Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Critical Care 1/2020

Open Access 01-12-2020 | COVID-19 | Viewpoint

Provision of ECPR during COVID-19: evidence, equity, and ethical dilemmas

Authors: Elliott Worku, Denzil Gill, Daniel Brodie, Roberto Lorusso, Alain Combes, Kiran Shekar

Published in: Critical Care | Issue 1/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

The use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) to restore circulation during cardiac arrest is a time-critical, resource-intensive intervention of unproven efficacy. The current COVID-19 pandemic has brought additional complexity and significant barriers to the ongoing provision and implementation of ECPR services. The logistics of patient selection, expedient cannulation, healthcare worker safety, and post-resuscitation care must be weighed against the ethical considerations of providing an intervention of contentious benefit at a time when critical care resources are being overwhelmed by pandemic demand.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Conrad SA, Broman LM, Taccone FS, Lorusso R, Malfertheiner MV, Pappalardo F, Di Nardo M, Belliato M, Grazioli L, Barbaro RP, et al. The extracorporeal life support organization Maastricht treaty for nomenclature in extracorporeal life support. A position paper of the extracorporeal life support organization. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(4):447–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Conrad SA, Broman LM, Taccone FS, Lorusso R, Malfertheiner MV, Pappalardo F, Di Nardo M, Belliato M, Grazioli L, Barbaro RP, et al. The extracorporeal life support organization Maastricht treaty for nomenclature in extracorporeal life support. A position paper of the extracorporeal life support organization. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(4):447–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Kratzert WB, Gudzenko V. ECPR or do not ECPR-who and how to choose. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020;34(5):1195–7.PubMedCrossRef Kratzert WB, Gudzenko V. ECPR or do not ECPR-who and how to choose. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020;34(5):1195–7.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Abrams D, Garan AR, Abdelbary A, Bacchetta M, Bartlett RH, Beck J, Belohlavek J, Chen YS, Fan E, Ferguson ND, et al. Position paper for the organization of ECMO programs for cardiac failure in adults. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(6):717–29.PubMedCrossRef Abrams D, Garan AR, Abdelbary A, Bacchetta M, Bartlett RH, Beck J, Belohlavek J, Chen YS, Fan E, Ferguson ND, et al. Position paper for the organization of ECMO programs for cardiac failure in adults. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(6):717–29.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Ramanathan K, Antognini D, Combes A, Paden M, Zakhary B, Ogino M, MacLaren G, Brodie D, Shekar K. Planning and provision of ECMO services for severe ARDS during the COVID-19 pandemic and other outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):518–26. Ramanathan K, Antognini D, Combes A, Paden M, Zakhary B, Ogino M, MacLaren G, Brodie D, Shekar K. Planning and provision of ECMO services for severe ARDS during the COVID-19 pandemic and other outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):518–26.
6.
go back to reference Emanuel EJ, Persad G, Upshur R, Thome B, Parker M, Glickman A, Zhang C, Boyle C, Smith M, Phillips JP. Fair allocation of scarce medical resources in the time of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2049–55. Emanuel EJ, Persad G, Upshur R, Thome B, Parker M, Glickman A, Zhang C, Boyle C, Smith M, Phillips JP. Fair allocation of scarce medical resources in the time of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2049–55.
7.
go back to reference Kramer JB, Brown DE, Kopar PK. Ethics in the time of coronavirus: recommendations in the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Surg. 2020;230(6):1114–8. Kramer JB, Brown DE, Kopar PK. Ethics in the time of coronavirus: recommendations in the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Surg. 2020;230(6):1114–8.
8.
go back to reference Leclerc T, Donat N, Donat A, Pasquier P, Nicolas L, Schaeffer E, D'Aranda E, Cotte J, Fontaine B, Perrigault PF, et al. Prioritisation of ICU treatments for critically ill patients in a COVID-19 pandemic with scarce resources. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2020;39(3):333–9. Leclerc T, Donat N, Donat A, Pasquier P, Nicolas L, Schaeffer E, D'Aranda E, Cotte J, Fontaine B, Perrigault PF, et al. Prioritisation of ICU treatments for critically ill patients in a COVID-19 pandemic with scarce resources. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2020;39(3):333–9.
9.
go back to reference Reynolds JC, Grunau BE, Rittenberger JC, Sawyer KN, Kurz MC, Callaway CW. Association between duration of resuscitation and favorable outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: implications for prolonging or terminating resuscitation. Circulation. 2016;134(25):2084–94. Reynolds JC, Grunau BE, Rittenberger JC, Sawyer KN, Kurz MC, Callaway CW. Association between duration of resuscitation and favorable outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: implications for prolonging or terminating resuscitation. Circulation. 2016;134(25):2084–94.
10.
go back to reference Panchal AR, Berg KM, Hirsch KG, Kudenchuk PJ, Del Rios M, Cabanas JG, Link MS, Kurz MC, Chan PS, Morley PT, et al. 2019 American Heart Association focused update on advanced cardiovascular life support: use of advanced airways, vasopressors, and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation during cardiac arrest: an update to the American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2019;140(24):e881–94.PubMed Panchal AR, Berg KM, Hirsch KG, Kudenchuk PJ, Del Rios M, Cabanas JG, Link MS, Kurz MC, Chan PS, Morley PT, et al. 2019 American Heart Association focused update on advanced cardiovascular life support: use of advanced airways, vasopressors, and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation during cardiac arrest: an update to the American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2019;140(24):e881–94.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Holmberg MJ, Geri G, Wiberg S, Guerguerian AM, Donnino MW, Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Andersen LW, International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation’s Advanced Life S, Pediatric Task F. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2018;131:91–100.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Holmberg MJ, Geri G, Wiberg S, Guerguerian AM, Donnino MW, Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Andersen LW, International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation’s Advanced Life S, Pediatric Task F. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2018;131:91–100.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Ryu JA, Chung CR, Cho YH, Sung K, Jeon K, Suh GY, Park TK, Lee JM, Song YB, Hahn JY, et al. Neurologic outcomes in patients who undergo extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2019;108(3):749–55.PubMedCrossRef Ryu JA, Chung CR, Cho YH, Sung K, Jeon K, Suh GY, Park TK, Lee JM, Song YB, Hahn JY, et al. Neurologic outcomes in patients who undergo extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2019;108(3):749–55.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Bougouin W, Dumas F, Lamhaut L, Marijon E, Carli P, Combes A, Pirracchio R, Aissaoui N, Karam N, Deye N, et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a registry study. Eur Heart J. 2019;41(21):1961–71. Bougouin W, Dumas F, Lamhaut L, Marijon E, Carli P, Combes A, Pirracchio R, Aissaoui N, Karam N, Deye N, et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a registry study. Eur Heart J. 2019;41(21):1961–71.
14.
go back to reference Lamhaut L, Hutin A, Puymirat E, Jouan J, Raphalen JH, Jouffroy R, Jaffry M, Dagron C, An K, Dumas F, et al. A pre-hospital extracorporeal cardio pulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) strategy for treatment of refractory out hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study and propensity analysis. Resuscitation. 2017;117:109–17.PubMedCrossRef Lamhaut L, Hutin A, Puymirat E, Jouan J, Raphalen JH, Jouffroy R, Jaffry M, Dagron C, An K, Dumas F, et al. A pre-hospital extracorporeal cardio pulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) strategy for treatment of refractory out hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study and propensity analysis. Resuscitation. 2017;117:109–17.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Kagawa E, Dote K, Kato M, Sasaki S, Nakano Y, Kajikawa M, Higashi A, Itakura K, Sera A, Inoue I, et al. Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiac arrest?: rapid-response extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and intra-arrest percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2012;126(13):1605–13.PubMedCrossRef Kagawa E, Dote K, Kato M, Sasaki S, Nakano Y, Kajikawa M, Higashi A, Itakura K, Sera A, Inoue I, et al. Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiac arrest?: rapid-response extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and intra-arrest percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2012;126(13):1605–13.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Guy A, Golby R, Stenstrom R. Coronary angiography after cardiac arrest without ST-segment elevation (COACT). CJEM. 2020;22(2):163–4.PubMedCrossRef Guy A, Golby R, Stenstrom R. Coronary angiography after cardiac arrest without ST-segment elevation (COACT). CJEM. 2020;22(2):163–4.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, Zhong N, Slutsky AS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(4):586–90.PubMedCrossRef Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, Zhong N, Slutsky AS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(4):586–90.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Shao F, Xu S, Ma X, Xu Z, Lyu J, Ng M, Cui H, Yu C, Zhang Q, Sun P, et al. In-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Resuscitation. 2020;151:18–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shao F, Xu S, Ma X, Xu Z, Lyu J, Ng M, Cui H, Yu C, Zhang Q, Sun P, et al. In-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Resuscitation. 2020;151:18–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Fried JA, Ramasubbu K, Bhatt R, Topkara VK, Clerkin KJ, Horn E, Rabbani L, Brodie D, Jain SS, Kirtane A, et al. The variety of cardiovascular presentations of COVID-19. Circulation. 2020;141(23):1930–36. PMC ID PMC7314498. Fried JA, Ramasubbu K, Bhatt R, Topkara VK, Clerkin KJ, Horn E, Rabbani L, Brodie D, Jain SS, Kirtane A, et al. The variety of cardiovascular presentations of COVID-19. Circulation. 2020;141(23):1930–36. PMC ID PMC7314498.
23.
go back to reference Clerkin KJ, Fried JA, Raikhelkar J, Sayer G, Griffin JM, Masoumi A, et al. COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2020;141(20):1648–55. Clerkin KJ, Fried JA, Raikhelkar J, Sayer G, Griffin JM, Masoumi A, et al. COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2020;141(20):1648–55.
24.
go back to reference Borba Mea: Chloroquine diphosphate in two different dosages as adjunctive therapy of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory syndrome in the context of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection: Preliminary safety results of a randomized, double-blinded, phase IIb clinical trial (CloroCovid-19 Study). Preprint: Medrx IV 2020, 20056424; doi. Borba Mea: Chloroquine diphosphate in two different dosages as adjunctive therapy of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory syndrome in the context of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection: Preliminary safety results of a randomized, double-blinded, phase IIb clinical trial (CloroCovid-19 Study). Preprint: Medrx IV 2020, 20056424; doi.
25.
go back to reference van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Thornburg NJ, Gerber SI, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1564–7.PubMedCrossRef van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Thornburg NJ, Gerber SI, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1564–7.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Chang, Xu H, Rebaza A, Sharma L, Dela Cruz CS: Protecting health-care workers from subclinical coronavirus infection. Lancet Respir Med 2020, 8(3):e13. Chang, Xu H, Rebaza A, Sharma L, Dela Cruz CS: Protecting health-care workers from subclinical coronavirus infection. Lancet Respir Med 2020, 8(3):e13.
29.
go back to reference Feinstein MM, Niforatos JD, Hyun I, Cunningham TV, Reynolds A, Brodie D, Levine A. Considerations for ventilator triage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Respir Med. 2020.. Feinstein MM, Niforatos JD, Hyun I, Cunningham TV, Reynolds A, Brodie D, Levine A. Considerations for ventilator triage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Respir Med. 2020..
30.
go back to reference Mikkelsen S, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell C, Binderup LG, Lossius HM, Toft P, Lassen AT. Termination of prehospital resuscitative efforts: a study of documentation on ethical considerations at the scene. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017;25(1):35.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mikkelsen S, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell C, Binderup LG, Lossius HM, Toft P, Lassen AT. Termination of prehospital resuscitative efforts: a study of documentation on ethical considerations at the scene. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017;25(1):35.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Willmott L, White B, Parker M, Cartwright C. The legal role of medical professionals in decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment: part 2 (Queensland). J Law Med. 2011;18(3):523–44.PubMed Willmott L, White B, Parker M, Cartwright C. The legal role of medical professionals in decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment: part 2 (Queensland). J Law Med. 2011;18(3):523–44.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Mahase E, Kmietowicz Z. Covid-19: doctors are told not to perform CPR on patients in cardiac arrest. BMJ. 2020;368:m1282.PubMedCrossRef Mahase E, Kmietowicz Z. Covid-19: doctors are told not to perform CPR on patients in cardiac arrest. BMJ. 2020;368:m1282.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Greenberg N, Docherty M, Gnanapragasam S, Wessely S. Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic. BMJ. 2020;368:m1211.PubMedCrossRef Greenberg N, Docherty M, Gnanapragasam S, Wessely S. Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic. BMJ. 2020;368:m1211.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Bol ME, Suverein MM, Lorusso R, Delnoij TSR, Brandon Bravo Bruinsma GJ, Otterspoor L, Kuijpers M, Lam KY, APJ V, Elzo Kraemer CV, et al. Early initiation of extracorporeal life support in refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: design and rationale of the INCEPTION trial. Am Heart J. 2019;210:58–68.PubMedCrossRef Bol ME, Suverein MM, Lorusso R, Delnoij TSR, Brandon Bravo Bruinsma GJ, Otterspoor L, Kuijpers M, Lam KY, APJ V, Elzo Kraemer CV, et al. Early initiation of extracorporeal life support in refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: design and rationale of the INCEPTION trial. Am Heart J. 2019;210:58–68.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Provision of ECPR during COVID-19: evidence, equity, and ethical dilemmas
Authors
Elliott Worku
Denzil Gill
Daniel Brodie
Roberto Lorusso
Alain Combes
Kiran Shekar
Publication date
01-12-2020
Publisher
BioMed Central
Keywords
COVID-19
ECMO
ECMO
Published in
Critical Care / Issue 1/2020
Electronic ISSN: 1364-8535
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03172-2

Other articles of this Issue 1/2020

Critical Care 1/2020 Go to the issue