Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Annals of Surgical Oncology 6/2006

01-06-2006 | Educational Review

Colorectal Cancer Screening and Surveillance: Current Standards and Future Trends

Authors: Steve R. Martinez, MD, Shawn E. Young, MD, Rebecca E. Hoedema, MD, Leland J. Foshag, MD, Anton J. Bilchik, MD, PhD

Published in: Annals of Surgical Oncology | Issue 6/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

Its prevalence, long premalignant course, and favorable response to early intervention make colorectal cancer an ideal target for screening regimens. The success of these regimens depends on accurate assessment of risk factors, patient compliance with scheduled visits and tests, and physician knowledge of screening strategies. We review the current recommendations for colorectal cancer screening in general and at-risk populations, comment on surveillance methods in high-risk patients, and examine current trends that will likely influence screening regimens in the future.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55:10–30PubMed Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55:10–30PubMed
3.
go back to reference Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH, et al. Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet 1996; 348:1472–7CrossRefPubMed Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH, et al. Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet 1996; 348:1472–7CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, Jorgensen OD, Sondergaard O. Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet 1996; 348:1467–71CrossRefPubMed Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, Jorgensen OD, Sondergaard O. Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet 1996; 348:1467–71CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:1365–71CrossRefPubMed Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:1365–71CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Mandel JS, Church TR, Ederer F, Bond JH. Colorectal cancer mortality: effectiveness of biennial screening for fecal occult blood. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91:434–7CrossRefPubMed Mandel JS, Church TR, Ederer F, Bond JH. Colorectal cancer mortality: effectiveness of biennial screening for fecal occult blood. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91:434–7CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Eyre HJ. American cancer society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55:31–44PubMedCrossRef Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Eyre HJ. American cancer society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55:31–44PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Collins JF, Lieberman DA, Durbin TE, Weiss DG. Accuracy of screening for fecal occult blood on a single stool sample obtained by digital rectal examination: a comparison with recommended sampling practice. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142:81–5PubMed Collins JF, Lieberman DA, Durbin TE, Weiss DG. Accuracy of screening for fecal occult blood on a single stool sample obtained by digital rectal examination: a comparison with recommended sampling practice. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142:81–5PubMed
9.
go back to reference Nadel MR, Shapiro JA, Klabunde CN, et al. A national survey of primary care physicians’ methods for screening for fecal occult blood. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142:86–94PubMed Nadel MR, Shapiro JA, Klabunde CN, et al. A national survey of primary care physicians’ methods for screening for fecal occult blood. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142:86–94PubMed
10.
go back to reference Mamazza J, Gordon PH. The changing distribution of large intestinal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1982; 25:558–62PubMed Mamazza J, Gordon PH. The changing distribution of large intestinal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1982; 25:558–62PubMed
11.
go back to reference Vobecky J, Leduc C, Devroede G. Sex differences in the changing anatomic distribution of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1984; 54:3065–9PubMed Vobecky J, Leduc C, Devroede G. Sex differences in the changing anatomic distribution of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1984; 54:3065–9PubMed
12.
go back to reference Ghahremani GG, Dowlatshahi K. Colorectal carcinomas: diagnostic implications of their changing frequency and anatomic distribution. World J Surg 1989; 13:321–4CrossRefPubMed Ghahremani GG, Dowlatshahi K. Colorectal carcinomas: diagnostic implications of their changing frequency and anatomic distribution. World J Surg 1989; 13:321–4CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Cheng X, Chen VW, Steele B, et al. Subsite-specific incidence rate and stage of disease in colorectal cancer by race, gender, and age group in the United States, 1992-1997. Cancer 2001; 92:2547–54CrossRefPubMed Cheng X, Chen VW, Steele B, et al. Subsite-specific incidence rate and stage of disease in colorectal cancer by race, gender, and age group in the United States, 1992-1997. Cancer 2001; 92:2547–54CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Mensink PB, Kolkman JJ, Van Baarlen J, Kleibeuker JH. Change in anatomic distribution and incidence of colorectal carcinoma over a period of 15 years: clinical considerations. Dis Colon Rectum 2002; 45:1393–6CrossRefPubMed Mensink PB, Kolkman JJ, Van Baarlen J, Kleibeuker JH. Change in anatomic distribution and incidence of colorectal carcinoma over a period of 15 years: clinical considerations. Dis Colon Rectum 2002; 45:1393–6CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Selby JV, Friedman GD, Quesenberry CP Jr, Weiss NS. A case-control study of screening sigmoidoscopy and mortality from colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:653–7PubMedCrossRef Selby JV, Friedman GD, Quesenberry CP Jr, Weiss NS. A case-control study of screening sigmoidoscopy and mortality from colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:653–7PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Muller AD, Sonnenberg A. Protection by endoscopy against death from colorectal cancer. A case-control study among veterans. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155:1741–8CrossRefPubMed Muller AD, Sonnenberg A. Protection by endoscopy against death from colorectal cancer. A case-control study among veterans. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155:1741–8CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Newcomb PA, Storer BE, Morimoto LM, Templeton A, Potter JD. Long-term efficacy of sigmoidoscopy in the reduction of colorectal cancer incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:622–5PubMedCrossRef Newcomb PA, Storer BE, Morimoto LM, Templeton A, Potter JD. Long-term efficacy of sigmoidoscopy in the reduction of colorectal cancer incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:622–5PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Nelson DB, McQuaid KR, Bond JH, Lieberman DA, Weiss DG, Johnston TK. Procedural success and complications of large-scale screening colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55:307–14CrossRefPubMed Nelson DB, McQuaid KR, Bond JH, Lieberman DA, Weiss DG, Johnston TK. Procedural success and complications of large-scale screening colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55:307–14CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Wexner SD, Garbus JE, Singh JJ. A prospective analysis of 13,580 colonoscopies. Reevaluation of credentialing guidelines. Surg Endosc 2001; 15:251–61CrossRefPubMed Wexner SD, Garbus JE, Singh JJ. A prospective analysis of 13,580 colonoscopies. Reevaluation of credentialing guidelines. Surg Endosc 2001; 15:251–61CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Fork FT. Double contrast enema and colonoscopy in polyp detection. Gut 1981; 22:971–7PubMed Fork FT. Double contrast enema and colonoscopy in polyp detection. Gut 1981; 22:971–7PubMed
21.
go back to reference Rex DK, Weddle RA, Lehman GA, et al. Flexible sigmoidoscopy plus air contrast barium enema versus colonoscopy for suspected lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:855–61PubMed Rex DK, Weddle RA, Lehman GA, et al. Flexible sigmoidoscopy plus air contrast barium enema versus colonoscopy for suspected lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:855–61PubMed
22.
go back to reference Winawer SJ, Stewart ET, Zauber AG, et al. A comparison of colonoscopy and double-contrast barium enema for surveillance after polypectomy. National Polyp Study Work Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1766–72CrossRefPubMed Winawer SJ, Stewart ET, Zauber AG, et al. A comparison of colonoscopy and double-contrast barium enema for surveillance after polypectomy. National Polyp Study Work Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1766–72CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Cotton PB, Durkalski VL, Pineau BC, et al. Computed tomographic colonography (virtual colonoscopy): a multicenter comparison with standard colonoscopy for detection of colorectal neoplasia. JAMA 2004; 291:1713–9CrossRefPubMed Cotton PB, Durkalski VL, Pineau BC, et al. Computed tomographic colonography (virtual colonoscopy): a multicenter comparison with standard colonoscopy for detection of colorectal neoplasia. JAMA 2004; 291:1713–9CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Macari M, Bini EJ, Jacobs SL, et al. Colorectal polyps and cancers in asymptomatic average-risk patients: evaluation with CT colonography. Radiology 2004; 230:629–36PubMed Macari M, Bini EJ, Jacobs SL, et al. Colorectal polyps and cancers in asymptomatic average-risk patients: evaluation with CT colonography. Radiology 2004; 230:629–36PubMed
25.
go back to reference Pickhardt PJ, Choi JR, Hwang I, et al. Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:2191–200CrossRefPubMed Pickhardt PJ, Choi JR, Hwang I, et al. Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:2191–200CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Sidransky D, Tokino T, Hamilton SR, et al. Identification of ras oncogene mutations in the stool of patients with curable colorectal tumors. Science 1992; 256:102–5PubMed Sidransky D, Tokino T, Hamilton SR, et al. Identification of ras oncogene mutations in the stool of patients with curable colorectal tumors. Science 1992; 256:102–5PubMed
27.
go back to reference Villa E, Dugani A, Rebecchi AM, et al. Identification of subjects at risk for colorectal carcinoma through a test based on K-ras determination in the stool. Gastroenterology 1996; 110:1346–53CrossRefPubMed Villa E, Dugani A, Rebecchi AM, et al. Identification of subjects at risk for colorectal carcinoma through a test based on K-ras determination in the stool. Gastroenterology 1996; 110:1346–53CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Dong SM, Traverso G, Johnson C, et al. Detecting colorectal cancer in stool with the use of multiple genetic targets. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:858–65CrossRefPubMed Dong SM, Traverso G, Johnson C, et al. Detecting colorectal cancer in stool with the use of multiple genetic targets. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:858–65CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Ahlquist DA, Skoletsky JE, Boynton KA, et al. Colorectal cancer screening by detection of altered human DNA in stool: feasibility of a multitarget assay panel. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:1219–27CrossRefPubMed Ahlquist DA, Skoletsky JE, Boynton KA, et al. Colorectal cancer screening by detection of altered human DNA in stool: feasibility of a multitarget assay panel. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:1219–27CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Koshiji M, Yonekura Y, Saito T, Yoshioka K. Microsatellite analysis of fecal DNA for colorectal cancer detection. J Surg Oncol 2002; 80:34–40CrossRefPubMed Koshiji M, Yonekura Y, Saito T, Yoshioka K. Microsatellite analysis of fecal DNA for colorectal cancer detection. J Surg Oncol 2002; 80:34–40CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH, Turnbull BA, Ross ME. Fecal DNA versus fecal occult blood for colorectal-cancer screening in an average-risk population. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:2704–14CrossRefPubMed Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH, Turnbull BA, Ross ME. Fecal DNA versus fecal occult blood for colorectal-cancer screening in an average-risk population. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:2704–14CrossRefPubMed
32.
33.
go back to reference Spigelman AD, Williams CB, Talbot IC, Domizio P, Phillips RK. Upper gastrointestinal cancer in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Lancet 1989; 2:783–5CrossRefPubMed Spigelman AD, Williams CB, Talbot IC, Domizio P, Phillips RK. Upper gastrointestinal cancer in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Lancet 1989; 2:783–5CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Vasen HF, Watson P, Mecklin JP, Lynch HT. New clinical criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome) proposed by the International Collaborative group on HNPCC. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:1453–6CrossRefPubMed Vasen HF, Watson P, Mecklin JP, Lynch HT. New clinical criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome) proposed by the International Collaborative group on HNPCC. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:1453–6CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Dunlop MG. Guidance on gastrointestinal surveillance for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis, juvenile polyposis, and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Gut 2002; 51(Suppl 5):V21–7PubMedCrossRef Dunlop MG. Guidance on gastrointestinal surveillance for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis, juvenile polyposis, and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Gut 2002; 51(Suppl 5):V21–7PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Burke W, Daly M, Garber J, et al. Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to cancer. II. BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cancer Genetics Studies Consortium. JAMA 1997; 277:997–1003CrossRefPubMed Burke W, Daly M, Garber J, et al. Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to cancer. II. BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cancer Genetics Studies Consortium. JAMA 1997; 277:997–1003CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Benson AB III, Desch CE, Flynn PJ, et al. 2000 update of American Society of Clinical Oncology colorectal cancer surveillance guidelines. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:3586–8PubMed Benson AB III, Desch CE, Flynn PJ, et al. 2000 update of American Society of Clinical Oncology colorectal cancer surveillance guidelines. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:3586–8PubMed
38.
go back to reference Law CH, Wright FC, Rapanos T, et al. Impact of lymph node retrieval and pathological ultra-staging on the prognosis of stage II colon cancer. J Surg Oncol 2003; 84:120–6CrossRefPubMed Law CH, Wright FC, Rapanos T, et al. Impact of lymph node retrieval and pathological ultra-staging on the prognosis of stage II colon cancer. J Surg Oncol 2003; 84:120–6CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Tepper JE, O’Connell MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Impact of number of nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:157–63PubMed Tepper JE, O’Connell MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Impact of number of nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:157–63PubMed
40.
go back to reference Green FL, Page DL, Fleming ID, et al., eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002 Green FL, Page DL, Fleming ID, et al., eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002
41.
go back to reference Sobin LH, Wittekind C, eds. International Union Against Cancer (UICC). TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. 6th ed. New York: Wiley, 2002 Sobin LH, Wittekind C, eds. International Union Against Cancer (UICC). TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. 6th ed. New York: Wiley, 2002
42.
go back to reference Prandi M, Lionetto R, Bini A, et al. Prognostic evaluation of stage B colon cancer patients is improved by an adequate lymphadenectomy: results of a secondary analysis of a large scale adjuvant trial. Ann Surg 2002; 235:458–63CrossRefPubMed Prandi M, Lionetto R, Bini A, et al. Prognostic evaluation of stage B colon cancer patients is improved by an adequate lymphadenectomy: results of a secondary analysis of a large scale adjuvant trial. Ann Surg 2002; 235:458–63CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Meyerhardt JA, Mayer RJ. Follow-up strategies after curative resection of colorectal cancer. Semin Oncol 2003; 30:349–60CrossRefPubMed Meyerhardt JA, Mayer RJ. Follow-up strategies after curative resection of colorectal cancer. Semin Oncol 2003; 30:349–60CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Grossmann EM, Johnson FE, Virgo KS, Longo WE, Fossati R. Follow-up of colorectal cancer patients after resection with curative intent-the GILDA trial. Surg Oncol 2004; 13:119–24CrossRefPubMed Grossmann EM, Johnson FE, Virgo KS, Longo WE, Fossati R. Follow-up of colorectal cancer patients after resection with curative intent-the GILDA trial. Surg Oncol 2004; 13:119–24CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference NCCN Cancer Panel Members. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Colon Cancer 2004; 2:1–27 NCCN Cancer Panel Members. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Colon Cancer 2004; 2:1–27
46.
go back to reference Wang Y, Jatkoe T, Zhang Y, et al. Gene expression profiles and molecular markers to predict recurrence of Dukes’ B colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:1564–71CrossRefPubMed Wang Y, Jatkoe T, Zhang Y, et al. Gene expression profiles and molecular markers to predict recurrence of Dukes’ B colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:1564–71CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Garrity MM, Burgart LJ, Mahoney MR, et al. Prognostic value of proliferation, apoptosis, defective DNA mismatch repair, and p53 overexpression in patients with resected Dukes’ B2 or C colon cancer: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group study. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:1572–82CrossRefPubMed Garrity MM, Burgart LJ, Mahoney MR, et al. Prognostic value of proliferation, apoptosis, defective DNA mismatch repair, and p53 overexpression in patients with resected Dukes’ B2 or C colon cancer: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group study. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:1572–82CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Elsaleh H, Iacopetta B. Microsatellite instability is a predictive marker for survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in a population-based series of stage III colorectal carcinoma. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2001; 1:104–9PubMedCrossRef Elsaleh H, Iacopetta B. Microsatellite instability is a predictive marker for survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in a population-based series of stage III colorectal carcinoma. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2001; 1:104–9PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Colorectal Cancer Screening and Surveillance: Current Standards and Future Trends
Authors
Steve R. Martinez, MD
Shawn E. Young, MD
Rebecca E. Hoedema, MD
Leland J. Foshag, MD
Anton J. Bilchik, MD, PhD
Publication date
01-06-2006
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Annals of Surgical Oncology / Issue 6/2006
Print ISSN: 1068-9265
Electronic ISSN: 1534-4681
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1245/ASO.2006.03.087

Other articles of this Issue 6/2006

Annals of Surgical Oncology 6/2006 Go to the issue