Skip to main content
Log in

The Dual Intracultural and Intercultural Relationship between Medicinal Plant Knowledge and Consensus1

  • Published:
Economic Botany Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Dual Intracultural and Intercultural Relationship between Medicinal Plant Knowledge and Consensus In the present manuscript, consensus analysis was applied to make an intracultural and intercultural comparison of medicinal plant knowledge in two groups of traditional healers from the Andes and Amazon regions in Bolivia, respectively. The ethnobotanical research methodology included field trips for plant collection in the presence of a healer and semistructured interviews, with dried and pressed plant specimens as a probe to ask questions about these plants’ medicinal uses (180 and 126 species in the Andes and Amazon, respectively). Plant use data were analyzed through calculation of the number of species known medicinally, an ethnobotanical index of consensus, and cluster analysis. The results point to a dual link between medicinal plant knowledge and consensus, which is positive at the group (cultural) level but negative at the level of the individual participant. As a group, Andean healers (N = 8) reported more medicinal plant uses and also agreed more often about these uses than their Amazonian peers (N = 7). However, an intracultural comparison shows that an individual healer who holds more plant knowledge often agrees less with other healers about the medicinal uses of these plants, and hence possesses a higher degree of idiosyncratic knowledge. These results demonstrate the challenge to extrapolate knowledge of individual participants to a community or even a cultural group. The careful selection of participants merits considerable attention before the start of fieldwork since interviewing the most knowledgeable healer in a community does not automatically imply that representative (general and commonly-shared) cultural information about medicinal plants will be recorded.

La doble relación intracultural e intercultural entre el conocimiento sobre plantas medicinales y el consenso En el presente manuscrito, se aplicó un análisis de consenso para hacer una comparación intracultural e intercultural en relación al conocimiento sobre plantas medicinales en dos grupos de médicos tradicionales, inhabitantes de la región Andina y Amazónica de Bolivia, respectivamente. La metodología de investigación etnobotánica incluyó salidas al campo guiado por un médico tradicional para la colecta de plantas, y entrevistas semi-estructuradas con plantas secas y prensadas como soporte para hacer preguntas sobre los usos medicinales de estas especies (180 y 126 especies en la zona Andina y Amazónica, respectivamente). Datos sobre los usos de las plantas fueron analizados calculando el número de especies conocidas como medicina, un índice etnobotánico de consenso, y un análisis de cluster. Los resultados demuestran una doble relación entre el conocimiento sobre plantas medicinales y el consenso, lo cual es positiva al nivel del grupo (cultura), pero negativa al nivel del individuo (participante). Como grupo, los médicos tradicionales de la region Andina (N = 8) reportaron más usos medicinales para las plantas y también concordaron más frecuentemente sobre estos usos en comparación con los médicos tradicionales de la región Amazónica (N = 7). Sin embargo, una comparación intracultural demuestra que un médico tradicional que tiene más conocimiento sobre plantas medicinales muchas veces está menos de acuerdo con los demás médicos tradicionales sobre los usos medicinales que se dan a estas plantas, y entonces posee un nivel más alto de conocimiento idiosincrático. Estos resultados demuestran el desafío para extrapolar conocimiento que pertenece a un indivíduo hacía una comunidad o cultura. Por lo tanto, la selección cautelosa de participantes merece mucha atención antes del comienzo del trabajo de campo porque entrevistando al médico tradicional más conocido en una comunidad no implica automaticamente la recopilación de información representativa de la comunidad o cultura (información ampliamente compartida dentro de la comunidad y de carácter general).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature Cited

  • Albuquerque, U. P., R. F. P. Lucena, J. M. Monteiro, A. T. N. Florentino, C. B. R. de Fátima, and C. Almeida. 2006. Evaluating two quantitative ethnobotanical techniques. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 4:51–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ankli, A., O. Sticher, and M. Heinrich. 1999a. Medical ethnobotany of the Yucatec Maya: Healers’ consensus as a quantitative criterion. Economic Botany 53:144–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, ———, and ———. 1999b. Yucatec Maya medicinal plants versus nonmedicinal plants: Indigenous characterization and selection. Human Ecology 27:557–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atran, S., D. Medin, N. Ross, E. Lynch, V. Vapnarsky, E. Ucan Ek’, J. Coley, C. Timura, and M. Baran. 2002. Folk ecology, cultural epidemiology and the spirit of the commons. A garden experiment in the Maya lowlands, 1991–2001. Current Anthropology 43:421–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balick, M. J. 1999. Good botanical practices. Pages 121–125 in D. Eskinazi, M. Blumenthal, N. Farnsworth, and C. Riggins, eds., Botanical medicine: Efficacy, quality assurance, and regulation. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, Larchmont, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, B. C. and G. T. Prance. 2000. Introduced plants in the indigenous pharmacopoeia of northern South America. Economic Botany 54:90–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz, B. F., E. J. Cevallos, M. F. Santana, A. J. Rosales, and M. S. Graf. 2000. Losing knowledge about plant use in the Sierra de Manantlan biosphere reserve, Mexico. Economic Botany 54:183–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bletter, N. 2007. A quantitative synthesis of the medicinal ethnobotany of the Malinké of Mali and the Asháninka of Peru, with a new theoretical framework. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 3:36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boster, J. S. 1985. “Requiem for the omniscient informant”: There’s life in the old girl yet. Pages 177–198 in J. Dougherty, ed., Directions in cognitive anthropology. University of Illinois Press, Champaign.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— 1986. Exchange of varieties and information between Aguaruna manioc cultivators. American Anthropologist, New Series 88:428–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——— and J. C. Johnson. 1989. A comparison of expert and novice judgments of similarity among fish. American Anthropologist, New Series 91:866–889.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Case, R. J., S. G. Franzblau, Y. Wang, S. H. Chob, D. D. Soejarto, and G. F. Pauli. 2006. Ethnopharmacological evaluation of the informant consensus model on anti-tuberculosis claims among the Manus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 106:82–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton, C. M. 1996. Ethnobotany. Principles and applications. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dièye, A. M., A. Sarr, S. N. Diop, M. Ndiaye, G. Y. Sy, M. Diarra, I. Rajraji Gaffary, A. Ndiaye Sy, and B. Fay. 2008. Medicinal plants and the treatment of diabetes in Senegal: survey with patients. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 22:211–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frei, B., M. Baltisberger, O. Sticher, and M. Heinrich. 1998. Medical ethnobotany of the Zapotecs of the Isthmus-Sierra (Oaxaca, Mexico): Documentation and assessment of indigenous uses. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 62:149–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, J., Z. Yaniv, A. Dafni, and D. Palewitch. 1986. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev desert, Israel. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 16:275–287.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garro, L. C. 1986. Intracultural variation in folk medical knowledge: A comparison between curers and noncurers. American Anthropologist 88:351–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gessler, M. C., D. E. Msuya, M. H. H. Nkunya, L. B. Mwasumbi, A. Schär, M. Heinrich, and M. Tanner. 1995. Traditional healers in Tanzania: The treatment of malaria with plant remedies. Journal of Ethnopharmacoly 48:131–144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich, M., A. Ankli, B. Frei, C. Weimann, and O. Sticher. 1998. Medicinal plants in Mexico: Healers’ consensus and cultural importance. Social Science and Medicine 47:1859–1871.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lozada, M., A. Ladio, and M. Weigandt. 2006. Cultural transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge in a rural community of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Economic Botany 60:374–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moerman, D. E. 1991. The medicinal flora of native North America: An analysis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 31:1–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ——— 1996. An analysis of the food plants and drug plants of native North America. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 52:1–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ndubani, P. and B. Höjer. 1999. Traditional healers and the treatment of sexually transmitted illnesses in rural Zambia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67:15–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, J. M. and R. J. Butz. 2005. Assessing cultural and ecological variation in ethnobiological research: The importance of gender. Journal of Ethnobiology 25:240–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, O. 1996. Some quantitative methods for analyzing ethnobotanical knowledge. Pages 171–197 in M. N. Alexiades, ed., Selected guidelines for ethnobotanical research: A field manual. Scientific Publications Department, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and A. H. Gentry. 1993a. The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: I. Statistical hypotheses tests with a new quantitative technique. Economic Botany 47:15–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and ———. 1993b. The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: II. Additional hypothesis-testing in quantitative ethnobotany. Economic Botany 47:33–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan, M. B. and R. J. Quinlan. 2007. Modernization and medicinal plant knowledge in a Caribbean horticultural village. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 21:169–192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-García, V., E. Byron, V. Vadez, R. Godoy, L. Apaza, E. Pérez Limache, W. R. Leonard, and D. Wilkie. 2003a. Measuring culture as shared knowledge: Do data collection formats matter? Cultural knowledge of plant uses among Tsimane’ Amerindians, Bolivia. Field Methods 15:1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, R. Godoy, V. Vadez, L. Apaza, E. Byron, T. Huanca, W. R. Leonard, E. Pérez, and D. Wilkie. 2003b. Ethnobotanical knowledge shared widely among Tsimane’ Amerindians. Bolivia Science 299:1707.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, T. Huanca, V. Vadez, W. Leonard, and D. Wilkie. 2006. Cultural, practical, and economic value of wild plants: A quantitative study in the Bolivian Amazon. Economic Botany 60:62–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———, N. Marti, T. McDade, S. Tanner, and V. Vadez. 2007. Concepts and methods in studies measuring individual ethnobotanical knowledge. Journal of Ethnobiology 27:182–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———, J. Broesch, L. Calvet-Mir, N. Fuentes-Peláez, T. W. McDade, S. Parsa, S. Tanner, T. Huanca, W. R. Leonard, and M. R. Martínez-Rodríguez. 2009. Cultural transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge and skills: An empirical analysis from an Amerindian society. Evolution and Human Behavior 30:274–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romney, A. K., S. C. Weller, and W. H. Batchelder. 1986. Culture as consensus: A theory of culture and informant accuracy. American Anthropologist New Series 88:313–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, P. F. 2001. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ (19 September 2010).

  • Tardío, J. and M. Pardo-De-Santayana. 2008. Cultural importance indices: A comparative analysis based on the useful wild plants of Southern Cantabria (Northern Spain). Economic Botany 62:24–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, E., I. Vandebroek. 2006. Guía de plantas medicinales de los Yuracarés y Trinitarios del Territorio Indígena Parque Nacional Isiboro-Sécure, Bolivia [Guide to the medicinal plants from the Yuracarés and Trinitarios of the Indigenous Territory National Park Isiboro-Sécure, Bolivia]. Santa Cruz, Bolivia: Imprenta Sirena. (In Spanish)

  • ———, ———, and P. Van Damme. 2009. Valuation of forests and plant species in indigenous territory and national park Isiboro-Sécure, Bolivia. Economic Botany 63:229–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tongco, M. D. C. 2007. Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 5:147–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trotter, R. and M. Logan. 1986. Informant consensus: A new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. Pages 91–112 in N. L. Etkin, ed., Plants in indigenous medicine and diet: Biobehavioural approaches. Redgrave Publishers, Bedford Hills, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandebroek, I., E. Thomas, and AMETRAC. 2003. Las plantas medicinales para la atención primaria de la salud. El conocimiento de ocho medicos tradicionales de Apillapampa, Bolivia [Medicinal plants for primary healthcare. The knowledge of eight traditional healers from Apillapampa, Bolivia]. Cochabamba, Bolivia: Indústrias Gráficas Serrano. (In Spanish)

  • ———, J. B. Calewaert, S. De Jonckheere, S. Sanca, L. Semo, P. Van Damme, L. Van Puyvelde, and N. De Kimpe. 2004a. Use of medicinal plants and pharmaceuticals by indigenous communities in the Bolivian Andes and Amazon. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 82:243–250.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ———, P. Van Damme, L. Van Puyvelde, S. Arrazola, and N. De Kimpe. 2004b. A comparison of traditional healers’ medicinal plant knowledge in the Bolivian Andes and Amazon. Social Science and Medicine 59:837–849.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ———, E. Thomas, S. Sanca, P. Van Damme, L. Van Puyvelde, and N. De Kimpe. 2008. Comparison of health conditions treated with traditional and biomedical healthcare in a Quechua community in rural Bolivia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 4:1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voeks, R. A. and A. Leony. 2004. Forgetting the forest: Assessing medicinal plant erosion in Eastern Brazil. Economic Botany 58:S294–S306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The healers from Apillapampa and TIPNIS are kindly thanked for generously sharing their knowledge. The Universidad Mayor de San Simón and specifically the Centro de Biodiversidad y Genética are acknowledged for their assistance with obtaining research permits. This research was supported by a specialization grant from the Flemish Government Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT), Belgium. Hannah Stevens, M.A., manager of the NYBG GIS laboratory, is kindly thanked for elaborating maps of the study sites. The following persons have conducted dissertation research in this project: Rebecca Balsacq, Jan-Bart Calewaert, Evert Thomas, and Elias Verbanck.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ina Vandebroek.

Additional information

Received 16 March 2010; accepted 8 September 2010

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vandebroek, I. The Dual Intracultural and Intercultural Relationship between Medicinal Plant Knowledge and Consensus1. Econ Bot 64, 303–317 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-010-9135-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-010-9135-y

Key Words

Navigation