Life-threatening hemoptysis accompanied by internal thoracic artery aneurysms in a 28-year-old perinatal woman: a case report

Life-threatening hemoptysis presents an immediate diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, especially during the perinatal period.

A 28-year-old perinatal woman with no significant past medical or surgical history presented with repeating hemoptysis and respiratory failure. Computed tomography revealed a 2.1 × 3.2  cm² inhomogeneous tumorous lesion in the right superior mediastinum and a right main bronchus obstruction along with atelectasis of the right lung. Bronchoscopy showed a tumorous protrusion blocking the right main bronchus with active hemorrhage, and malignancy was suspected. Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) was performed to control the bleeding. The arteriogram revealed tortuosity, dilation and hypertrophy of the right bronchial arteries and aneurysms of the internal thoracic artery (ITA). The bleeding completely stopped after BAE. Bronchoscopy was performed again to remove residual blood clots. The patient recovered soon after the procedure and was discharged.

Life-threatening hemoptysis concomitant with ITA aneurysms, which may have a misleading clinical diagnosis and treatment options, has not been reported previously in perinatal women. BAE could be used as a first-line treatment irrespective of the underlying causes.