Top

Reproductive Health

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Contraception | Review

Women in larger bodies’ experiences with contraception: a scoping review

Authors: Tierney M. Boyce, Elena Neiterman

Published in: Reproductive Health | Issue 1/2021

Abstract

Background

As the prevalence of obesity increases and the age of onset decreases, more women of reproductive age will be living in larger bodies. Research on weight-related efficacy and safety has informed clinical guidelines for routine and emergency contraceptive use by women with a higher body mass index; however, patient perspectives are needed to understand women in larger bodies’ experiences with contraception and contraceptive care. This scoping review summarizes the literature on women in larger bodies’ experiences with contraception with the goal of gaining a better understanding of the nature of these experiences and identifying gaps in the existing research.

Methods

Following Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, a scoping review of the literature was conducted. Four databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, and CINAHL) were searched for peer-reviewed, empirical articles published in English between 2010 and 2020, with a focus on North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. Data were summarized by identifying key themes in the reviewed literature.

Results

Twenty-nine articles meeting the eligibility criteria were reviewed. The literature was predominantly quantitative (n = 27), with only one qualitative study and one systematic review, respectively. Five themes were identified, including (1) use of contraception among women in larger bodies; (2) knowledge, attitudes towards and beliefs about contraception; (3) contraceptive (dis)satisfaction among women in larger bodies; (4) contraceptive counseling; and (5) barriers to contraception. The findings revealed that women in larger bodies may have unmet contraceptive care needs. Despite many articles addressing the need to improve contraceptive counseling for women in larger bodies (n = 26), few explored how women felt about their care (n = 2). Finally, only two articles focused on emergency contraception, indicating a need for further research.

Conclusion

This scoping review emphasizes the pressing need for qualitative research to explore women in larger bodies’ experiences with routine and emergency contraception, as well as receiving contraceptive counseling and care. Future research exploring the lived experiences of women in larger bodies is necessary to better characterize their contraceptive needs and identify avenues to improve patient care.

Available only for authorised users

In this paper, we use the term ‘women in larger bodies’ to broadly and inclusively refer to individuals who are categorized as ‘overweight’ or ‘obese’ to avoid the negative connotation and stigma associated with these terms (please see [25‐28]). By moving away from the predominant biomedical discourse utilizing BMI classification to indicate body size, we aimed to focus on women’s subjective experiences in their bodies. We also acknowledge that our use of gendered language does not capture the experiences of all contraceptive users in larger bodies.

Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):766–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mitchell N, Catenacci V, Wyatt HR, Hill JO. Obesity: overview of an epidemic. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2011;34(4):717–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.005.CrossRef

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adolescents who have an overweight classification. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity. Data, Trend and Maps. 2017. https://nccd.cdc.gov/dnpao_dtm/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=DNPAO_DTM.ExploreByTopic&islClass=OWS&islTopic=OWS1&go=GO. Accessed 24 July 2020.

National Center for Health Statistics. Table 26. Normal weight, overweight, and obesity among adults aged 20 and over, by selected characteristics: United States, selected years 1988–1994 through 2013–2016. 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/contents2018.htm. Accessed 25 July 2020.

World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. Accessed 27 July 2020.

Kulie T, Slattengren A, Redmer J, Counts H, Eglash A, Schrager S. Obesity and women’s health: an evidence-based review. J Am Board Fam Med. 2011;24(1):75–85. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2011.01.100076.CrossRefPubMed

Kaneshiro B, Jensen JT, Carlson NE, Harvey SM, Nichols MD, Edelman AB. Body mass index and sexual behavior. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(3):586–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31818425ec.CrossRefPubMed

Simmons KB, Edelman AB. Contraception and sexual health in obese women. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;29(4):466–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.10.005.CrossRefPubMed

Simmons KB, Edelman AB. Hormonal contraception and obesity. Fertil Steril. 2016;106(6):1282–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1094.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Kapp N, Abitbol JL, Mathé H, Scherrer B, Guillard H, Gainer E, et al. Effect of body weight and BMI on the efficacy of levonorgestrel emergency contraception. Contraception. 2015;91(2):97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2014.11.001.CrossRefPubMed

11.

McKeating A, O’Higgins A, Turner C, McMahon L, Sheehan SR, Turner MJ. The relationship between unplanned pregnancy and maternal body mass index 2009–2012. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2015;20(6):409–18. https://doi.org/10.3109/13625187.2015.1023893.CrossRefPubMed

12.

McNicholas C, Zigler R, Madden T. Contraceptive counseling in obese women. In: Jungheim ES, editor. Obesity and fertility: a practical guide for clinicians. New York: Springer; 2015. p. 133–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2611-4_9.CrossRef

13.

Lopez LM, Bernholc A, Chen M, Grey TW, Otterness C, Westhoff C, et al. Hormonal contraceptives for contraception in overweight or obese women. Cochrane Database Sys Rev. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008452.pub4/full.CrossRef

14.

Jatlaoui TC, Curtis KM. Safety and effectiveness data for emergency contraceptive pills among women with obesity: a systematic review. Contraception. 2016;94(6):605–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2016.05.002.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Horton LG, Simmons KB, Curtis KM. Combined hormonal contraceptive use among obese women and risk for cardiovascular events: a systematic review. Contraception. 2016;94(6):590–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2016.05.014.CrossRefPubMed

16.

World Health Organization. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. 4th ed. 2015. https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1243459/retrieve. Accessed 15 Jan 2021.

17.

Edelman A. Contraceptive considerations in obese women. Contraception. 2009;80(6):583–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2009.08.001.CrossRef

18.

Black A, Guilbert E, Costescu D, Dunn S, Fisher W, Kives S, et al. Canadian contraception consensus (part 1 of 4). J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2015;37(10):936–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(16)30033-0.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Black A, Guilbert E, Costescu D, Dunn S, Fisher W, Kives S, et al. No. 329-Canadian contraception consensus part 4 of 4 chapter 9: combined hormonal contraception. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017;39(4):229-268.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2016.10.005.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. FSRH guideline: overweight, obesity and contraception. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2019;45(Suppl 2):1–69. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2019-OOC.CrossRef

21.

Health Canada. Emergency contraceptive pills to carry warnings for reduced effectiveness in women over a certain body weight. 2014. https://www.healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2014/38701a-eng.php. Accessed 29 July 2020.

22.

European Medicines Agency. Levonorgestrel and ulipristal acetate remain suitable emergency contraceptives for all women, regardless of bodyweight. England: European Union; 2014, p. 4. Report No.: 631408. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/referral/levonorgestrel-ulipristal-remain-suitable-emergency-contraceptives-all-women-regardless-bodyweight_en.pdf. Accessed 29 July 2020.

23.

International Consortium for Emergency Contraception. Emergency contraceptive pills: medical and service delivery guidance. 4th ed. 2018. https://www.cecinfo.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ICEC-guides_FINAL.pdf. Accessed 12 Jan 2021.

24.

Cipriani S, Todisco T, Scavello I, Di Stasi V, Maseroli E, Vignozzi L. Obesity and hormonal contraception: an overview and a clinician’s practical guide. Eat Weight Disord. 2019;25:1129–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-019-00774-w.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Essayli JH, Murakami JM, Wilson RE, Latner JD. The impact of weight labels on body image, internalized weight stigma, affect, perceived health, and intended weight loss behaviors in normal-weight and overweight college women. Am J Health Promot. 2017;31(6):484–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117116661982.CrossRefPubMed

26.

LaMarre A, Rice C, Cook K, Friedman M. Fat reproductive justice: navigating the boundaries of reproductive health care. J Soc Issues. 2020;76(2):338–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12371.CrossRef

27.

Puhl RM. What words should we use to talk about weight? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies examining preferences for weight-related terminology. Obes Rev. 2020;21(6):e13008. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13008.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Bombak AE, McPhail D, Ward P. Reproducing stigma: interpreting “overweight” and “obese” women’s experiences of weight-based discrimination in reproductive healthcare. Soc Sci Med. 2016;166:94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.08.015.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Robinson JA, Burke AE. Obesity and hormonal contraceptive efficacy. Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2013;9(5):453–66. https://doi.org/10.2217/whe.13.41.CrossRef

30.

Paulen ME, Zapata LB, Cansino C, Curtis KM, Jamieson DJ. Contraceptive use among women with a history of bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Contraception. 2010;82(1):86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2010.02.008.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Armstrong C. ACOG guidelines on pregnancy after bariatric surgery. Am Fam Physician. 2010;81(7):905–6. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0401/p905.html. Accessed 29 Mar 2021.

32.

Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616.CrossRef

33.

Anderson J. Whose voice counts? A critical examination of discourses surrounding the body mass index. Fat Stud. 2012;1:195–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/21604851.2012.656500.CrossRef

34.

Schoen C, Osborn R, Squires D, Doty MM. Access, affordability, and insurance complexity are often worse in the United States compared to ten other countries. Health Aff. 2013;32(12):2205–15. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0879.CrossRef

35.

Papanicolas I, Mossialos E, Gundersen A, Woskie L, Jha AK. Performance of UK National Health Service compared with other high income countries: observational study. BMJ. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6326.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Schneider EC, Sarnak DO, Squires D, Shah A, Doty MM. Mirror, mirror 2017: international comparison reflects flaws and opportunities for better U.S. health care. New York: Commonwealth Fund; 2017. http://www.issuelab.org/permalink/download/27698. Accessed 29 Mar 2021.

37.

Kopp W. How Western diet and lifestyle drive the pandemic of obesity and civilization diseases. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019;12:2221–36. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S216791.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Kohn JE, Lopez PM, Simons HR. Weight and body mass index among female contraceptive clients. Contraception. 2015;91(6):470–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2015.02.006.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Skiba MA, Islam RM, Bell RJ, Davis SR. Hormonal contraceptive use in Australian women: who is using what? Aust NZ J Obstet Gyn. 2019;59(5):717–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajo.13021.CrossRef

40.

Bajos N, Wellings K, Laborde C, Moreau C. Sexuality and obesity, a gender perspective: results from French national random probability survey of sexual behaviours. BMJ. 2010;340:C2573. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2573.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Chang T, Davis MM, Kusunoki Y, Ela EJ, Hall KS, Barber JS. Sexual behavior and contraceptive use among 18- to 19-year-old adolescent women by weight status: a longitudinal analysis. J Pediatr. 2015;167(3):586–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.05.038.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Nguyen BT, Elia JL, Ha CY, Kaneshiro BE. Pregnancy intention and contraceptive use among women by class of obesity: results from the 2006–2010 and 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth. Womens Health Issues. 2018;28(1):51–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2017.09.010.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Mosher WD, Lantos H, Burke AE. Obesity and contraceptive use among women 20–44 years of age in the United States: results from the 2011–15 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Contraception. 2018;97(5):392–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2017.11.007.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Becnel JN, Zeller MH, Noll JG, Sarwer DB, Reiter-Purtill J, Michalsky M, et al. Romantic, sexual, and sexual risk behaviours of adolescent females with severe obesity. Pediatr Obes. 2017;12(5):388–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12155.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Scott-Ram R, Chor J, Bhogireddy V, Keith L, Patel A. Contraceptive choices of overweight and obese women in a publically funded hospital: possible clinical implications. Contraception. 2012;86(2):122–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2011.12.004.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Bhuva K, Kraschnewski JL, Lehman EB, Chuang CH. Does body mass index or weight perception affect contraceptive use? Contraception. 2017;95(1):59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2016.09.003.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Sundell M, Ginstman C, Månsson A, Forslund I, Brynhildsen J. Patterns of prescription and discontinuation of contraceptives for Swedish women with obesity and normal-weight women. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2019;24(3):192–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2019.1610873.CrossRefPubMed

48.

DeMaria AL, Lugo JM, Rahman M, Pyles RB, Berenson AB. Association between body mass index, sexually transmitted infections, and contraceptive compliance. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2013;22(12):1062–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2012.4116.CrossRef

49.

Saito-Tom LY, Soon RA, Harris SC, Salcedo J, Kaneshiro BE. Levonorgestrel intrauterine device use in overweight and obese women. Hawaii J Med Public Health. 2015;74(11):369–74.PubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Damhof MA, Pierik E, Krens LL, Vermeer M, van Det MJ, van Roon EN. Assessment of contraceptive counseling and contraceptive use in women after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2019;29(12):4029–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-019-04084-z.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Hillman JB, Miller RJ, Inge TH. Menstrual concerns and intrauterine contraception among adolescent bariatric surgery patients. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2011;20(4):533–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2010.2462.CrossRef

52.

Luyssen J, Jans G, Bogaerts A, Ceulemans D, Matthys C, der Schueren BV, et al. Contraception, menstruation, and sexuality after bariatric surgery: a prospective cohort study. Obes Surg. 2018;28(5):1385–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-017-3033-7.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Menke MN, King WC, White GE, Gosman GG, Courcoulas AP, Dakin GF, et al. Contraception and conception after bariatric surgery. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(5):979–87. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002323.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Mody SK, Hacker MR, Dodge LE, Thornton K, Schneider B, Haider S. Contraceptive counseling for women who undergo bariatric surgery. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2011;20(12):1785–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2010.2704.CrossRef

55.

Zeller MH, Brown JL, Reiter-Purtill J, Sarwer DB, Black L, Jenkins TM, et al. Sexual behaviors, risks, and sexual health outcomes for adolescent females following bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2019;15(6):969–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2019.03.001.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

Mengesha BM, Carter JT, Dehlendorf CE, Rodriguez AJ, Steinauer JE. Perioperative pregnancy interval, contraceptive counseling experiences, and contraceptive use in women undergoing bariatric surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;219(1):81.e1-81.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.04.008.CrossRef

57.

Casas R, Bourjeily G, Vithiananthan S, Tong I. Contraceptive use in women undergoing bariatric surgery. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2014;8(6):608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2014.08.006.CrossRef

58.

Ginstman C, Frisk J, Ottosson J, Brynhildsen J. Contraceptive use before and after gastric bypass: a questionnaire study. Obes Surg. 2015;25(11):2066–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-015-1641-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Jäger P, Wolicki A, Spohnholz J, Senkal M. Review: Sex-specific aspects in the bariatric treatment of severely obese women. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082734.CrossRefPubMedCentral

60.

Gosman GG, King WC, Schrope B, Steffen KJ, Strain GW, Courcoulas AP, et al. Reproductive health of women electing bariatric surgery. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(4):1426–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.08.028.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Mengesha B, Griffin L, Nagle A, Kiley J. Assessment of contraceptive needs in women undergoing bariatric surgery. Contraception. 2016;94(1):74–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2016.02.027.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Cleland K, Wagner B, Smith NK, Trussell J. “My BMI is too high for Plan B.” A changing population of women seeking ulipristal acetate emergency contraception online. Women Health. 2020;60(3):241–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2019.1635560.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Stowers P, Mestad R. Use of levonorgestrel as emergency contraception in overweight women. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2019;13(2):180–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2019.01.007.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Chuang CH, Velott DL, Weisman CS. Exploring knowledge and attitudes related to pregnancy and preconception health in women with chronic medical conditions. Matern Child Health J. 2010;14(5):713–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-009-0518-6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

65.

Callegari LS, Nelson KM, Arterburn DE, Prager SW, Schiff MA, Schwarz EB. Factors associated with lack of effective contraception among obese women in the United States. Contraception. 2014;90(3):265–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2014.05.005.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Grossman D, White K, Hopkins K, Amastae J, Shedlin M, Potter JE. Contraindications to combined oral contraceptives among over-the-counter compared with prescription users; 21343758. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(3):558–65. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31820b0244.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Dehlendorf C, Levy K, Kelley A, Grumbach K, Steinauer J. Women’s preferences for contraceptive counseling and decision making. Contraception. 2013;88(2):250–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2012.10.012.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Parker G, Pausé C. “I’m just a woman having a baby”: negotiating and resisting the problematization of pregnancy fatness. Front Sociol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2018.00005.CrossRef

69.

Tomiyama AJ, Carr D, Granberg EM, Major B, Robinson E, Sutin AR, et al. How and why weight stigma drives the obesity ‘epidemic’ and harms health. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):123. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1116-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

70.

Phelan SM, Burgess DJ, Yeazel MW, Hellerstedt WL, Griffin JM, van Ryn M. Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity. Obes Rev. 2015;16(4):319–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12266.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Puhl R, Peterson JL, Luedicke J. Motivating or stigmatizing? Public perceptions of weight-related language used by health providers. Int J Obes. 2013;37(4):612–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.110.CrossRef

72.

Forhan M, Risdon C, Solomon P. Contributors to patient engagement in primary health care: perceptions of patients with obesity. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2013;14(4):367–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423612000643.CrossRefPubMed

73.

McGuigan RD, Wilkinson JM. Obesity and healthcare avoidance: a systematic review. AIMS Public Health. 2015;2(1):56–63. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2015.1.56.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

74.

Frederiksen BN, Ahrens K. Understanding the extent of contraceptive non-use among women at risk of unintended pregnancy, National Survey of Family Growth 2011–2017. Contraception: X. 2020;2:100033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conx.2020.100033.CrossRef

75.

Lash MM, Armstrong A. Impact of obesity on women’s health. Fertil Steril. 2009;91(5):1712–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.02.141.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Polis CB, Zabin LS. Missed conceptions or misconceptions: perceived infertility among unmarried young adults in the United States. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2012;44(1):30–8. https://doi.org/10.1363/4403012.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

77.

Gemmill A. Perceived subfecundity and contraceptive use among young adult U.S. women. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2018;50(3):119–27. https://doi.org/10.1363/psrh.12072.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Shoveller J, Chabot C, Soon JA, Levine M. Identifying barriers to emergency contraception use among young women from various sociocultural groups in British Columbia, Canada. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2007;39(1):13–20. https://doi.org/10.1363/3901307.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Williamson LM, Buston K, Sweeting H. Young women’s perceptions of pregnancy risk and use of emergency contraception: findings from a qualitative study. Contraception. 2009;79(4):310–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2008.10.014.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Gainer E, Blum J, Toverud E-L, Portugal N, Tyden T, Nesheim B-I, et al. Bringing emergency contraception over the counter: experiences of nonprescription users in France, Norway, Sweden and Portugal. Contraception. 2003;68(2):117–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(03)00114-8.CrossRefPubMed

81.

Eastham R, Milligan C, Limmer M. Qualitative findings about stigma as a barrier to contraception use: the case of emergency hormonal contraception in Britain and implications for future contraceptive interventions. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2020;25(5):334–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2020.1806998.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Chaumont A, Foster AM. The not so over-the-counter status of emergency contraception in Ontario: a mixed methods study with pharmacists. FACETS. 2017;2(1):429–39. https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2017-0024.CrossRef

83.

Wong K, Hum S, McCarthy L, Dunn S. Beyond Plan B: a qualitative study of Canadian pharmacists’ emergency contraception counselling practices. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017;39(11):1021–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2017.04.042.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Frost JJ, Darroch JE. Factors associated with contraceptive choice and inconsistent method use, United States, 2004. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2008;40(2):94–104. https://doi.org/10.1363/4009408.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Lager CJ, Esfandiari NH, Subauste AR, Kraftson AT, Brown MB, Cassidy RB, et al. Milestone weight loss goals (weight normalization and remission of obesity) after gastric bypass surgery: long-term results from the University of Michigan. Obes Surg. 2017;27(7):1659–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-016-2533-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Cadena-Obando D, Ramírez-Rentería C, Ferreira-Hermosillo A, Albarrán-Sanchez A, Sosa-Eroza E, Molina-Ayala M, et al. Are there really any predictive factors for a successful weight loss after bariatric surgery? BMC Endocr Disord. 2020;20(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-020-0499-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Women in larger bodies’ experiences with contraception: a scoping review
Authors: Tierney M. Boyce
Elena Neiterman
Publication date: 01-12-2021
Publisher: BioMed Central
Keywords: Contraception
Obesity
Obesity
Bariatric Surgery
Bariatric Surgery
Overweight
Levonorgestrel
Published in: Reproductive Health / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1742-4755
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-021-01139-2

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Women in larger bodies’ experiences with contraception: a scoping review

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

Integration of family planning services with HIV treatment for women of reproductive age attending ART clinic in Oromia regional state, Ethiopia

Non-pharmacological interventions of pain management used during labour; an exploratory descriptive qualitative study of puerperal women in Adidome Government Hospital of the Volta Region, Ghana

Period poverty: menstrual health hygiene issues among adolescent and young Venezuelan migrant women at the northwestern border of Brazil

Fulfilling the promise of digital health interventions (DHI) to promote women’s sexual, reproductive and mental health in the aftermath of COVID-19

A cross-sectional study on pelvic floor symptoms in women living with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting

“Those are things for married people” exploring parents’/adults’ and adolescents’ perspectives on contraceptives in Narok and Homa Bay Counties, Kenya