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Experimental Hematology & Oncology
Published in: Experimental Hematology & Oncology 1/2024

Open Access 01-12-2024 | Colorectal Cancer | Review

Crosstalk between colorectal CSCs and immune cells in tumorigenesis, and strategies for targeting colorectal CSCs

Authors: Qi Zhao, Hong Zong, Pingping Zhu, Chang Su, Wenxue Tang, Zhenzhen Chen, Shuiling Jin

Published in: Experimental Hematology & Oncology | Issue 1/2024

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Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy in the treatment of colorectal cancer, and relapse after tumor immunotherapy has attracted increasing attention. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of tumor cells with self-renewal and differentiation capacities, are resistant to traditional therapies such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Recently, CSCs have been proven to be the cells driving tumor relapse after immunotherapy. However, the mutual interactions between CSCs and cancer niche immune cells are largely uncharacterized. In this review, we focus on colorectal CSCs, CSC-immune cell interactions and CSC-based immunotherapy. Colorectal CSCs are characterized by robust expression of surface markers such as CD44, CD133 and Lgr5; hyperactivation of stemness-related signaling pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin, Hippo/Yap1, Jak/Stat and Notch pathways; and disordered epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and noncoding RNA action. Moreover, colorectal CSCs express abnormal levels of immune-related genes such as MHC and immune checkpoint molecules and mutually interact with cancer niche cells in multiple tumorigenesis-related processes, including tumor initiation, maintenance, metastasis and drug resistance. To date, many therapies targeting CSCs have been evaluated, including monoclonal antibodies, antibody‒drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, tumor vaccines adoptive cell therapy, and small molecule inhibitors. With the development of CSC-/niche-targeting technology, as well as the integration of multidisciplinary studies, novel therapies that eliminate CSCs and reverse their immunosuppressive microenvironment are expected to be developed for the treatment of solid tumors, including colorectal cancer.
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Metadata
Title
Crosstalk between colorectal CSCs and immune cells in tumorigenesis, and strategies for targeting colorectal CSCs
Authors
Qi Zhao
Hong Zong
Pingping Zhu
Chang Su
Wenxue Tang
Zhenzhen Chen
Shuiling Jin
Publication date
01-12-2024
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Experimental Hematology & Oncology / Issue 1/2024
Electronic ISSN: 2162-3619
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40164-024-00474-x

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