Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Cancer Cell International
Published in: Cancer Cell International 1/2019

Open Access 01-12-2019 | Breast Cancer | Review

Impaired redox regulation of estrogen metabolizing proteins is important determinant of human breast cancers

Authors: Smarajit Maiti, Aarifa Nazmeen

Published in: Cancer Cell International | Issue 1/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Estrogen evidently involves critically in the pathogenesis of gynaecological-cancers. Reports reveal that interference in estrogen-signalling can influence cell-cycle associated regulatory-processes in female reproductive-organs. The major determinants that influence E2-signallings are estrogen-receptor (ER), estrogen-sulfotransferase (SULT1E1), sulfatase (STS), and a formylglycine-generating-enzyme (FGE) which regulates STS activity. The purpose of this mini review was to critically analyze the correlation between oxidative-threats and redox-regulation in the process of estrogen signalling. It is extensively investigated and reported that oxidative-stress is linked to cancer. But no definite mechanism has been explored till date. The adverse effects of oxidative-threat/free-radicals (like genotoxic-effects, gene-regulation, and mitochondrial impairment) have been linked to several diseases like diabetes/cardiovascular-syndrome/stroke and cancer. However, a significant correlation between oxidative-stress and gynaecological-cancers are repeatedly reported without pointing a definite mechanism. For the first time in our study we have investigated the relationship between oxidative stress and the regulation of estrogen via estrogen metabolizing proteins. Reports reveal that ER, SULT1E1, STS and FGE are target-molecules of oxidative-stress and may function differently in oxidizing and reducing environment. In addition, estrogen itself can induce oxidative-stress. This fact necessitates identifying the critical connecting events between oxidative-stress and regulation of estrogen-associated-molecules (ER, SULT1E1, STS, and FGE) that favors tumorigenesis/carcinogenesis. The current review focus is on unique redox-regulation of estrogen and its regulatory-molecules via oxidative-stress. This mechanistic-layout may identify new therapeutic-targets and open further scopes to treat gynecological-cancers more effectively.
Literature
1.
Xu WH, Xiang YB, Ruan ZX, Zheng W, Cheng JR, Dai Q, Gao YT, Shu XO. Menstrual and reproductive factors and endometrial cancer risk: results from a population-based case–control study in urban Shanghai. Int J Cancer. 2004;108:613–9.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zucchetto A, Serraino D, Polesel J, Negri E, De Paoli A, Dal Maso L, Montella M, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Talamini R. Hormone-related factors and gynecological conditions in relation to endometrial cancer risk. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2009;18:316–21.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Kaaks R, Berrino F, Key T, Rinaldi S, Dossus L, Biessy C, Secreto G, Amiano P, Bingham S, Boeing H, Bueno de Mesquita HB, Chang-Claude J, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fournier A, van Gils CH, Gonzalez CA, Gurrea AB, Critselis E, Khaw KT, Krogh V, Lahmann PH, Nagel G, Olsen A, Onland-Moret NC, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Peeters P, Quiros JR, Roddam A, Thiebaut A, Tjonneland A, Chirlaque MD, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Norat T, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Riboli E. Serum sex steroids in premenopausal women and breast cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:755–65.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Castagnetta L, Granata OM, Cocciadiferro L, Saetta A, Polito L, Bronte G, Rizzo S, Campisi I, Agostara B, Carruba G. Sex steroids, carcinogenesis, and cancer progression. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1028:233–46.CrossRefPubMed
5.
The National Toxicology Program (NTP). Federal Report on Carcinogens. 2002;177283–5.
6.
Hofseth LJ, Raafat AM, Osuch JR, Pathak DR, Slomski CA, Haslam SZ. Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen or estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate is associated with increased epithelial proliferation in the normal postmenopausal breast. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:4559–65.PubMed
7.
Bocchinfuso WP, Korach KS. Mammary gland development and tumorigenesis in estrogen receptor knockout mice. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 1997;2:323–34.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Devanesan P, Santen RJ, Bocchinfuso WP, Korach KS, Rogan EG, Cavalieri E. Catechol estrogen metabolites and conjugates in mammary tumors and hyperplastic tissue from estrogen receptor-alpha knock-out (ERKO)/Wnt-1 mice: implications for initiation of mammary tumors. Carcinogenesis. 2001;22:1573–6.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Chang XZ, Li DQ, Hou YF, Wu J, Lu JS, Di GH, Jin W, Ou ZL, Shen ZZ, Shao ZM. Identification of the functional role of peroxiredoxin 6 in the progression of breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 2007;9:R76.CrossRef
10.
O’Lone R, Frith MC, Karlsson EK, Hansen U. Genomic targets of nuclear estrogen receptors. Mol Endocrinol. 2004;18:1859–75.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Takahashi K, Okada M, Ozaki T. Safety and efficacy of oestriol for symptoms of natural or surgically induced menopause. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:1028–36.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Maggiolini M, Vivacqua A, Fasanella G, Recchia AG, Sisci D, Pezzi V. The G protein coupled receptor GPR30 mediates c-fos up-regulation by 17β-estradiol and phytoestrogens in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:27008–16.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Nilsson S, Makela S, Treuter E, Tujague M, Thomsen J, Andersson G, Enmark E, Pettersson K, Warner M, Gustafsson JA. Mechanisms of estrogen action. Physiol Rev. 2001;81:1535–65.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Kazuhiro I, Kuniko Horie I, Satoshi I. Identification of estrogen-responsive genes based on the DNA binding properties of estrogen receptors using high-throughput sequencing technology. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2015;36(1):24–31.CrossRef
15.
Lappano R, Rosano C, De Marco P, De Francesco EM, Pezzi V, Maggiolini M. Estriol acts as a GPR30 antagonist in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;320:162–7010.CrossRefPubMed
16.
El-Attar HA, Sheta MI. Hepatocyte growth factor profile with breast cancer. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2011;54:509–13.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Girgert R, Emons G, Gründker C. Inactivation of GPR30 reduces growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells: possible application in targeted therapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;134:199–205.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Hao R, Bondesson M, Singh AV, Riu A, Mc Collum CW, Knudsen TB, Gorelick DA, Gustafsson JA. Identification of estrogen target genes during zebrafish embryonic development through transcriptomic analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:11.CrossRef
19.
Yuriko K, Doi H, Ono Y, Urata Y, Goto S, Kitajima M, Miura K, Li TS, Masuzaki H. Estrogen deficiency heterogeneously affects tissue specific stem cells in mice. Sci Rep. 2015;5:12861.CrossRef
20.
Lamote I, Meyer E, Massart-Leen AM, Burvenich C. Sex steroids and growth factors in the regulation of mammary gland proliferation, differentiation, and involution. Steroids. 2004;69(3):145–59.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Serra R, Crowley MR. Mouse models of transforming growth factor beta impact in breast development and cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2005;12:749–60.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Camacho PM. Evidence-based endocrinology, vol. 20. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012. p. 98.
23.
Kariagina A, Xie J, Leipprandt JR, Haslam SZ. Amphiregulin mediates estrogen, progesterone, and EGFR signaling in the normal rat mammary gland and in hormone-dependent rat mammary cancers. Horm Cancer. 2010;15:229–44.CrossRef
24.
Rawlings JS, Rosler KM, Harrison DA. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway. J Cell Sci. 2004;117:1281–3.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Jain A, Sharma G, Kushwah V, Garg NK, Kesharwani P, Ghoshal G, Singh B, Shivhare US, Jain S, Katare OP. Methotrexate and beta-carotene loaded-lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles: a preclinical study for breast cancer. Nanomedicine. 2017;12(15):1851–72.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zhu B, Yu L, Yue Q. Co-delivery of vincristine and quercetin by nanocarriers for lymphoma combination chemotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;91:287–94.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Maiti S, Chen G. Methotrexate is a novel inducer of rat liver and intestinal sulfotransferases. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003;418(2):161–8.CrossRefPubMed
28.
29.
Chen X, Maiti S, Zhang J, Chen G. Nuclear receptor interactions in methotrexate induction of human dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase (hSULT2A1). J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2006;20(6):309–17.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Asi N, Mohammed K, Haydour Q, Gionfriddo MR, Vargas OL, Prokop LJ, Faubion SS, Murad MH. Progesterone vs. synthetic progestins and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):121.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Salazar M, Lerma-Ortiz A, Hooks GM, Ashley AK, Ashley RL. Progestin-mediated activation of MAPK and AKT in nuclear progesterone receptor negative breast epithelial cells: the role of membrane progesterone receptors. Gene. 2016;91(1):6–13.CrossRef
32.
Rojas PA, May M, Sequeira GR, Elia A, Alvarez M, Martínez P, Gonzalez P, Hewitt S, He X, Perou CM, Molinolo A, Gibbons L, Abba MC, Gass H, Lanari C. Progesterone receptor isoform ratio: a breast cancer prognostic and predictive factor for antiprogestin responsiveness. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109(7):djw317.CrossRefPubMedCentral
33.
Knutson TP, Truong TH, Ma S, Brady NJ, Sullivan ME, Raj G, Schwertfeger KL, Lange CA. Posttranslationally modified progesterone receptors direct ligand-specific expression of breast cancer stem cell-associated gene programs. Hematol Oncol. 2017;10(1):89.CrossRef
34.
Sato T, Tran TH, Peck AR, Girondo MA, Liu C, Goodman CR, Neilson LM, Freydin B, Chervoneva I, Hyslop T, Kovatich AJ. Prolactin suppresses a progestin-induced CK5-positive cell population in luminal breast cancer through inhibition of progestin-driven BCL6 expression. Oncogene. 2014;33(17):2215–24.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Fettig LM, McGinn O, Finlay-Schultz J, LaBarbera DV, Nordeen SK, Sartorius CA. Cross talk between progesterone receptors and retinoic acid receptors in regulation of cytokeratin 5-positive breast cancer cells. Oncogene. 2017;36:6074–84.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Maiti S, Chen X, Chen G. All-trans retinoic acid induction of sulfotransferases. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;96(1):44–53.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Cauley JA, Lucas FL, Kuller LH, Stone K, Browner W, Cummings SR. Elevated serum estradiol and testosterone concentrations are associated with a high risk for breast cancer. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med. 1999;13:270–7.CrossRef
38.
Dimitrakakis C. Androgens and breast cancer in men and women. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2011;40:533–47.CrossRef
39.
Glaser RL, Dimitrakakis C. Reduced breast cancer incidence in women treated with subcutaneous testosterone, or testosterone with anastrozole: a prospective, observational study. Maturitas. 2013;76:342–9.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Santen RJ, Brodie H, Simpson ER, Siiteri PK, Brodie A. History of aromatase: saga of an important biological mediator and therapeutic target. Endocr Rev. 2009;30:343–75.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Sasano H, Suzuki T, Miki Y, Moriya T. Intracrinology of estrogens and androgens in breast carcinoma. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2008;108:181–5.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Hickey TE, Robinson JLL, Carroll JS, Tilley WD. Minireview: the androgen receptor in breast tissues: growth inhibitor, tumor suppressor, oncogene. Mol Endocrinol. 2012;26:1252–67.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Suchar LA, Chang RL, Rosen RT, Lech J, Conney AH. High-performance liquid chromatography separation of hydroxylated estradiol metabolites: formation of estradiol metabolites by liver microsomes from male and female rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995;272:197–206.PubMed
44.
Zhang F, Bolton JL. Synthesis of the equine estrogen metabolites 2-hydroxyequilin and 2-hydroxyequilenin. Chem Res Toxicol. 1999;12:200–3.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Esra B, Umit MS, Cansin S, Serpil E, Omer K. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. World Allergy Organ J. 2012;5(1):9–19.CrossRef
46.
Schutze N, Vollmer G, Knuppen R. Catecholestrogens are agonists of estrogen receptor dependent gene expression in MCF-7 cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1994;48:453–61.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zhu BT, Han GZ, Shim JY, Wen Y, Jiang XR. Quantitative structure–activity relationship of various endogenous estrogen metabolites for human estrogen receptor alpha and beta subtypes: insights into the structural determinants favoring a differential subtype binding. Endocrinology. 2006;147:4132–50.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Tsutsui T, Tamura Y, Hagiwara M, Miyachi T, Hikiba H, Kubo C, Barrett JC. Induction of mammalian cell transformation and genotoxicity by 2-methoxyestradiol, an endogenous metabolite of estrogen. Carcinogenesis. 2000;21:735–40.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Sutherland TE, Schuliga M, Harris T, Eckhardt BL, Anderson RL, Quan L, Stewart A. G2-Methoxyestradiol is an estrogen receptor agonist that supports tumor growth in murine xenograft models of breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:1722–32.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Mobley JA, Brueggemeier RW. Estrogen receptor-mediated regulation of oxidative stress and DNA damage in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2004;25:3–9.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Geisler J, Sasano H, Chen S, Purohit A. Steroid sulfatase inhibitors: promising new tools for breast cancer therapy? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2011;125:39–45.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Carlstrom K, Bergqvist A, Ljungberg O. Metabolism of estrone sulfate in endometriotic tissue and in uterine endometrium in proliferative and secretory cycle phase. Fertil Steril. 1988;49:229–33.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Santen RJ, Leszczynski D, Tilson-Mallet N, Feil PD, Wright C, Manni A, Santner SJ, Ann NY. Enzymatic control of estrogen production in human breast cancer: relative significance of aromatase versus sulfatase pathways. Acad Sci. 1986;464:126–37.CrossRef
54.
55.
Cavalieri E, Frenkel K, Liehr JG, Rogan E, Roy D. Chapter 4: estrogens as endogenous genotoxic agents—DNA adducts and mutations. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2000;27:75–94.CrossRef
56.
Bolton JL, Thatcher GRJ. Potential mechanisms of estrogen quinone carcinogenesis. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008;21:93–101.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Lavigne JA, Goodman JE, Fonong T, Odwin S, He P, Roberts DW, Yager JD. The effects of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition on estrogen metabolite and oxidative DNA damage levels in estradiol-treated MCF-7 cells. Cancer Res. 2001;61:7488–94.PubMed
58.
Banerjee S, Li SA, Li JJ. Induction of chromosome aberrations in Syrian hamster renal cortical cells by various estrogens. Mutat Res. 1994;311:191–7.CrossRefPubMed
59.
60.
Sauer H, Wartenberg M, Hescheler J. Reactive oxygen species as intracellular messengers during cell growth and differentiation. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2001;11:173–86.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Han X, Liehr JG. 8-Hydroxylation of guanine bases in kidney and liver DNA of hamsters treated with estradiol: role of free radicals in estrogen-induced carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1994;54:5515–7.PubMed
62.
Mobley JA, Brueggemeier RW. Estrogen receptor-mediated regulation of oxidative stress and DNA damage in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2004;25(1):3–9.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Kalyanaraman B, Hintz P, Sealy RC. An electron spin resonance study of free radicals from catechol estrogens. In: Fed Proc, vol. 45, no. 10. 1986. p. 2477–84 (Review. PubMed PMID: 3017766).
64.
Ei-Bayoumy K. Evaluation of chemopreventive agents against breast cancer and proposed strategies for future clinical intervention trials. Carcinogenesis. 1994;15(11):2637–43.CrossRef
65.
Laura C, Bridgewater FC, Manning R, Steven RP. Base-specific arrest of in vitro DNA replication by carcinogenic chromium: relationship to DNA interstrand crosslinking. Carcinogenesis. 1994;15(11):2421–7.CrossRef
66.
Surh YJ, Kundu JK, Na HK, Lee JS. Redox-sensitive transcription factors as prime targets for chemoprevention with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative phytochemicals. J Nutr. 2005;135:2993S–3001S.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Falany CN, Wheeler J, Oh TS, Falany JL. Steroid sulfation by expressed human cytosolic sulfotransferases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1994;48:369–75.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Maiti S, Chen G. Ethanol up-regulates phenol sulfotransferase (SULT1A1) and hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) in rat liver and intestine. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2015;121(2):68–74.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Falany JL, Macrina N, Falany CN. Regulation of MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth by beta-estradiol sulfation. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002;74:167–76.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Falany JL, Falany CN. Regulation of estrogen activity by sulfation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Oncol Res. 1997;9:589–96.PubMed
71.
Anderson E, Howell A. Oestrogen sulfotransferases in malignant and normal human breast tissue. Endocr Relat Cancer. 1995;2:227–33.CrossRef
72.
Ji XW, Chen GP, Song Y, Hua M, Wang LJ, Li L, Yuan Y, Wang SY, Zhou TY, Lu W. Intratumoral estrogen sulfotransferase induction contributes to the anti-breast cancer effects of the dithiocarbamate derivative TM208. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2015;36:1246–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
73.
Maiti S, Zhang J, Chen G. Redox regulation of human estrogen sulfotransferase (hSULT1E1). Biochem Pharmacol. 2007;73:1474–81.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Guo Y, Hu B, Huang H, Tsung A, Gaikwad NW, Xu M, Jiang M, Ren S, Fan J, Billiar TR, Huang M, Xie W. Estrogen sulfotransferase is an oxidative stress-responsive gene that gender-specifically affects liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(14):754–64.
75.
Yin Q, Fischer L, Noethling C, Schaefer WR. In vitro-assessment of putative antiprogestin activities of phytochemicals and synthetic UV absorbers in human endometrial Ishikawa cells. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2015;31:578–81.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Rogelsperger O, Wlcek K, Ekmekcioglu C, Humpeler S, Svoboda M, Königsberg R, Klimpfinger M, Jäger W, Thalhammer T. Melatonin receptors, melatonin metabolizing enzymes and cyclin D1 in human breast cancer. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2011;31:180–7.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Sueyoshi T, Green WD, Vinal K, Woodrum TS, Moore R, Negishi M. Garlic extract diallyl sulfide (DAS) activates nuclear receptor CAR to induce the Sult1e1 gene in mouse liver. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e21229.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
78.
Maiti S, Chen G. Tamoxifen induction of aryl sulfotransferase and hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase in male and female rat liver and intestine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003;5:637–44.CrossRef
79.
Atsriku C, Benz CC, Scott GK, Gibson BW, Baldwin MA. Quantification of cysteine oxidation in human estrogen receptor by mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2007;79:3083–90.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Hayashi S, Hajiro-Nakanishi K, Makino Y, Eguchi H, Yodoi J, Tanaka H. Functional modulation of estrogen receptor by redox state with reference to thioredoxin as a mediator. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997;25:4035–40.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
81.
Stanway SJ, Delavault P, Purohit A. Steroid sulfatase: a new target for the endocrine therapy of breast cancer. Oncologist. 2007;12:370–4.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Zaichuk D, Ivancic D, Scholtens D. Tissue-specific transcripts of human steroid sulfatase are under control of estrogen signaling pathways in breast carcinoma. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;105:76–84.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Secky L, Svoboda M, Klameth L, Bajna E, Hamilton G, Zeillinger R, Jager W, Thalhammer T. The sulfatase pathway for estrogen formation: targets for the treatment and diagnosis of hormone-associated tumors. J Drug Deliv. 2013;95:7605.
84.
Couse JF, Lindzey J, Grandien K, Gustafsson JA, Korach KS. Tissue distribution and quantitative analysis of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor-beta (ER-β) messenger ribonucleic acid in the wild-type and ERα-knockout mouse. Endocrinology. 1997;138:4613–21.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Dierks T, Lecca MR, Schlotterhose P, Schmidt B, von Figura K. Sequence determinants directing conversion of cysteine to formylglycine in eukaryotic sulfatases. EMBO J. 1999;8:2084–91.CrossRef
86.
Dierks T, Dickmanns A, Preusser-Kunze A, Schmidt B, Mariappan M, von Figura K, Ficner R. Rudolph MG Molecular basis for multiple sulfatase deficiency and mechanism for formylglycine generation of the human formylglycine-generating enzyme. Cell. 2005;121(4):541–52.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Dierks T, Lecca MR, Schmidt B, von Figura K. A novel protein modification generating an aldehyde group in sulfatases: its role in catalysis and disease. FEBS Lett. 1998;423:61–5.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Fey J, Balleininger M, Borissenko LV, Schmidt B, Von Figura K, Dierks T. Characterization of posttranslational formylglycine formation by luminal components of the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:47021–8.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Preusser-Kunze A, Mariappan M, Schmidt B, Gande SL, Mutenda K, Wenzel D, von Figura K, Dierks T. Molecular characterization of the human Calpha-formylglycine-generating enzyme. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:14900–10.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Fraldi A, Biffi A, Lombardi A, Visigalli I, Pepe S, Settembre C, Nusco E, Auricchio A, Naldini L, Ballabio A, Cosma MP. SUMF1 enhances sulfatase activities in vivo in five sulfatase deficiencies. Biochem J. 2007;403:305–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
91.
Dirk R, Andrea PK, Bernhard S, Kathrin G, Julia GW, Thomas D, von Kurt F, Markus GR. A general binding mechanism for all human sulfatases by the formylglycine-generating enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:81–6.CrossRef
92.
Cecchi E, Lapi F, Vannacci A, Banchelli G, Mazzei T, Mugelli A. Increased levels of CA 125 and CA 19.9 serum tumour markers following cyclic combined hormone replacement therapy. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2009;34(1):129–32.CrossRefPubMed
93.
Nazmeen A, Maiti S, Mandal K, Roy SK, Ghosh TK, Sinha NK, Mandal K. Better predictive value of Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125) as biomarker in ovary and breast tumors and its correlation with the histopathological type/grade of the disease. Med Chem. 2017;13:796–804.CrossRefPubMed
94.
Maiti S, Dutta SM, Baker SM, Zhang J, Narasaraju T, Liu L, Chen G. In vivo and in vitro oxidative regulation of rat aryl sulfotransferase IV (AST IV). J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2005;19(2):109–18.CrossRefPubMed
95.
Maiti S, Grant S, Baker SM, Karanth S, Pope CN, Chen G. Stress regulation of sulfotransferases in male rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;323(1):235–41.CrossRefPubMed
96.
Christopher CB, Christina Y. Ageing, oxidative stress and cancer: paradigms in parallax. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8(11):875–9.CrossRef
97.
Clemons M, Goss P. Estrogen and the risk of breast cancer. Engl J Med. 2001;344(4):276–85.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Impaired redox regulation of estrogen metabolizing proteins is important determinant of human breast cancers
Authors
Smarajit Maiti
Aarifa Nazmeen
Publication date
01-12-2019
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Cancer Cell International / Issue 1/2019
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2867
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-019-0826-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2019

Cancer Cell International 1/2019 Go to the issue

Primary research

hsa_circ_0081143 promotes cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer by targeting miR-646/CDK6 pathway

Primary research

Markers of MEK inhibitor resistance in low-grade serous ovarian cancer: EGFR is a potential therapeutic target

Primary research

miR-96 exerts carcinogenic effect by activating AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway through targeting inhibition of FOXO1 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Primary research

Long non-coding RNA LINC01314 represses cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in gastric cancer via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by down-regulating KLK4

Primary research

Alpha-mangostin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy which count against fatty acid synthase inhibition mediated apoptosis in human breast cancer cells

Primary research

Exosomal lncRNA HNF1A-AS1 affects cisplatin resistance in cervical cancer cells through regulating microRNA-34b/TUFT1 axis
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits