca O, de Acilu MG, Caralt B, et al. Humidified high flow nasal cannula supportive therapy improves outcomes in lung transplant recipients readmitted to the intensive care unit because of acute respiratory failure. Transplantation. 2015;99(5):1092–8. doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000000460.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Frat J-P, Thille AW, Mercat A, et al. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2185–96. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1503326.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Peters SG, Holets SR, Gay PC. High-flow nasal cannula therapy in do-not-intubate patients with hypoxemic respiratory distress. Respir Care. 2013;58(4):597–600. doi:10.4187/respcare.01887.PubMed

36.

Lenglet H, Sztrymf B, Leroy C, et al. Humidified high flow nasal oxygen during respiratory failure in the emergency department: feasibility and efficacy. Respir Care. 2012;57(11):1873–8. doi:10.4187/respcare.01575.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Simon M, Braune S, Frings D, et al. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen versus non-invasive ventilation in patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure undergoing flexible bronchoscopy--a prospective randomised trial. Crit Care. 2014;18(6):712. doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0712-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Lucangelo U, Vassallo FG, Marras E, et al. High-flow nasal interface improves oxygenation in patients undergoing bronchoscopy. Crit Care Res Pract. 2012;2012:506382. doi:10.1155/2012/506382.PubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Tiruvoipati R, Lewis D, Haji K, Botha J. High-flow nasal oxygen vs high-flow face mask: a randomized crossover trial in extubated patients. J Crit Care. 2010;25(3):463–8. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.06.050.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Rittayamai N, Tscheikuna J, Rujiwit P. High-flow nasal cannula versus conventional oxygen therapy after endotracheal extubation: a randomized crossover physiologic study. Respir Care. 2014;59(4):485–90. doi:10.4187/respcare.02397.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Maggiore SM, Idone FA, Vaschetto R, et al. Nasal high-flow vs Venturi mask oxygen therapy after extubation: effects on oxygenation, comfort and clinical outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190(3):282–8. doi:10.1164/rccm.201402-0364OC.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Vourc’h M, Asfar P, Volteau C, et al. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen during endotracheal intubation in hypoxemic patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(9):1538–48. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3796-z.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Miguel-Montanes R, Hajage D, Messika J, et al. Use of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy to prevent desaturation during tracheal intubation of intensive care patients with mild-to-moderate hypoxemia. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(3):574–83. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000743.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Stéphan F, Barrucand B, Petit P, et al. High-flow nasal oxygen vs noninvasive positive airway pressure in hypoxemic patients after cardiothoracic surgery. JAMA. 2015;313(23):2331–9. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.5213.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Corley A, Bull T, Spooner AJ, et al. Direct extubation onto high-flow nasal cannulae post-cardiac surgery versus standard treatment in patients with a BMI ≥30: a randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(5):887–94. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3765-6.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Parke RL, McGuinness SP, Eccleston ML. A preliminary randomized controlled trial to assess effectiveness of nasal high-flow oxygen in intensive care patients. Respir Care. 2011;56(3):265–70. doi:10.4187/respcare.00801.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Parke R, McGuinness S, Dixon R, Jull A. Open-label, phase II study of routine high-flow nasal oxygen therapy in cardiac surgical patients. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(6):925–31. doi:10.1093/bja/aet262.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Jones PG, Kimona S, Doran O, et al. Randomized controlled trial of humidified high-flow nasal oxygen for acute respiratory distress in the emergency department: the HOT-ER study. Respir Care. 2015;61(3):291–9. doi:10.4187/respcare.04252.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Nagata K, Morimoto T, Fujimoto D, et al. Efficacy of high-flow nasal cannula therapy in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: decreased use of mechanical ventilation. Respir Care. 2015;60(10):1390–6. doi:10.4187/respcare.04026.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Gaunt KA, Spilman SK, Halub ME, et al. High-flow nasal cannula in a mixed adult ICU. Respir Care. 2015;60(10):1383–9. doi:10.4187/respcare.04016.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Lemiale V, Mokart D, Mayaux J, et al. The effects of a 2-h trial of high-flow oxygen by nasal cannula versus Venturi mask in immunocompromised patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: a multicenter randomized trial. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):380. doi:10.1186/s13054-015-1097-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Mokart D, Geay C, Chow-Chine L, et al. High-flow oxygen therapy in cancer patients with acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(11):2008–10. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3994-8.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Kang BJ, Koh Y, Lim C-M, et al. Failure of high-flow nasal cannula therapy may delay intubation and increase mortality. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(4):623–32. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3693-5.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Rittayamai N, Tscheikuna J, Praphruetkit N, Kijpinyochai S. Use of high-flow nasal cannula for acute dyspnea and hypoxemia in the emergency department. Respir Care. 2015;60(10):1377–82. doi:10.4187/respcare.03837.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Messika J, Ben Ahmed K, Gaudry S, et al. Use of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in subjects with ARDS: a 1-year observational study. Respir Care. 2015;60(2):162–9. doi:10.4187/respcare.03423.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Schlapbach LJ, Schaefer J, Brady A-M, et al. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) support in interhospital transport of critically ill children. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(4):592–9. doi:10.1007/s00134-014-3226-7.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Ricard J-D, Messika J, Sztrymf B, Gaudry S. Impact on outcome of delayed intubation with high-flow nasal cannula oxygen: is the device solely responsible? Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(6):1157–8. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3766-5.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA. 2012;307(23):2526–33. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5669.PubMed

59.

Calfee CS. ARDS in 2015: new clinical directions, new biological insights. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(12):912–3. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00425-7.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Antonelli M, Conti G, Esquinas A, et al. A multiple-center survey on the use in clinical practice of noninvasive ventilation as a first-line intervention for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(1):18–25. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000251821.44259.F3.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Lomas C, Roca O, Álvarez A, Masclans JR. Fibroscopy in patients with hypoxemic respiratory insufficiency: Utility of the high-flow nasal cannula. Respir Med CME. 2009;2(3):121–4.CrossRef

62.

Miyagi K, Haranaga S, Higa F, et al. Implementation of bronchoalveolar lavage using a high-flow nasal cannula in five cases of acute respiratory failure. Respir Investig. 2014;52(5):310–4. doi:10.1016/j.resinv.2014.06.006.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Futier E, Paugam-Burtz C, Constantin J-M, et al. The OPERA trial--comparison of early nasal high flow oxygen therapy with standard care for prevention of postoperative hypoxemia after abdominal surgery: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013;14:341. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-341.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Hernandez G, Pedrosa A, Ortiz R, et al. The effects of increasing effective airway diameter on weaning from mechanical ventilation in tracheostomized patients: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(6):1063–70. doi:10.1007/s00134-013-2870-7.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Rea H, McAuley S, Jayaram L, et al. The clinical utility of long-term humidification therapy in chronic airway disease. Respir Med. 2010;104(4):525–33. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2009.12.016.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Donaldson GC, Seemungal TAR, Bhowmik A, Wedzicha JA. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2002;57(10):847–52. Available at: doi:10.1136/thorax.57.10.847. Accessed October 3, 2015.

67.

Bhowmik A, Seemungal TA, Sapsford RJ, et al. Comparison of spontaneous and induced sputum for investigation of airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1998;53(11):953–6. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10193394. Accessed October 26, 2015.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Fuschillo S, De Felice A, Balzano G. Mucosal inflammation in idiopathic bronchiectasis: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(2):396–406. doi:10.1183/09031936.00069007.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J. Chronic mucus hypersecretion in COPD and death from pulmonary infection. Eur Respir J. 1995;8(8):1333–8. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7489800. Accessed October 26, 2015.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Rogers DF. Mucus pathophysiology in COPD: differences to asthma, and pharmacotherapy. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2000;55(4):324–32. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11057087. Accessed October 26, 2015.PubMed

71.

Hasani A, Chapman TH, McCool D, et al. Domiciliary humidification improves lung mucociliary clearance in patients with bronchiectasis. Chron Respir Dis. 2008;5(2):81–6. doi:10.1177/1479972307087190.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Storgaard LH, Frystyck M, Hockey H, Weinreich LM. Number of exacerbations in COPD patients on LTOT treated with a nasal high flow system. Eur Respir J. 2014 vol. 44 no. Suppl 58 P4730.

73.

Okuda M, Kashio M, Tanaka N, et al. Nasal high-flow oxygen therapy system for improving sleep-related hypoventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2014;8:341. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-8-341.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

74.

Nilius G, Franke K-J, Domanski U, et al. Effects of nasal insufflation on arterial gas exchange and breathing pattern in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypercapnic respiratory failure. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;755:27–34. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4546-9_4.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Nilius G, Domansky U, Franke KJ, Rühle KH, Schneider H. Nasal High Flow Oxygen Therapy Attenuates Nocturnal Hypoventilation In COPD Patients With Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:A3102.

76.

McGinley BM, Patil SP, Kirkness JP, et al. A nasal cannula can be used to treat obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(2):194–200. doi:10.1164/rccm.200609-1336OC.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

77.

Haba-Rubio J, Andries D, Rey V, et al. Effect of transnasal insufflation on sleep disordered breathing in acute stroke: a preliminary study. Sleep Breath. 2012;16(3):759–64. doi:10.1007/s11325-011-0572-3.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Epstein AS, Hartridge-Lambert SK, Ramaker JS, et al. Humidified high-flow nasal oxygen utilization in patients with cancer at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. J Palliat Med. 2011;14(7):835–9. doi:10.1089/jpm.2011.0005.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Lee HY, Rhee CK, Lee JW. Feasibility of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for acute respiratory failure in patients with hematologic malignancies: a retrospective single-center study. J Crit Care. 2015;30(4):773–7. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.03.014.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Sunbul FS, Fink JB, Harwood R, et al. Comparison of HFNC, bubble CPAP and SiPAP on aerosol delivery in neonates: an in-vitro study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015;50(11):1099–106. doi:10.1002/ppul.23123.CrossRefPubMed

81.

Perry SA, Kesser KC, Geller DE, et al. Influences of cannula size and flow rate on aerosol drug delivery through the Vapotherm humidified high-flow nasal cannula system. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2013;14(5):e250–6. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e31828a7f79.CrossRefPubMed

82.

MacLoughlin R, Power P, Wolny N, Duffy C. Evaluation of vibrating mesh nebulizer performance during nasal high flow therapy. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2013;26(2):A51.

83.

Longest PW, Walenga RL, Son Y-J, Hindle M. High-efficiency generation and delivery of aerosols through nasal cannula during noninvasive ventilation. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2013;26(5):266–79. doi:10.1089/jamp.2012.1006.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

84.

Bhashyam AR, Wolf MT, Marcinkowski AL, et al. Aerosol delivery through nasal cannulas: an in vitro study. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2008;21(2):181–8. doi:10.1089/jamp.2007.0662.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Gea J, Orozco-Levi M, Gallart L. Increased inspiratory oxygen fractions (FIO2) using a conventional drug delivery nebuliser. Arch Bronconeumol. 2010;46(5):230–7. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2010.02.002.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Vincent J-L. High-flow oxygen cannula: a very effective method to correct severe hypoxemia. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7(8):E207–8. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.07.33.PubMedPubMedCentral

87.

Pisani L, Corcione N, Nava S. Management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2016;22(1):45–52. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000269.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Brochard L, Mancebo J, Wysocki M, et al. Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(13):817–22. doi:10.1056/NEJM199509283331301.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Peter JV, Moran JL, Phillips-Hughes J, et al. Effect of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) on mortality in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2006;367(9517):1155–63. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68506-1.CrossRefPubMed

90.

Díaz Lobato S, Mayoralas Alises S. Effectiveness of high-flow oxygen therapy with warm humidification in a COPD patient with chronic cough. Arch Bronconeumol. 2011;47(8):420–1. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2011.05.004.PubMed

Title: Current evidence for the effectiveness of heated and humidified high flow nasal cannula supportive therapy in adult patients with respiratory failure
Authors: Oriol Roca
Gonzalo Hernández
Salvador Díaz-Lobato
José M. Carratalá
Rosa M. Gutiérrez
Joan R. Masclans
for the Spanish Multidisciplinary Group of High Flow Supportive Therapy in Adults (HiSpaFlow)
Publication date: 01-12-2016
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Critical Care / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1364-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1263-z

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Current evidence for the effectiveness of heated and humidified high flow nasal cannula supportive therapy in adult patients with respiratory failure

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

Prehospital fibrinolysis versus primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Do we need new prokinetics to reduce enteral feeding intolerance during critical illness?

Erratum to: Erythropoietin improves long-term neurological outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients: a randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Adrenomedullin and endothelin-1 are associated with myocardial injury and death in septic shock patients

The association between lactate, mean arterial pressure, central venous oxygen saturation and peripheral temperature and mortality in severe sepsis: a retrospective cohort analysis

Association of diabetes and diabetes treatment with the host response in critically ill sepsis patients