Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
Published in: Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 1/2022

Open Access 01-12-2022 | Cough | Research

Medicinal waterbirds in the traditional healthcare system: an assessment of biodiversity–cultural linkages in Eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Authors: Qaisar Rahman, Muhammad Sajid Nadeem, Muhammad Umair, Muhammad Altaf, Jian Ni, Arshad Mahmood Abbasi, Muhammad Azhar Jameel, Andrea Pieroni, Muhammad Haroon Hamed, Sana Ashraf, Tasnim Sadaf

Published in: Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | Issue 1/2022

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is home to a vast range of medicinal and edible waterbird species due to its diverse geographical environment. Waterbird species have been used for various ailments and cultural practices since ancient times, while ethno-pharmacological applications and cultural uses of waterbird species in this area have seldom been documented. This study is the first ethnomedicinal and cultural assessment of waterbird species, and the first compilation and listing of all known data on these species in Eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Methods

Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data from native respondents (N = 100). To analyze the data, principal component analysis (PCA), relative frequency of citation (RFC), fidelity level (FL%), relative popularity level (RPL), rank order priority, and similarity index were used.

Results

In total, 64 waterbird species were utilized in cultural practices, of which 40 species are used to cure different infectious and chronic diseases such as cold, cough, flu, fever, respiratory disorders, asthma, TB, gastric ulcers, kidney stones, male impotency, obesity, paralysis, piles, cancer, arthritis, body pain, and weakness. PCA showed significant differences in the use of waterbird species among the local inhabitants of the study area, separated along the axis-2 (p < 0.05). The FL% of waterbird species varied from 12 to 100%. 100% FL was analyzed for four waterbird species, i.e., Charadrius mongolus (cold), Gallicrex cinerea (asthma), Anas platyrhynchos (cancer), and Esacus recurvirostris (body weakness). In this study, Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) was the most popular species used in the healthcare system of Eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, with high RFC (4.06), FL% (100), and RPL (1.0) values.

Conclusion

We concluded that waterbird species are more used for medicine and food purposes in the study area. However, in vitro/in vivo assessment of biochemical activities of waterbird species with a maximum FL% might be significant to produce novel drugs. Recent research shows important ethno-ornithological information about native people and their links with waterbird species, which might be helpful for the sustainable use of waterbird diversity in the research area.
Literature
1.
Mughal S, Pervaz M, Bashir SM, Shamashad SS. Assessment of diversity and ethnopharmacological uses of birds in Chakar, Hattian Bala district, Azad Jammu and Kashmir—Pakistan. J Wild Ecol. 2020;4:35–44.
2.
Rauf K, Altaf M, Mumtaz B, Altaf M, Haider R, Safeer B, et al. Assessment of behavior, distribution, ecology and interaction study of Cinnamon Tree Sparrow (Passer rutilans) in district Bagh-Pakistan. J Wild Ecol. 2017;1:43–9.
3.
Hakeem F, Altaf M, Manzoor S, Rauf K, Mumtaz B, Bashir M, et al. Assessment of behavioral study, human activities impacts and interaction with Streak laughingthrush (Trochalopteron lineatum) in district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir-Pakistan. J Wild Ecol. 2017;1:1–7.
4.
Haider R, Altaf M, Rasheed Z, Rauf K, Mumtaz B, Altaf M, et al. Assessment of behavioral study, human activities impacts and interaction with white cheeked bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis) in district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. J Wild Ecol. 2017;1:17–24.
5.
Bashir SM, Rashid Z, Mumtaz B, Altaf M, Rauf K, Haider R, et al. Assessment of behavioral ecology, folklore and medicinal uses of Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) in district Bagh-Pakistan. J Wild Ecol. 2018;2:13–21.
6.
Bibby CJ, Jones M, Marsden S. Bird surveys. London: Expedition Advisory Centre; 1998.
7.
Haidar R, Bashir SM. Chemical composition, traditional and modern uses of meat of animals-a review. J Wild Ecol. 2021;5:47–55.
8.
Adil S, Tariq S. Study of traditional and modern applications of feathers-a review. J Wild Ecol. 2020;4:141–50.
9.
Tariq S. Chemical composition and traditional uses of eggs of different avian species—a review. J Wild Ecol. 2020;4:45–50.
10.
Ijaz S, Faiz M. Chemical composition, folk and modern uses of fats and oil—a review. J Wild Ecol. 2021;5:104–10.
11.
Altaf M, Javid A, Umair M, Iqbal KJ, Rasheed Z, Abbasi AM. Ethnomedicinal and cultural practices of mammals and birds in the vicinity of river Chenab, Punjab-Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2017;13:41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
Altaf M, Umair M, Abbasi AR, Muhammad N, Abbasi AM. Ethnomedicinal applications of animal species by the local communities of Punjab, Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018;14:55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
Tidemann S, Chirgwin S, Sinclair JR. Indigenous knowledges, birds that have ‘spoken’ and science. In: Ethno-ornithology. Routledge; 2012. pp. 25–34.
14.
Del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J. Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 1. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions; 1992.
15.
Jadoon A, Bibi S, Rehman A. Birds’ population in district Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan J Wild Ecol. 2019;3:18–25.
16.
Ashraf S, Kanwal S, Haider MS, Altaf M. Diversity of birds in rural and urban habitats of district Sargodha, Pakistan. J Wild Ecol. 2018;2:26–36.
17.
Ali A, Khan MSH, Altaf M. Winter survey of birds at district of the Badin, Pakistan. J Wild Ecol. 2018;2:11–22.
18.
Altaf M, Javid A, Khan AM, Umair M, Irfan S, Ashraf M, et al. Assessment of water fowl diversity of River Chenab Pakistan. J Anim Plant Sci. 2015;25:382–8.
19.
Altaf M. Assessment of avian and mammalian diversity at selected sites along river Chenab. In: Wildlife and ecology. University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore; 2016. p. 197.
20.
Altaf M, Javid A, Khan AM, Khan M, Umair M, Ali Z. Anthropogenic impact on the distribution of the birds in the tropical thorn forest, Punjab, Pakistan. J Asia Pac Biodivers. 2018;11:229–36.CrossRef
21.
Ali A, Altaf M, Khan MSH, Khan AM, Ashraf S, Chattha SA. Avifauna diversity along the coastline of Banbhore (Gharo creek), district Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan. J Wild Ecol. 2017;1:8–16.
22.
Ashraf S, Riaz A, Muhammad N. Assessments of avian diversity of Uchhali lake. Pakistan J Wild Ecol. 2019;3:8–15.
23.
Ali A, Khan MSH, Altaf M. Analysis of anthropogenic activities on avian diversity along the coastal landscape of Sindh, Pakistan. J Wild Ecol. 2020;4:94–110.
24.
Grimmett R, Inskipp C, Inskip T. Birds of the Indian subcontinent. Christopher Helm an imprint of A and C Black (Publisher) Ltd, London; 1998.
25.
Mirza ZB, Wasiq H. A field guide to birds of Pakistan, vol. 244. Lahore: Bookland; 2007.
26.
Alves RR. Relationships between fauna and people and the role of ethnozoology in animal conservation. Ethnobiol Conserv. 2012;1:1–69.
27.
Alves RR, Rosa IL, Neto NAL, Voeks R. Animals for the gods: magical and religious faunal use and trade in Brazil. Hum Ecol. 2012;40:751–80.CrossRef
28.
Arshad M, Ahmad M, Ahmed E, Saboor A, Abbas A, Sadiq S. An ethnobiological study in Kala Chitta hills of Pothwar region, Pakistan: multinomial logit specification. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2014;10:13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
30.
Bezerra DMM, de Araujo HFP, Alves ÂGC, Alves RRN. Birds and people in semiarid northeastern Brazil: symbolic and medicinal relationships. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013;9:3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
Kear J. Man and wildfowl. London: Poyser, A&C Black; 2010.
32.
Diamond J. The world until yesterday: What can we learn from traditional societies? Penguin; 2013.
33.
34.
Alves RRN, Silva JS, da SilvaChaves L, Albuquerque UP. Ethnozoology and animal conservation. In: Ethnozoology. Elsevier; 2018. pp. 481–496.
35.
Cantonati M, Poikane S, Pringle CM, Stevens LE, Turak E, Heino J, et al. Characteristics, main impacts, and stewardship of natural and artificial freshwater environments: consequences for biodiversity conservation. Water. 2020;12:260.CrossRef
36.
Bateman BL, Wilsey C, Taylor L, Wu J, LeBaron GS, Langham G. North American birds require mitigation and adaptation to reduce vulnerability to climate change. Conser Sci Prac. 2020;2: e242.CrossRef
37.
Saunders SP, Meehan TD, Michel NL, Bateman BL, DeLuca W, Deppe JL, et al. Unraveling a century of global change impacts on winter bird distributions in the eastern United States. Glob Change Biol. 2022;28:2221–35.CrossRef
38.
Ackerman JT, Eagles-Smith CA. Agricultural wetlands as potential hotspots for mercury bioaccumulation: experimental evidence using caged fish. Environ Sci Technol. 2010;44:1451–7.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Donnelly JP, King SL, Silverman NL, Collins DP, Carrera-Gonzalez EM, Lafón-Terrazas A, et al. Climate and human water use diminish wetland networks supporting continental waterbird migration. Glob Change Biol. 2020;26:2042–59.CrossRef
40.
Liu H, Zhang S, Li Z, Lu X, Yang Q. Impacts on wetlands of large-scale land-use changes by agricultural development: the small Sanjiang Plain, China. Ambio. 2004;33:306–10.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Wenny DG, Devault TL, Johnson MD, Kelly D, Sekercioglu CH, Tomback DF, et al. The need to quantify ecosystem services provided by birds. Auk. 2011;128:1–14.CrossRef
42.
Whelan CJ, Şekercioğlu ÇH, Wenny DG. Why birds matter: from economic ornithology to ecosystem services. J Ornithol. 2015;156:227–38.CrossRef
43.
Mahendiran M, Azeez P. Ecosystem services of birds: a review of market and non-market values. Entomol Ornithol Herpetol. 2018;7:2161–0983.
44.
Dennis JR. The effects of land use change, climate change, and conservation on waterbird habitat in the Upper Klamath Basin. Oregon State University; 2022.
45.
GOP. Environmental and social assessment. Water and Power Development Authority and National Transmission and Despatch Company; 2016. p. 100.
46.
Khalid M, Bilal M, Hassani D, Zaman S, Huang D. Characterization of ethno-medicinal plant resources of karamar valley Swabi. Pakistan J Radiat Res Appl Sci. 2017;10:152–63.CrossRef
47.
Rabbi F, Bauer S, Idalinya J. Contribution of forests to rural inequality reduction: present scope and future options for rural development and sustainable use of forests. Int J Sustain Dev World Ecol. 2010;17:4–14.CrossRef
48.
Bhutia, TK. Tarbela Dam dam, Pakistan. 2018.
49.
Khan MS. Amphibians and reptiles of Pakistan. Florida: Krieger Publishing Company Malabar; 2006.
50.
Roberts TJ. The birds of Pakistan, vol. II. Karachi: Oxford University Press; 1992. p. 617.
51.
Roberts TJ. The birds of Pakistan, vol. I. Karachi Oxford University Press; 1991. p. 598.
52.
Rafique A, Burian S, Hassan D, Bano R. Analysis of operational changes of Tarbela Reservoir to improve the water supply, hydropower generation, and flood control objectives. Sustainability. 2020;12:7822.CrossRef
53.
Saleem R, Altaf M, Umair M, Amjad MS, Abbasi AM. Ethnopharmacological applications of the amphibians and reptiles among the people in the vicinity of Margalla Hill National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan. J Wild Ecol. 2021;5:13–25.
54.
Khan A, Mehmood S, Khan RA. Ethnobotanical study of some wild herb medicinal Xerophytes of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Wild Ecol. 2017;1:37–51.
55.
Rahman Q, Nadeem M, Altaf M, Khan S, Saeed A, Naseer J, et al. Assessment of anthropogenic-causing-agents act on waterbirds-diversity in the vicinity of Tarbela Dam, Indus River, Pakistan. Braz J Biol. 2021;84.
56.
Friedman J, Yaniv Z, Dafni A, Palewitch D. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16:275–87.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Ilker U, Suleyman B, Nurettin Y, Yunus D. The investigation and quantitative ethnobotanical evaluation of medicinal plants used around Izmir province, Turkey. J Med Plant Res. 2009;3:345–67.
58.
Vitalini S, Iriti M, Puricelli C, Ciuchi D, Segale A, Fico G. Traditional knowledge on medicinal and food plants used in Val San Giacomo (Sondrio, Italy)—an alpine ethnobotanical study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;145:517–29.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Tardío J, Pardo-de-Santayana M. Cultural importance indices: a comparative analysis based on the useful wild plants of Southern Cantabria (Northern Spain) 1. Econ Bot. 2008;62:24–39.CrossRef
60.
Alexiades MN, Sheldon JW. Selected guidelines for ethnobotanical research: a field manual. Boranx: The New York Botanical Garden; 1996.
61.
Ali-Shtayeh MS, Yaniv Z, Mahajna J. Ethnobotanical survey in the Palestinian area: a classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;73:221–32.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Gu Z, Gu L, Eils R, Schlesner M, Brors B. circlize implements and enhances circular visualization in R. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:2811–2.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Hammer Ø, Harper D, Ryan P. Paleontological statistics software: package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electron. 2001;1:9.
64.
Medeiros Costa Neto E. Traditional use and sale of animals as medicines in Feira de Santana City, Bahia, Brazil. Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor (Netherlands); 1999.
65.
Mootoosamy A, Mahomoodally MF. A quantitative ethnozoological assessment of traditionally used animal-based therapies in the tropical island of Mauritius. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;154:847–57.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Kendie FA, Mekuriaw SA, Dagnew MA. Ethnozoological study of traditional medicinal appreciation of animals and their products among the indigenous people of Metema Woreda, North-Western Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018;14:1–12.CrossRef
67.
Easthope G. Ethnicity and health. In: Macmillan NJ, Lupton G, editors. Sociology of health and illness: Australian readings. Sydney: Macmillan Education AU; 1995. p. 143–61.
68.
Nolan JM, Turner NJ. Ethnobotany: the study of people-plant relationships. Ethnobiology. 2011;9:135–41.
69.
Wanjohi BK, Sudoi V, Njenga EW, Kipkore WK. An ethnobotanical study of traditional knowledge and uses of medicinal wild plants among the Marakwet Community in Kenya. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020.
70.
Amjad MS, Zahoor U, Bussmann RW, Altaf M, Gardazi SMH, Abbasi AM. Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora of Harighal, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2020;16:1–28.CrossRef
71.
Umair M, Altaf M, Abbasi AM. An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan. PLoS ONE. 2017;12: e0177912.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Kayode J, Omotoyinbo MA. Ethnobotanical utilization and conservation of chewing sticks plants species in Ekiti state, Nigeria. Res J Bot. 2009;4:1–9.CrossRef
73.
Mussarat S, Ali R, Ali S, Mothana RA, Ullah R, Adnan M. Medicinal animals and plants as alternative and complementary medicines in southern regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Front Pharmacol. 2021;1764.
74.
Kassaye KD, Amberbir A, Getachew B, Mussema Y. A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2006;20:127–34.
75.
Uniyal SK, Singh K, Jamwal P, Lal B. Traditional use of medicinal plants among the tribal communities of Chhota Bhangal, Western Himalaya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006;2:14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
Upadhyay B, Roy S, Kumar A. Traditional uses of medicinal plants among the rural communities of Churu district in the Thar Desert, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;113:387–99.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Teklehaymanot T. Ethnobotanical study of knowledge and medicinal plants use by the people in Dek Island in Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;124:69–78.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Panghal M, Arya V, Yadav S, Kumar S, Yadav JP. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants used by Saperas community of Khetawas, Jhajjar District, Haryana, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2010;6:4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
Islam MK, Saha S, Mahmud I, Mohamad K, Awang K, Uddin SJ, et al. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by tribal and native people of Madhupur forest area, Bangladesh. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151:921–30.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Clément D. The historical foundations of ethnobiology (1860–1899). J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 1998;18:161–161.
81.
Farooq A, Kayani AK. Prevalence of superstitions and other supernaturals in rural Punjab: a sociological perspective. J South Asia Stud. 2012;5:335–44.
82.
Bagde N, Jain S. Study of traditional man-animal relationship in Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh, India. J Glob Biosci. 2015;4:1456–63.
83.
Vijayakumar S, Yabesh JM, Prabhu S, Ayyanar M, Damodaran R. Ethnozoological study of animals used by traditional healers in Silent Valley of Kerala, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;162:296–305.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Chattha SA, Malik MF, Altaf M, Mahmood S, Khan J, Ali A, et al. Human pursuits cause of road killing of wild and domestic animals by accident on National Highway of Punjab, Pakistan. J Wild Ecol. 2017;1:8–16.
85.
Aloufi A, Eid E. Zootherapy: a study from the northwestern region of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Ind J Trad Knowl. 2016;15:561–9.
86.
Vijayakumar S, Prabhu S, Yabesh JM, Prakashraj R. A quantitative ethnozoological study of traditionally used animals in Pachamalai hills of Tamil Nadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015.
87.
Wilson L. Fats and oils for optimum health. The Center for Development; 2015.
88.
Breteler MM. Vascular risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease: an epidemiologic perspective. Neurobiol Aging. 2000;21:153–60.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Kalmijn S. Fatty acid intake and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline: a review of clinical and epidemiological studies. J Nut Health Aging. 2000;4:202–7.
90.
Haag M. Essential fatty acids and the brain. Can J Psych. 2003;48:195–203.CrossRef
91.
Alves RRN, Leite RCL, Souto WMS, Bezerra DMM, Loures-Ribeiro A. Ethno-ornithology and conservation of wild birds in the semi-arid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013;9:14–14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
Krcmar E, van Kooten GC, Chan-McLeod A. Waterfowl harvest benefits in northern aboriginal communities and potential climate change impacts. 2010.
93.
Bibi T, Ahmad M, Tareen RB, Tareen NM, Jabeen R, Rehman S-U, et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in district Mastung of Balochistan province-Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;157:79–89.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Srithi K, Balslev H, Wangpakapattanawong P, Srisanga P, Trisonthi C. Medicinal plant knowledge and its erosion among the Mien (Yao) in northern Thailand. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;123:335–42.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Chinlampianga M, Singh R, Shukla AC, Soil C. Ethnozoological diversity of Northeast India: empirical learning with traditional knowledge holders of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh. 2013.
96.
Jaroli DP, Mahawar MM, Vyas NJ. An ethnozoological study in the adjoining areas of Mount Abu wildlife sanctuary, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2010;6:6–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
Ploeg J, Weerd Mv. Agta bird names: an ethno-ornithological survey in the Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park, Philippines. Forktail. 2010;26:127–31.
98.
Teixeira PHR, Thel TDN, Ferreira JMR, de Azevedo SM, Júnior WRT, Lyra-Neves RM. Local knowledge and exploitation of the avian fauna by a rural community in the semi-arid zone of northeastern Brazil. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2014;10:1–10.CrossRef
99.
Amjad MS, Qaseem MF, Ahmad I, Khan SU, Chaudhari SK, Zahid Malik N, et al. Correction: Descriptive study of plant resources in the context of the ethnomedicinal relevance of indigenous flora: a case study from Toli Peer National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. PLoS ONE. 2017;12: e0180917.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
Farooq A, Amjad MS, Ahmad K, Altaf M, Umair M, Abbasi AM. Ethnomedicinal knowledge of the rural communities of Dhirkot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2019;15:1–30.CrossRef
101.
Kayani S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Khan MPZ, Ashraf MA, et al. Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants for respiratory disorders among the inhabitants of Gallies-Abbottabad, Northern Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;156:47–60.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Cobos A, Veiga A, Diaz O. Chemical and fatty acid composition of meat and liver of wild ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Food Chem. 2000;68:77–9.CrossRef
103.
El-Sayed SM, Farag SE, El-Sayed SA. Utilization of some chicken edible internal organs and wheat germ in production of sausage. J Food Dairy Sci. 2018;9:353–8.CrossRef
104.
Baeza E. The meat of duck: production and main characteristics. 1995.
105.
Adeola O. Review of research in duck nutrient utilization. Int J Poult Sci. 2006;5:201–18.CrossRef
106.
Savran E, Pavlova V. Amino acid makeup of the soft by-products of various poultry species. Vopr Pitan. 1980:71–74.
107.
Nollet LM, Toldrá F. Analysis of edible animal by-products. 2011.
108.
García-Llatas G, Alegría A, Barberá R, Farré R. 11 minerals and trace elements. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2011.
109.
Seong PN, Cho SH, Park KM, Kang GH, Park BY, Moon SS, et al. Characterization of chicken by-products by mean of proximate and nutritional compositions. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour. 2015;35:179.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
110.
Garber K. Targeting copper to treat breast cancer. American Association for the Advancement of Science; 2015.
111.
Costa-Neto EM, Motta PC. Animal species traded as ethnomedicinal resources in the Federal District, Central West Region of Brazil. Open Complement Med J. 2010;2:24–30.CrossRef
112.
Kim H, Song M-J. Analysis of ethnomedicinal practices for treating skin diseases in communities on Jeju Island (Korea). Ind J Trad Knowl. 2014;13:673–80.
113.
de Queiroz Dias D, Sales DL, Andrade JC, da Silva ARP, Tintino SR, de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD, et al. Body fat modulated activity of Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus (1758) and Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus (1758) in association with antibiotics against bacteria of veterinary interest. Microb Pathog. 2018;124:163–9.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Bi Y, Yi L, Zhang L, Sun Y, Li M. Ethnomedicine investigation of the medicinal plants and animals in Daur, Inner Mongolia, China. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2020.
115.
Wang DQ, Carey MC. Therapeutic uses of animal biles in traditional Chinese medicine: an ethnopharmacological, biophysical chemical and medicinal review. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:9952.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
116.
Su W, Tang S, Xie C, Mu Y, Li Z, Yang X, et al. Antioxidant and DNA damage protection activities of duck gizzard peptides by chemiluminescence method. Int J Food Prop. 2016;19:760–7.CrossRef
117.
Wen B, Chen Z, Qu H, Gao J. Growth and fatty acid composition of discus fish Symphysodon haraldi given varying feed ratios of beef heart, duck heart, and shrimp meat. Aquac Fish. 2018;3:84–9.CrossRef
118.
Weng W, Chen J. The eastern perspective on functional foods based on traditional Chinese medicine. Nutr Rev. 1996;54:S11.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Seidavi A, Zaker-Esteghamati H, Scanes C. Chicken processing: impact, co-products and potential. World’s Poult Sci J. 2019;75:55–68.CrossRef
120.
Albuquerque UP, de Sousa DCP. Ethnobiology and biodiversity conservation. In: Introduction to ethnobiology. Springer; 2016. pp. 227–232.
121.
Borah MP, Prasad SB. Ethnozoological study of animals based medicine used by traditional healers and indigenous inhabitants in the adjoining areas of Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2017;13:1–13.CrossRef
122.
Boivin NL, Zeder MA, Fuller DQ, Crowther A, Larson G, Erlandson JM, et al. Ecological consequences of human niche construction: examining long-term anthropogenic shaping of global species distributions. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2016;113:6388.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
123.
Dickman AJ. Complexities of conflict: the importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human–wildlife conflict. Anim Conserv. 2010;13:458–66.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Medicinal waterbirds in the traditional healthcare system: an assessment of biodiversity–cultural linkages in Eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors
Qaisar Rahman
Muhammad Sajid Nadeem
Muhammad Umair
Muhammad Altaf
Jian Ni
Arshad Mahmood Abbasi
Muhammad Azhar Jameel
Andrea Pieroni
Muhammad Haroon Hamed
Sana Ashraf
Tasnim Sadaf
Publication date
01-12-2022
Publisher
BioMed Central
Keywords
Cough
Cough
Cough
Published in
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine / Issue 1/2022
Electronic ISSN: 1746-4269
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-022-00554-4

Other articles of this Issue 1/2022

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 1/2022 Go to the issue

Research

Sympathetic science: analogism in Brazilian ethnobiological repertoires among quilombolas of the Atlantic forest and Amazonian ribeirinhos

Research

Plants for making wooden bowls and related traditional knowledge in the Gyirong Valley, Tibet, China

Research

Cultural significance of locusts, grasshoppers, and crickets in sub-Saharan Africa

Research

Socioeconomic factors influencing knowledge and consumption of food plants by a human group in a mountainous environment in the semiarid region of Bahia, Northeast Brazil

Research

Local perception of ecosystem services and their conservation in Sudanian savannas of Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Research

Local traditional ecological knowledge about hay management practices in wetlands of the Biebrza Valley, Poland