Top

European Journal of Nutrition

Published in:

01-04-2018 | Original Contribution

Comparable effects of breakfast meals varying in protein source on appetite and subsequent energy intake in healthy males

Authors: Anestis Dougkas, Elin Östman

Published in: European Journal of Nutrition | Issue 3/2018

Abstract

Purpose

The satiating effect of animal vs plant proteins remains unknown. The present study examined the effects of breakfasts containing animal proteins [milk (AP)], a blend of plant proteins [oat, pea and potato (VP)] or 50:50 mixture of the two (MP) compared with a carbohydrate-rich meal (CHO) on appetite, energy intake (EI) and metabolic measures.

Methods

A total of 28 males [mean age 27.4 (±SD 4.2) years, BMI 23.4 (±2.1) kg/m²] consumed three isoenergetic (1674 kJ) rice puddings matched for energy density and macronutrient content as breakfast (25% E from protein) in a single-blind, randomised, cross over design. Appetite ratings and blood samples were collected and assessed at baseline and every 30 and 60 min, respectively, until an ad libitum test meal was served 3.5 h later. Free-living appetite was recorded hourly and EI in weighed food records for the remainder of the day.

Results

No differences in subjective appetite ratings were observed after consumption of the AP, VP and MP. Furthermore, there were no differences between the AP, VP, MP and CHO breakfasts in ad libitum EI and self-reported EI during the remainder of the day. Although insulin metabolism was not affected, CHO induced a higher glucose response (P = 0.001) and total amino acids concentration was in the order of AP = MP > VP > CHO breakfast (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Manipulating the protein source of foods consumed as breakfast, elicited comparable effects on appetite and EI at both laboratory and free-living environment in healthy men.

Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M et al (2014) Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 384(9945):766–781. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8 CrossRef

Dougkas A, Ostman E (2016) Protein-enriched liquid preloads varying in macronutrient content modulate appetite and appetite-regulating hormones in healthy adults. J Nutr 146(3):637–645. doi:10.3945/jn.115.217224 CrossRef

Paddon-Jones D, Westman E, Mattes RD et al. (2008) Protein, weight management, and satiety. Am J Clin Nutr 87(5):1558S–1561SCrossRef

Gilbert JA, Bendsen NT, Tremblay A et al (2011) Effect of proteins from different sources on body composition. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 21(Suppl 2):B16–B31. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.12.008

Douglas SM, Lasley TR, Leidy HJ (2015) Consuming beef vs. soy protein has little effect on appetite, satiety, and food intake in healthy adults. J Nutr 145(5):1010–1016. doi:10.3945/jn.114.206987

Li J, Armstrong CL, Campbell WW (2016) Effects of dietary protein source and quantity during weight loss on appetite, energy expenditure, and cardio-metabolic responses. Nutrients 8 (2). doi:10.3390/nu8020063E63

Veldhorst MA, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Hochstenbach-Waelen A et al (2009) A breakfast with alpha-lactalbumin, gelatin, or gelatin + TRP lowers energy intake at lunch compared with a breakfast with casein, soy, whey, or whey-GMP. Clin Nutr 28(2):147–155. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.12.003 CrossRef

Benelam B (2009) Satiation, satiety and their effects on eating behaviour. Br Nutr Found Nutr Bull 34:126–173CrossRef

Blundell J, de Graaf C, Hulshof T et al (2010) Appetite control: methodological aspects of the evaluation of foods. Obes Rev 11(3):251–270. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00714.x CrossRef

10.

Yang D, Liu Z, Yang H et al (2014) Acute effects of high-protein versus normal-protein isocaloric meals on satiety and ghrelin. Eur J Nutr 53(2):493–500. doi:10.1007/s00394-013-0552-4 CrossRef

11.

Veldhorst MA, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Hochstenbach-Waelen A et al (2009) Dose-dependent satiating effect of whey relative to casein or soy. Physiol Behav 96(4–5):675–682CrossRef

12.

Boye J, Wijesinha-Bettoni R, Burlingame B (2012) Protein quality evaluation twenty years after the introduction of the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score method. Br J Nutr 108(Suppl 2):S183–S211. doi:10.1017/S0007114512002309 CrossRef

13.

Delzenne N, Blundell J, Brouns F et al (2010) Gastrointestinal targets of appetite regulation in humans. Obes Rev 11(3):234–250. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00707.x CrossRef

14.

Mellinkoff SM, Frankland M, Boyle D et al (1956) Relationship between serum amino acid concentration and fluctuations in appetite. J Appl Physiol 8(5):535–538CrossRef

15.

Neacsu M, Fyfe C, Horgan G et al (2014) Appetite control and biomarkers of satiety with vegetarian (soy) and meat-based high-protein diets for weight loss in obese men: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 100(2):548–558. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.077503 CrossRef

16.

Chungchunlam SM, Henare SJ, Ganesh S et al (2015) Dietary whey protein influences plasma satiety-related hormones and plasma amino acids in normal-weight adult women. Eur J Clin Nutr 69(2):179–186. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.266 CrossRef

17.

Marsset-Baglieri A, Fromentin G, Nau F et al (2015) The satiating effects of eggs or cottage cheese are similar in healthy subjects despite differences in postprandial kinetics. Appetite 90:136–143. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.010S0195-6663(15)00104-X CrossRef

18.

Lobley GE, Holtrop G, Horgan GW et al (2015) Responses in gut hormones and hunger to diets with either high protein or a mixture of protein plus free amino acids supplied under weight-loss conditions. Br J Nutr 113(8):1254–1270. doi:10.1017/S0007114515000069 CrossRef

19.

Nieuwenhuizen AG, Hochstenbach-Waelen A, Veldhorst MA et al. (2008) Acute effects of breakfasts containing alpha-lactalbumin, or gelatin with or without added tryptophan, on hunger, ‘satiety’ hormones and amino acid profiles. Br J Nutr 101(12):1859–1866. doi:10.1017/S0007114508131774

20.

Hall WL, Millward DJ, Long SJ et al (2003) Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite. Br J Nutr 89(2):239–248. doi:10.1079/BJN2002760S000711450300028X CrossRef

21.

Pal S, Radavelli-Bagatini S, Hagger M et al (2014) Comparative effects of whey and casein proteins on satiety in overweight and obese individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 68(9):980–986. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.84 CrossRef

22.

Bendtsen LQ, Lorenzen JK, Gomes S et al (2014) Effects of hydrolysed casein, intact casein and intact whey protein on energy expenditure and appetite regulation: a randomised, controlled, cross-over study. Br J Nutr 112(8):1412–1422. doi:10.1017/S000711451400213X CrossRef

23.

Marsset-Baglieri A, Fromentin G, Airinei G et al (2014) Milk protein fractions moderately extend the duration of satiety compared with carbohydrates independently of their digestive kinetics in overweight subjects. Br J Nutr 112(4):557–564. doi:10.1017/S0007114514001470 CrossRef

24.

Alfenas Rde C, Bressan J, Paiva AC (2010) Effects of protein quality on appetite and energy metabolism in normal weight subjects. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 54(1):45–51CrossRef

25.

Acheson KJ, Blondel-Lubrano A, Oguey-Araymon S et al (2011) Protein choices targeting thermogenesis and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 93(3):525–534. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005850 CrossRef

26.

Luhovyy BL, Akhavan T, Anderson GH (2007) Whey proteins in the regulation of food intake and satiety. J Am Coll Nutr 26(6):704S–712SCrossRef

27.

Uhe AM, Collier GR, O’Dea K (1992) A comparison of the effects of beef, chicken and fish protein on satiety and amino acid profiles in lean male subjects. J Nutr 122(3):467–472CrossRef

28.

Charlton KE, Tapsell LC, Batterham MJ et al (2011) Pork, beef and chicken have similar effects on acute satiety and hormonal markers of appetite. Appetite 56(1):1–8. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.10.013S0195-6663(10)00533-7 CrossRef

29.

Lang V, Bellisle F, Alamowitch C et al (1999) Varying the protein source in mixed meal modifies glucose, insulin and glucagon kinetics in healthy men, has weak effects on subjective satiety and fails to affect food intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 53(12):959–965CrossRef

30.

Abou-Samra R, Keersmaekers L, Brienza D et al (2011) Effect of different protein sources on satiation and short-term satiety when consumed as a starter. Nutr J 10:139. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-139 CrossRef

31.

Layman DK (2014) Eating patterns, diet quality and energy balance: a perspective about applications and future directions for the food industry. Physiol Behav 134:126–130. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.12.005S0031-9384(13)00427-7 CrossRef

32.

Stunkard AJ, Messick S (1985) The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. J Psychosom Res 29(1):71–83CrossRef

33.

Brennan IM, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Seimon RV et al (2012) Effects of fat, protein, and carbohydrate and protein load on appetite, plasma cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and ghrelin, and energy intake in lean and obese men. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 303(1):G129–G140. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00478.2011 CrossRef

34.

The, Nordic, Council et al (eds.) (2014) Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2012 integrating nutrition and physical activity Norden, Copenhagen

35.

Agriculture USDo National Agriculture Library (2015) https://fnic.nal.usda.gov/food-composition. Accessed 5 April 2015

36.

Samra RA, Anderson GH (2007) Insoluble cereal fiber reduces appetite and short-term food intake and glycemic response to food consumed 75 min later by healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 86(4):972–979CrossRef

37.

Bovenschen HJ, Janssen MJ, van Oijen MG et al (2006) Evaluation of a gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaire. Dig Dis Sci 51(9):1509–1515. doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9120-6 CrossRef

38.

Marsh-Richard DM, Hatzis ES, Mathias CW et al (2009) Adaptive Visual Analog Scales (AVAS): a modifiable software program for the creation, administration, and scoring of visual analog scales. Behav Res Methods 41(1):99–106. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.1.99 CrossRef

39.

Flint A, Raben A, Blundell JE et al (2000) Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24(1):38–48CrossRef

40.

Gregersen NT, Flint A, Bitz C et al (2008) Reproducibility and power of ad libitum energy intake assessed by repeated single meals. Am J Clin Nutr 87(5):1277–1281CrossRef

41.

Anderson GH, Tecimer SN, Shah D et al (2004) Protein source, quantity, and time of consumption determine the effect of proteins on short-term food intake in young men. J Nutr 134(11):3011–3015CrossRef

42.

Crowder CM, Neumann BL, Baum JI (2016) Breakfast Protein Source Does Not Influence Postprandial Appetite Response and Food Intake in Normal Weight and Overweight Young Women. J Nutr Metab 2016:6265789. doi:10.1155/2016/6265789 CrossRef

43.

Lorenzen J, Frederiksen R, Hoppe C et al (2012) The effect of milk proteins on appetite regulation and diet-induced thermogenesis. Eur J Clin Nutr 66(5):622–627. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.221 CrossRef

44.

Bowen J, Noakes M, Clifton PM (2006) Appetite regulatory hormone responses to various dietary proteins differ by body mass index status despite similar reductions in ad libitum energy intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(8):2913–2919CrossRef

45.

Lang V, Bellisle F, Oppert JM et al (1998) Satiating effect of proteins in healthy subjects: a comparison of egg albumin, casein, gelatin, soy protein, pea protein, and wheat gluten. Am J Clin Nutr 67(6):1197–1204CrossRef

46.

Pal S, Ellis V (2010) The acute effects of four protein meals on insulin, glucose, appetite and energy intake in lean men. Br J Nutr 104(8):1241–1248. doi:10.1017/S0007114510001911 CrossRef

47.

Morifuji M, Ishizaka M, Baba S et al (2010) Comparison of different sources and degrees of hydrolysis of dietary protein: effect on plasma amino acids, dipeptides, and insulin responses in human subjects. J Agric Food Chem 58(15):8788–8797. doi:10.1021/jf101912n CrossRef

48.

Diepvens K, Haberer D, Westerterp-Plantenga M (2008) Different proteins and biopeptides differently affect satiety and anorexigenic/orexigenic hormones in healthy humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 32 (3):510–518CrossRef

49.

Almiron-Roig E, Palla L, Guest K et al (2013) Factors that determine energy compensation: a systematic review of preload studies. Nutr Rev 71(7):458–473. doi:10.1111/nure.12048 CrossRef

50.

Floyd JC Jr, Fajans SS, Conn JW et al (1966) Insulin secretion in response to protein ingestion. J Clin Invest 45(9):1479–1486. doi:10.1172/JCI105455 CrossRef

51.

Veldhorst MA, Westerterp KR, van Vught AJ et al (2010) Presence or absence of carbohydrates and the proportion of fat in a high-protein diet affect appetite suppression but not energy expenditure in normal-weight human subjects fed in energy balance. Br J Nutr 104(9):1395–1405. doi:10.1017/S0007114510002060 CrossRef

52.

Ma J, Stevens JE, Cukier K et al (2009) Effects of a protein preload on gastric emptying, glycemia, and gut hormones after a carbohydrate meal in diet-controlled type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32(9):1600–1602. doi:10.2337/dc09-0723 CrossRef

53.

Flint A, Gregersen NT, Gluud LL et al (2007) Associations between postprandial insulin and blood glucose responses, appetite sensations and energy intake in normal weight and overweight individuals: a meta-analysis of test meal studies. Br J Nutr 98(1):17–25CrossRef

54.

Ostman EM, Liljeberg Elmstahl HG, Bjorck IM (2001) Inconsistency between glycemic and insulinemic responses to regular and fermented milk products. Am J Clin Nutr 74(1):96–100CrossRef

55.

Floyd JC Jr, Fajans SS, Conn JW et al (1966) Stimulation of insulin secretion by amino acids. J Clin Invest 45(9):1487–1502. doi:10.1172/JCI105456 CrossRef

56.

Gunnerud UJ, Ostman EM, Bjorck IM (2013) Effects of whey proteins on glycaemia and insulinaemia to an oral glucose load in healthy adults; a dose-response study. Eur J Clin Nutr 67(7):749–753. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.88 CrossRef

57.

Nilsson M, Stenberg M, Frid AH et al (2004) Glycemia and insulinemia in healthy subjects after lactose-equivalent meals of milk and other food proteins: the role of plasma amino acids and incretins. Am J Clin Nutr 80(5):1246–1253CrossRef

58.

Calbet JA, MacLean DA (2002) Plasma glucagon and insulin responses depend on the rate of appearance of amino acids after ingestion of different protein solutions in humans. J Nutr 132(8):2174–2182CrossRef

59.

Veldhorst MA, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Hochstenbach-Waelen A et al (2009) Effects of high and normal soyprotein breakfasts on satiety and subsequent energy intake, including amino acid and ‘satiety’ hormone responses. Eur J Nutr 48(2):92–100. doi:10.1007/s00394-008-0767-y CrossRef

60.

Burke LM, Winter JA, Cameron-Smith D et al (2012) Effect of intake of different dietary protein sources on plasma amino acid profiles at rest and after exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 22(6):452–462CrossRef

61.

Overduin J, Guerin-Deremaux L, Wils D et al (2015) NUTRALYS((R)) pea protein: characterization of in vitro gastric digestion and in vivo gastrointestinal peptide responses relevant to satiety. Food. Nutr Res 59:25622. doi:10.3402/fnr.v59.25622 CrossRef

62.

Livingstone MB, Prentice AM, Strain JJ et al (1990) Accuracy of weighed dietary records in studies of diet and health. BMJ 300(6726):708–712CrossRef

63.

Schoeller DA (1995) Limitations in the assessment of dietary energy intake by self-report. Metabolism 44(2 Suppl 2):18–22CrossRef

64.

Wanders AJ, van den Borne JJ, de Graaf C et al (2011) Effects of dietary fibre on subjective appetite, energy intake and body weight: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 12(9):724–739. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00895.x

65.

Potier M, Fromentin G, Lesdema A et al (2010) The satiety effect of disguised liquid preloads administered acutely and differing only in their nutrient content tended to be weaker for lipids but did not differ between proteins and carbohydrates in human subjects. Br J Nutr 104(9):1406–1414. doi:10.1017/S0007114510002126 CrossRef

66.

Mars M, Stafleu A, de Graaf C (2012) Use of satiety peptides in assessing the satiating capacity of foods. Physiol Behav 18;105(2):483–488. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.033.CrossRef

Title: Comparable effects of breakfast meals varying in protein source on appetite and subsequent energy intake in healthy males
Authors: Anestis Dougkas
Elin Östman
Publication date: 01-04-2018
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Journal of Nutrition / Issue 3/2018
Print ISSN: 1436-6207
Electronic ISSN: 1436-6215
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1392-4

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits

Illustration of figure on mountain summit/© Orapun / Stock.adobe.com, STEP AAG HeroTeaserCollection image/© Tarek / Generated with AI / Stock.adobe.com, ACC 2024 Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Valvular Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 HF and Cardiomyopathies: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, Woman out walking/© Seventyfour / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Woman checking smartwatch /© saltdium / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Cardiac catheterization/© Damian / stock.adobe.com

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3/2018

Ginger extract adjuvant to doxorubicin in mammary carcinoma: study of some molecular mechanisms

Influence of gut microbiota on the development and progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Mediation of psychosocial determinants in the relation between socio-economic status and adolescents’ diet quality

Replacement of glycaemic carbohydrates by inulin-type fructans from chicory (oligofructose, inulin) reduces the postprandial blood glucose and insulin response to foods: report of two double-blind, randomized, controlled trials

Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on blood inflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Attenuation of liver cancer development by oral glycerol supplementation in the rat

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage