Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
Published in: Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Research

Cross-cultural comparison of plant use knowledge in Baitadi and Darchula districts, Nepal Himalaya

Authors: Ripu M. Kunwar, Maria Fadiman, Mary Cameron, Rainer W. Bussmann, Khum B. Thapa-Magar, Bhagawat Rimal, Prabhat Sapkota

Published in: Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

This study seeks to better understand the human-nature interface and to measure the variability of plant use knowledge among cultures, through inter- and intracultural analyses. We compared plant collection, use, and management of two culturally distinct groups (Baitadi and Darchula) of the Nepal Himalaya. They inhabit different physiographic regions, yet share the same ecological landscape, environmental resources, and livelihood challenges. We hypothesized that the elderly, native, and traditional healers living in remote and rural places possess more diverse and detailed knowledge of plant use and conservation than young, non-native, and non-healers.

Methods

A total of 106 people were contacted for interviews, and 100 (68 men and 32 women) agreed to share ethnobotanical, demographic, and socioeconomic information. They were asked about the three most important plants for their socioeconomic benefit, culture, primary health care, and livelihood.

Results

The knowledge of plant collection, use, and its transfer was strongly associated with the cultural heritage whereas the ecogeographical condition influences the ways in which plants are collected and used. The divergent knowledge of plant collection, use, and transfer between the participants of Baitadi and Darchula was significantly (p < 0.001) attributed to the cultural heritage of the area. The low consensus of plant use (FiC 0–0.87; IASc 0–0.67) between Baitadi and Darchula district could be due to cultural divergence, varied accessibility, physiographic heterogeneity, and biodiversity uniqueness.

Conclusions

Differences in plant use knowledge may help in diversifying the strategies of plant use in accordance with the livelihood, culture, and environment, and therefore, more studies measuring these aspects can further the ecosystem and cultural health of the region.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Ladio AH, Lozada M. Patterns of use and knowledge of wild edible plants in distinct ecological environments: a case study of a Mapuche community from north western Patagonia. Biodivers Conserv. 2004;13:1153–73.CrossRef
2.
Thomas E, Vandebroek I, Goetghebeur P, Sanca S, Arrázola S, Van Damme P. The relationship between plant use and plant diversity in the Bolivian Andes, with special reference to medicinal plant use. Hum Ecol. 2008;36(6):861–79.CrossRef
3.
Phillips O, Gentry AH. The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: II. Additional hypothesis testing in quantitative ethnobotany. Econ Bot. 1993;47:33–43.CrossRef
4.
Aldunate C, Armesto J, Castro V, Villagran C. Estidio ethnobotanio en una communidad precordillerana de Antofagasta: Tocoe. Boletin Museo Historia Natural de Chile. 1981;38:183–223.
5.
Weckerle CS, Huber FK, Yongping Y, Weibang S. Plant knowledge of the Shuhi in the Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China. Econ Bot. 2006;60(1):3–23.CrossRef
6.
Fadiman M. In: Africa Ethnoboty in the Americas, Voeks R, Rashford J, editors. Marketing, culture and conservaion values of NTFPs: case study of Afro-Ecuadorian use of Piquigua, Heteropsis ecuadonrensis (Acaceae). New York: Springer; 2013.
7.
8.
Manzardo AE. Ecological constraints on trans-Himalayan trade in Nepal. Contributions to Nepalese Studies. 1977;4:63–81.
9.
Cameron MM. Biodiversity and medicinal plants in Nepal: involving untouchables in conservation and development. Hum Organ. 1996;55(1):84–92.CrossRef
10.
Bista S, Webb EL. Collection and marketing of non-timber forest products in farwestern hills of Nepal. Environ Conserv. 2006;33(3):244–55.CrossRef
11.
Zomer RJ, Trabucco A, Metzger M, Oli KP. Environmental stratification of Kailash Sacred Landscape and projected climate change impacts on ecosystems and productivity. Kathmandu: ICIMOD; 2013. p. 1–136.
12.
Farnsworth NR, Morris RW. Higher plants—the sleeping giant of drug development. Am J Pharm Educ. 1976;148:46–52.
13.
Bhattarai NK. Medical ethnobotany in Karnali zone, Nepal. Econ Bot. 1992;46(3):257–61.CrossRef
14.
15.
16.
Vandebroek I, Van Damme P, Van Puyvelde L, Arrazola S, De Kimpe N. A comparison of traditional healers’ medicinal plant knowledge in the Bolivian Andes and Amazon. Soc Sci Med. 2004;59:837–49.PubMedCrossRef
17.
18.
Byg A, Salick J, Law W. Medicinal plant knowledge among lay people in five eastern Tibet villages. Hum Ecol. 2010;38(2):177–91.CrossRef
19.
Toledo BA, Colantonio S, Galetto L. Knowledge and use of edible and medicinal plants in two populations from the Chaco Forest, Córdoba Province, Argentina. J Ethnobiol. 2007;27(2):218–32.CrossRef
20.
Cetinkaya G. Challenges for the maintenance of traditional knowledge in the Satoyama and Satoumi ecosystems, Noto Peninsula. Japan Hum Ecol Rev. 2009;16:27–40.
21.
Thomas E, Vandebroek I, Van Damme P, Goetghebeur P, Douterlungne D, Sanca S, Arrazola S. The relation between accessibility, diversity and indigenous valuation of vegetation in the Bolivian Andes. J Arid Environ. 2009;73:854–61.CrossRef
22.
23.
Ellen RF. In: Medin DL, Atran S, editors. Modes of subsistence and ethnobiological knowledge: between extraction and cultivation in Southeast Asiar. Cambridge: Folk Biology MIT Press; 1999. ISBN 0262133490.
24.
Maffi L. Linguistic, cultural and biological diversity. Annu Rev Anthropol. 2005;29:599–617.CrossRef
25.
Saslis-Lagaudakis CH, Williamson EM, Savolainen V, Hawkins JA. Cross-cultural comparison of three medicinal floras and implications for bioprospecting strategies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;135:476–87.CrossRef
26.
Prance GT. An ethnobotanical comparison of four tribes of Amazonian Indians. Acta Amazônica. 1972;2(2):7–27.CrossRef
27.
Hitchcock J. Ecologically related differences between communities in west Central Nepal. New Orleans: Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association; 1973.
28.
Pieroni A, Giusti ME, Quave C. Cross-cultural ethnobiology in the western balkans: medical ethnobotany and ethnozoology among albanians and serbs in the Pešter Plateau, Sandžak, South-Western Serbia. Hum Ecol. 2011;39:333–49.CrossRef
29.
30.
Labeyrie V, Rono B, Leclerc C. How social organization shapes crop diversity: an ecological anthropology approach among Tharaka farmers of Mount Kenya. Agric Hum Values. 2014;31:97–107.CrossRef
31.
Byg A, Balslev H. Diversity and use of palms in Zahamena, Eastern Madagascar. Biodivers Conserv. 2001;10:951–70.CrossRef
32.
Fadiman M. Cultivated food plants: culture and gendered spaces of colonists and the Chachi in Ecuador. J Lat Am Geogr. 2005;4(1):43–57.CrossRef
33.
Reyes-García V, Huanca T, Vadez V, Leonard W, Wilkie D. Cultural, practical, and economic value of wild plants: a quantitative study in the Bolivian Amazon. Econ Bot. 2006;60(1):62–74.CrossRef
34.
Voeks RA. Are women reservoirs of traditional plant knowledge? Gender, ethnobotany and globalization in northeast Brazil. Singap J Trop Geogr. 2007;28:7–20.CrossRef
35.
Atreya K, Pyakurel D, Thagunna KS, Bhatta L, Uprety Y, Chaudhary R, Oli BN, Rimal S. Factors contributing to the decline of traditional practices in communities from the Gwallek-Kedar area, Baitadi, Kailash Sacred Landscape, Nepal. Environ Manag. 2018; https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00267-018-1009-6.
36.
Muller JG, Boubacar R, Giombo ID. The “how” and “why” of including gender and age in ethnobotanical research and community-based resource management. Ambio. 2015;44:67–78.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Farooquee NA, Saxena KG. Conservation and utilization of medicial plants in high hills of the central Himalayas. Environ Conserv. 1996;23:75–80.CrossRef
38.
Rudel TK, Bates D, Machinguiashi R. A tropical forest transition? Agricultural change, out–migration, and secondary forests in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Ann Assoc Am Geogr. 2002;92:87–102.CrossRef
39.
Brusle T. Choosing a destination and work: migration strategies of Nepalese workers in Uttarakhand, northern India. Mt Res Dev. 2008;28:240–7.CrossRef
40.
Bhatt VP. Loss of cultural values: a threat to biodiversity in Uttranchal Himalaya. Zoos’ Print Journal. 2010;17:802–6.CrossRef
41.
Poertner E, Junginger M, Muller-Boker U. Migration in Farwest Nepal. Critical Asian Studies. 2011;43(1):23–47.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Turner NJ, Clifton H. It’s so different today: climate change and indigenous life ways in British Columbia, Canada. Glob Environ Chang. 2009;19(2):180–90.CrossRef
43.
Heinrich M, Ankil A, Frei B, Weimann C, Sticher O. Medicinal plants in Mexico, healer’s consensus and cultural importance. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47:1859–71.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Lardos A, Heinrich M. Continuity and change in medicinal plant use: the example of monasteries on Cyprus and historical atrosophia texts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;150:202–14.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Gairola S, Sharma J, Bedi YS. A cross-cultural analysis of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh (India) medicinal plant use. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;155:925–86.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Aziz MA, Adnan M, Khan AH, Sufyan M, Khan SN. Cross-cultural analysis of medicinal plants commonly used in ethnoveterinary practices at South Waziristan Agency and Bajaur Agency, Federally Administrated Tribal Areas (FATA), Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018;210:443–68.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Chaudhary RP, Shrestha KK, Jha PK, Bhatta K. Kailash Sacred Landscape conservation initiative feasability assessment report. Kathmandu: Ecological Society of Nepal; 2010.
48.
Pant SD. The social economy of the Himalaya, vol. 264. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1935.
49.
Garbyal SS, Aggrawal KK, Babu CR. Traditionally used medicinal plants in Dharchula Himalayas of Pithoragarh. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2005a;4:199–207.
50.
Elliott A. Botanical exploration of Darchula District, Farwest Nepal. Scottish Rock Garden Club, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh; 2012.
51.
Pandey GD. Nityananda Smarak Samiti. Varanasi; 1989. p. 546–7.
52.
Manzardo AE, Dahal DR, Rai NK. The Byanshi: an ethnographic note on a trading group in Farwestern Nepal. Contrib Nepalese Stud. 1976;3:83–118.PubMed
53.
Pandey A, Kotru R, Pradhan N. Kailash Sacred Landscape: bridging cultural heritage, conservation and development through a transboundary landscape approach. In: Verschuuren B, Futura N, editors. Asian sacred natural sites: philosophy and practice in protected areas and conservation. NY: Routledge; 2016.
54.
Shrestha S. The Vedic-Aryan entry into contemporary Nepal—a pre-historical analysis based on the study of Puranas. Ancient Nepal. 2001;147:1–8.
55.
Cameron MM. On the edge of the auspicious: gender and caste in Nepal. IL: University of Illinois Press; 1998.
56.
Kumar S. Rana polity in Nepal. Origin and growth. Bombay, India: Asia Publishing House; 1967.
57.
Oakley ES, Gairola TD. Himalayan Folklore: Kumaon and west Nepal. Bibliotheca Himalayica II(10), 315. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar; 1977.
58.
Sharma DR. Vir khamba (commemorative stone pillars for heroic individuals who contributed to the nation) of western Nepal. Contrib Nepalese Stud. 1997;24:57–70.
59.
Farooquee NA, Samal PK, Saxena KG. Adaptation, culture and sustainability in a high Himalayan asociety: case of Bhotiyas. Man Life. 1994;20:201–8.
60.
FAO. Land cover map of Himalaya Region. Rome: Global Land Cover Network Food and Agriculture Organization; 2010.
61.
Kunwar RM, Mahat L, Sharma LN, Shrestha KP, Kominee H, Bussmann RW. Underutilized plant species in Farwest Nepal. J Mt Sci. 2012;9(5):589–600.CrossRef
62.
Uddin K, Chaudhary S, Chettri N, Kotru R, Murthy M, Chaudhary RP, Ning W, Shrestha SM, Gautam SK. The changing land cover and fragmenting forest on the roof of the world: a case study in Nepal’s Kailash Sacred Landscape. Landsc Urban Plan. 2015;141:1–10.CrossRef
63.
Zomer RJ, Oli KP. Kailash sacred landscape conservation initiative: feasibility assessment report. Kathmandu: ICIMOD; 2011. ISBN: 978 92 9115 211 7
64.
IUCN. Nepal iso-potential agro-ecological zone map. Kathmandu, Nepal: IUCN, Nepal, HMG/DANIDA, NARMSAP, TISC; 2000.
65.
Chandrashekara UM, Sankar S. Ecology and management of Sacred Groves in Kerala, India. For Ecol Manag. 1998;112:165–77.CrossRef
66.
Garbyal SS, Grover A, Aggrawal KK, Babu CR. Traditional phytomedicinal knowledge of Bhotias of Dharchula in Pithoragarh. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2007;6:360–4.
67.
Joshi BD. Exploration for amaranth in North-West India. Plant Genet Resour Newslett. 1981;48:41–52.
68.
Balick MJ, Cox PA. Plants, people and culture: the science of ethnobotany. New York: Scientific American Library; 1996. p. 230.
69.
Clarke RC. Traditional cannabis cultivation in Darchula District, Nepal—seed, resin and textiles. J Ind Hemp. 2007;12:19–42.CrossRef
70.
71.
GoN. Nepal Human Development Report 2014-beyond geography, unlocking human potential. Kathmandu, Nepal: UNDP, Government of Nepal; 2014. p. 128.
72.
Cameron MM. Considering Dalits and political identity in imagining a new Nepal: special issue on Dalits in Nepal. Himalaya. 2009;27(1–2):5–18.
73.
Chhetri R, Pandey TR. Use group forestry in Farwestern Region of Nepal: case studies from Baitadi and Accham. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Center for Integrated Mountain Development; 1992.
74.
Devkota R, Karmacharya SB. Documentation in indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants in Gwallek VDC, Baitadi, Nepal. Botanica Orientalis. 2003;3:135–43.
75.
Kunwar RM, Acharya RP, Chowdhary CL, Bussmann RW. Medicinal plant dynamics in indigenous medicines in Farwest Nepal. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;163:210–9.PubMedCrossRef
76.
UNFCO. United Nations Field Coordination Office, District Profile: Baitadi. Kathmandu, Nepal: Transition Support Strategy, RCHC Office; 2013.
77.
78.
Rasul G, Choudhary DM, Pandit BH, Kollmair M. Poverty and livelihood impacts of a medicinal and aromatic plants project in India and Nepal: an assessment. Mt Res Dev. 2012;32:137–48.CrossRef
79.
Acharya R, Bhattarai B, Dahal N, Kunwar R, Karki G, Bhattarai H. Governance in community forestry in Nepal through forest certification. Int For Rev. 2015;17:1–9.
80.
DB B. Community approaches to natural resources management: sacred and non-sacred landscapes in Nepal. Master thesis. Oxford, Ohio: Miami University; 2003.
81.
Wickramasinghe A. Anthropogenic factors and forest management in Sri Lanka. Appl Geogr. 1997;17:87–110.CrossRef
82.
Khumbongmayum AD, Khan ML, Tripathi RS. Ethnomedicinal plants in the sacred grooves of Manipur. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2005;4:21–32.
83.
Ramakrishnan PS. Conserving the sacred: from species to landscapes. Nat Resour. 1996;32:11–9.
84.
Chand PB, Wilson A. A case study of the development of local forest management in Darchula. Banko Janakari. 1987;1(4):20–3.
85.
Nawa K. Ethnic categories and their usages in Byans, Farwestern Nepal. EBHR. 2002;18:36–57.
86.
Atkinson ET. The Himalayan Gazzeter. Vol III, part I. Delhi, India: Cosmo publication; 1989. p. 400.
87.
ANSAB. Market assessments of non-timber forest products in Darchula and Baitadi districts. Kathmandu, Nepal: Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresouces; 2003.
88.
Manzardo AE, Dahal DR, Rai NK. Land and migration in Farwestern Nepal. Kathmandu: INAS press; 1977.
89.
UNWFP. United Nations World Food Programme. Food Secur Bull. 2006;38(5):1–8.
90.
Edwards DM. Non-timber forest products from Nepal: aspects of the trade in medicinal and aromatic plants FORESC monograph no. 1/96. Kathmandu: Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation; 1996.
91.
Cameron MM. Trading health: biodiversity conservation, traditional medicine, natures, and the poor in South Asia. Anthropology CourseReader. Detroit: Gale; 2011.
92.
Heim A, Gansser A. The throne of the gods. York, New York: The McMillan Co; 1939.
93.
von Haimendorf C. Himalayan traders; life in highland Nepal. London: John Murray; 1975.
94.
Macfarlane A. Resources and population: a study of the Gurungs of Nepal. Cambridge: Cambridge university press; 1976. p. 364.
95.
Rawat G, Rawal RS, Chaudhary RP, Pieli S. Strategies for the management of high altitude rangalans and their interfaces in the Kailash Sacred Landscape. Kathmandu: ICIMOD; 2013. p. 30.
96.
97.
Jianlin H, Richard C, Hanotte O, McVeigh C, JEO R. Yak production in central Asian highlands. Proceedings of the third international congress on yak held in Lhasa, P.R. China, 4–9 September 2000. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). p. 2002, 572.
98.
Garbyal SS, Aggrawal KK, Babu CR. Return of biodiversity in Dharma valley, Dharchula Himalayas, northern India following fortuitous changes in traditional lifestyle of the local inhabitants. Curr Sci. 2005b;88:722–5.
99.
Kunwar RM, Baral K, Paudel P, Ahcarya R, Thapa K, Cameron M, Bussmann RW. Landuse and socioeconomic change, medicinal plant selection and biodiversity resilience in Farwestern Nepal. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0167812.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
Mutchnick PA, McCarthy BC. An ethnobotanical analysis of the tree species common to the subtropical moist forest of the Peten, Guatemala. Econ Bot. 1997;51:158–83.CrossRef
101.
102.
Putnam AM. The tea shop as an arena of ethnic interaction in Nepal. Contrib Nepalese Stud. 1975;2:11–7.
103.
Albuquerque UP, Lucena P. Methods etechicas para coleta de dados. In: Albuquerque UP, Lucena P, editors. Methods e technicas na Pesquisa ethnobotanica. NUPEAEA/Livro Rapido, Recife; 2004. p. 37–62.
104.
Kristensen M, Baslev H. Perceptions, use and availability of woody plants among the Gourounsi in Burkina Faso. Biodivers Conserv. 2003;12:1715–39.CrossRef
105.
FEM C. Economic botany data collection standard. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens; 1995. p. 146.
106.
Trotter R, Logan M. Informant consensus: a new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. In: Etkin NL, editor. Plants in indigernous medicine and diet: biobehavioral approaches. Bedford Hills, NY: Redgraves publishers; 1986. p. 91–112.
107.
Vandebroek I. The dual intercultural and intracultural relationship between medicinal plant knowledge and consensus. Econ Bot. 2010;64(4):303–17.CrossRef
108.
Weckerle CS, de Boer H, Puri RK, van Andel T, Bussmann RW, Leonti M. Recommended standards for conducting and reporting ethnopharmacological field studies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018;210:125–32.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Heinrich M, Edwards S, Moerman DE, Leonti M. Ethnopharmacological field studies: a critical assessment of their conceptual basis and methods. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;124:1–17.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Sokal RR, Rholf FG. Biometry. New York: Freeman and Company; 1995.
111.
Searle SR, Speed FM, Milliken GA. Population marginal means in the linear model: an alternative to least squares means. Am Stat. 1980;34(4):216–21.
112.
Case RJ, Pauli GF, Soejarto DD. Factors in maintaining indigenous knowledge among ethnic communities of Manus Island. Econ Bot. 2005;59(4):356–65.CrossRef
113.
Moerman DE. Symbols and selectivity: a statistical analysis of Native American medical ethnobotany. J Ethnopharmacol. 1979;1:111–9.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Pandey TR, Bhatta GD, Kandel DR, Basnet R. Collection and digitization of Herbarium specimens from Kailash Sacred Landscape—Nepal. Plant Resour. 2017;15:4–13.
115.
Shah NC, Joshi MC. An ethnobotanical study of the Kumaon region of India. Econ Bot. 1971;25:414–22.CrossRef
116.
Gangwar KK, Deepali, Gangwar RS. Ethnomedicinal plant diversity in Kumaun Himslaya of Uttarakhand, India. Nat Sci. 2010;8:66–78.
117.
Majupuria T, Joshi D. Religious and useful plants of Nepal & India: medicinal plants and flowers as mentioned in religious myths and legends of Hinduism and Buddhism. India: Rohit Kumar publishers; 2009. p. 312.
118.
Pant SR, Dhami NR, Panta IR. Wild edible plants of Lekham area, Darchula, Farwestern Nepal. Scientific World. 2005;3:73–7.
119.
120.
Adnan M, Holscher D. Diversity and abundance of medicinal plants among different forest-use types of the Pakistani Himalaya. Econ Bot. 2011;66:344–56.CrossRef
121.
Teklehaymanot T, Giday M. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by people in Zegie Peninsula, northwestern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2007;3:12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
122.
DDO. District Development Office profile. Nepal: Darchula and Baitadi; 2010.
123.
124.
Christensen M, Bhattarai S, Devkota S, Larsen HO. Collection and use of wild edible fungi in Nepal. Econ Bot. 2008;62(1):12–23.CrossRef
125.
126.
DFO. District Forest Office profile. Baitadi, Nepal; 2016.
127.
GoN. Our forests series (Hamro Ban in Nepali) (2006-2016). Kathmandu: Department of Forests, Government of Nepal; 2016.
128.
Chhetri R, Lodhiyal LS. Collection of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and its implication to rural livelihood and biodiversity conservation: a case of Darchula, Nepal. In: Jha PK, Karmacharya SB, Chettri MK, Thapa CB, Shrestha BB, editors. Medicinal plants in Nepal: an anthology of contemporary research, ecological society. Nepal; 2008. p. 214–23.
129.
Pal TB. A study on Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Yartsagumba) collection in Darchula District of Nepal. Kathmandu: Central Department of Economics, Tribhuvan University, (MSc thesis); 2009.
130.
Wilkinson DY. Traditional medicine in America families: reliance on wisdom of elders. Marriage Fam Rev. 1987;11:65–76.CrossRef
131.
Ladio AH, Lozada M. Comparison of wild edible plant diversity and foraging strategies in two aboriginal communities of northwestern Patagonia. Biodivers Conserv. 2003;12:937–51.CrossRef
132.
Chinsembu KC, Neumbo J, Likando M, Mbangu A. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseases in Onayena and Katima Mulilo, Namibia. S Afr J Bot. 2014;94:101–7.CrossRef
133.
134.
Aryal S, Maraseni TN, Cockfield G. Sustainability of transhumance grazing systems under socio-economic threats in Langtang, Nepal. J Mt Sci. 2014;11(4):1023–34.CrossRef
135.
Finerman R, Sackett R. Using home gardens to decipher health and healing in the Andes. Med Anthropol Q. 2003;17(4):459–82.PubMedCrossRef
136.
McMillen H. Ethnobotanical knowledge transmission and evolution: the case of medicinal markets in Tanga. Tanzania Econom Botany. 2012;66(2):121–31.CrossRef
137.
Lozada M, Ladio A, Weigandt M. Cultural transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge in a rural community of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Econ Bot. 2006;60(4):374–85.CrossRef
138.
Mahwasane ST, Boadua LMN. An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used by the traditional healers of the Lwamondo, Limpopo province, South Africa. S Afr J Bot. 2013;88:69–75.CrossRef
139.
Guimbo D, Muller IJ, Larwanou M. Ethnobotanical knowledge of men, women and children in rural Niger: a mixed methods approach. Ethnobotany Res Appl. 2011;9:235–42.CrossRef
140.
Pfeiffer J, Butz R. Assessing cultural and ecological variation in ethnobotanical research: the importance of gender. J Ethnobiol. 2005;25:240–87.CrossRef
141.
142.
Kala CP. Indigenous uses, population density, and conservation of threatened medicinal plants in protected areas of the Indian Himalayas. Conserv Biol. 2005;19:368–78.CrossRef
143.
Heck KL, Van-Belle G, Simberloff D. Explicit calculation of the rarefaction diversity measurement and the determination of sufficient sample size. Ecology. 1975;56(6):1459–61.CrossRef
144.
Thorsen RS, Pouliot M. Traditional medicine for the rich and knowledgeable: challenging assumptions about treatment-seeking behavior in rural and peri-urban Nepal. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31:314–24.PubMedCrossRef
145.
Gillam S. The traditional healer as village health worker. J Inst Med. 1989;11:67–76.
146.
147.
148.
Graner E. Kami (blacksmiths) today: forests and livelihood security. Contrib Nepalese Stud. 1997;24(2):217–31.
149.
150.
Quave CL, Pieroni A. A reservoir of ethnobotanical knowledge informs resilient food security and health strategies in the Balkans. Nat Plants. 2015:14021.
Metadata
Title
Cross-cultural comparison of plant use knowledge in Baitadi and Darchula districts, Nepal Himalaya
Authors
Ripu M. Kunwar
Maria Fadiman
Mary Cameron
Rainer W. Bussmann
Khum B. Thapa-Magar
Bhagawat Rimal
Prabhat Sapkota
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1746-4269
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0242-7

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 1/2018 Go to the issue

Research

Ethnobotany of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy-Güicán: climate change and conservation strategies in the Colombian Andes

Research

Banana and plantain production systems in Benin: ethnobotanical investigation, varietal diversity, pests, and implications for better production

Research

Indigenous knowledge of dye-yielding plants among Bai communities in Dali, Northwest Yunnan, China

Research

Palikur traditional roundwood construction in eastern French Guiana: ethnobotanical and cultural perspectives

Research

Zootherapeutic uses of wildmeat and associated products in the semiarid region of Brazil: general aspects and challenges for conservation

Research

Ethnobotanical survey of plants used as repellents against housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) in Budondo Subcounty, Jinja District, Uganda