Bedroom Allergen Exposure Beyond House Dust Mites

1.

Custovic A. To what extent is allergen exposure a risk factor for the development of allergic disease? Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45:54–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12450.PubMedCrossRef

2.

Burbank AJ, Sood AK, Kesic MJ, Peden DB, Hernandez ML. Environmental determinants of allergy and asthma in early life. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.010.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

3.

Platts-Mills TA. The allergy epidemics: 1870-2010. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136:3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.048.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

4.

Fukutomi Y, Taniguchi M. Sensitization to fungal allergens: resolved and unresolved issues. Allergol Int. 2015;64:321–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2015.05.007.PubMedCrossRef

5.

Kanchongkittiphon W, Mendell MJ, Gaffin JM, Wang G, Phipatanakul W. Indoor environmental exposures and exacerbation of asthma: an update to the 2000 review by the Institute of Medicine. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123:6–20. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307922.PubMedCrossRef

6.

Phipatanakul W, Matsui E, Portnoy J, Williams PB, Barnes C, Kennedy K, et al. Environmental assessment and exposure reduction of rodents: a practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2012;109:375–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2012.09.019.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

7.

Portnoy J, Chew GL, Phipatanakul W, Williams PB, Grimes C, Kennedy K, et al. Environmental assessment and exposure reduction of cockroaches: a practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013:132:802–8 e1–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.061.

8.

Portnoy J, Kennedy K, Sublett J, Phipatanakul W, Matsui E, Barnes C, et al. Environmental assessment and exposure control: a practice parameter--furry animals. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012:108:223 e1–15. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2012.02.015.

9.

Salo PM, Arbes SJ Jr, Crockett PW, Thorne PS, Cohn RD, Zeldin DC. Exposure to multiple indoor allergens in US homes and its relationship to asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:678–84 e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1164.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

10.

• Salo PM, Wilkerson J, Rose KM, Cohn RD, Calatroni A, Mitchell HE, et al. Bedroom allergen exposures in US households. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141:1870–9.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.033. This comprehensive report on bedroom allergen exposures identifies factors that influence allergen levels and burden in U.S. homes. Differences and overlaps between exposure and sensitization patterns in the U.S. population highlight the complex nature of the relationships between allergen exposures, allergic sensitization, and disease. PubMedCrossRef

11.

Boor BE, Spilak MP, Corsi RL, Novoselac A. Characterizing particle resuspension from mattresses: chamber study. Indoor Air. 2015;25:441–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12148.PubMedCrossRef

12.

Spilak MP, Boor BE, Novoselac A, Corsi RL. Impact of bedding arrangements, pillows, and blankets on particle resuspension in the sleep microenvironment. Build Environ. 2014;81:60–8.CrossRef

13.

Eggleston PA, Rosenstreich D, Lynn H, Gergen P, Baker D, Kattan M, et al. Relationship of indoor allergen exposure to skin test sensitivity in inner-city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102:563–70.PubMedCrossRef

14.

Grant T, Aloe C, Perzanowski M, Phipatanakul W, Bollinger ME, Miller R, et al. Mouse sensitization and exposure are associated with asthma severity in urban children. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5:1008–14 e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.10.020.PubMedCrossRef

15.

Arbes SJ Jr, Cohn RD, Yin M, Muilenberg ML, Burge HA, Friedman W, et al. House dust mite allergen in US beds: results from the first National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111:408–14.PubMedCrossRef

16.

Calderon MA, Kleine-Tebbe J, Linneberg A, De Blay F, Hernandez Fernandez de Rojas D, Virchow JC, et al. House dust mite respiratory allergy: an overview of current therapeutic strategies. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3:843–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2015.06.019.PubMedCrossRef

17.

Posa D, Hofmaier S, Arasi S, Matricardi PM. Natural evolution of IgE responses to mite allergens and relationship to progression of allergic disease: a review. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17:28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-017-0697-y.PubMedCrossRef

18.

Posa D, Perna S, Resch Y, Lupinek C, Panetta V, Hofmaier S, et al. Evolution and predictive value of IgE responses toward a comprehensive panel of house dust mite allergens during the first 2 decades of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139:541–9 e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.014.PubMedCrossRef

19.

Thomas WR. House dust mite allergens: new discoveries and relevance to the allergic patient. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2016;16:69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-016-0649-y.PubMedCrossRef

20.

Wilson JM, Platts-Mills TAE. Home environmental interventions for house dust mite. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.10.003.PubMedCrossRef

21.

Zahradnik E, Raulf M. Respiratory allergens from furred mammals: environmental and occupational exposure. Vet Sci. 2017;4 https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci4030038.

22.

American Pet Products Association (APPA). The 2017-2018 APPA National Pet Owners Survey Debut: APPA; 2017 [cited 25 May 2018] [Available from: http://www.americanpetproducts.org/Uploads/MemServices/GPE2017_NPOS_Seminar.pdf.

23.

• Gergen PJ, Mitchell HE, Calatroni A, Sever ML, Cohn RD, Salo PM, et al. Sensitization and exposure to pets: the effect on asthma mMorbidity in the US population. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6:101–7 e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.05.019. This study showed that exposure to elevated levels of dog and cat allergens in the bedroom of atopic asthmatics sensitized to pets increased the number of asthma attacks significantly, suggesting that the combination of asthma, pet exposure, and pet sensitivity results in considerable excess asthma morbidity. PubMedCrossRef

24.

Konradsen JR, Fujisawa T, van Hage M, Hedlin G, Hilger C, Kleine-Tebbe J, et al. Allergy to furry animals: new insights, diagnostic approaches, and challenges. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:616–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.026.PubMedCrossRef

25.

Sheikh SI, Pitts J, Ryan-Wenger NA, McCoy KS, Hayes D Jr. Environmental exposures and family history of asthma. J Asthma. 2016;53:465–70. https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2015.1108440.PubMedCrossRef

26.

Bonnet B, Messaoudi K, Jacomet F, Michaud E, Fauquert JL, Caillaud D, et al. An update on molecular cat allergens: Fel d 1 and what else? Chapter 1: Fel d 1, the major cat allergen. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018;14:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-018-0239-8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

27.

Chan SK, Leung DYM. Dog and cat allergies: current state of diagnostic approaches and challenges. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2018;10:97–105. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2018.10.2.97.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

28.

Matricardi PM, Kleine-Tebbe J, Hoffmann HJ, Valenta R, Hilger C, Hofmaier S, et al. EAACI molecular allergology user’s guide. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2016;27(Suppl 23):1–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12563.PubMedCrossRef

29.

Pomes A, Chapman MD, Wunschmann S. Indoor allergens and allergic respiratory disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2016;16:43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-016-0622-9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

30.

Morris DO. Human allergy to environmental pet danders: a public health perspective. Vet Dermatol. 2010;21:441–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00882.x.PubMedCrossRef

31.

Nicholas CE, Wegienka GR, Havstad SL, Zoratti EM, Ownby DR, Johnson CC. Dog allergen levels in homes with hypoallergenic compared with nonhypoallergenic dogs. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011;25:252–6. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3606.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

32.

Sartore S, Landoni E, Maione S, Tarducci A, Borrelli A, Soglia D, et al. Polymorphism analysis of Ch1 and Ch2 genes in the Siberian cat. Vet Sci. 2017;4 https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci4040063.

33.

Vredegoor DW, Willemse T, Chapman MD, Heederik DJ, Krop EJ. Can f 1 levels in hair and homes of different dog breeds: lack of evidence to describe any dog breed as hypoallergenic. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130:904–9 e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.013.PubMedCrossRef

34.

Custovic A, Green R, Fletcher A, Smith A, Pickering CA, Chapman MD, et al. Aerodynamic properties of the major dog allergen Can f 1: distribution in homes, concentration, and particle size of allergen in the air. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:94–8. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.155.1.9001295.PubMedCrossRef

35.

Custovic A, Simpson A, Pahdi H, Green RM, Chapman MD, Woodcock A. Distribution, aerodynamic characteristics, and removal of the major cat allergen Fel d 1 in British homes. Thorax. 1998;53:33–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

36.

Arbes SJ Jr, Cohn RD, Yin M, Muilenberg ML, Friedman W, Zeldin DC. Dog allergen (Can f 1) and cat allergen (Fel d 1) in US homes: results from the National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:111–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.04.036.PubMedCrossRef

37.

Niesler A, Scigala G, Ludzen-Izbinska B. Cat (Fel d 1) and dog (Can f 1) allergen levels in cars, dwellings and schools. Aerobiologia (Bologna). 2016;32:571–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-016-9433-7.CrossRef

38.

Gordon J, Detjen P, Nimmagadda S, Rogers L, Patel S, Thompson J, et al. Bedroom exposure to airborne allergens in the Chicago area using a patient-operated sampling device. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2018.05.024.

39.

Heinrich J, Bedada GB, Zock JP, Chinn S, Norback D, Olivieri M, et al. Cat allergen level: its determinants and relationship to specific IgE to cat across European centers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:674–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.06.012.PubMedCrossRef

40.

Nicholas C, Wegienka G, Havstad S, Zoratti E, Ownby D, Johnson CC. Dog characteristics and allergen levels in the home. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105:228–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2010.06.019.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

41.

Liccardi G, Calzetta L, Baldi G, Berra A, Billeri L, Caminati M, et al. Allergic sensitization to common pets (cats/dogs) according to different possible modalities of exposure: an Italian multicenter study. Clin Mol Allergy. 2018;16:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12948-018-0081-z.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

42.

Liccardi G, Triggiani M, Piccolo A, Salzillo A, Parente R, Manzi F, et al. Sensitization to common and uncommon pets or other furry animals: which may be common mechanisms? Transl Med UniSa. 2016;14:9–14.PubMedPubMedCentral

43.

De Lucca SD, O’Meara TJ, Tovey ER. Exposure to mite and cat allergens on a range of clothing items at home and the transfer of cat allergen in the workplace. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:874–9. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2000.110804.PubMedCrossRef

44.

Karlsson AS, Renstrom A. Human hair is a potential source of cat allergen contamination of ambient air. Allergy. 2005;60:961–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00796.x.PubMedCrossRef

45.

Chen CM, Tischer C, Schnappinger M, Heinrich J. The role of cats and dogs in asthma and allergy--a systematic review. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2010;213:1–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.12.003.PubMedCrossRef

46.

Krop EJ, Jacobs JH, Sander I, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Heederik DJ. Allergens and beta-glucans in dutch homes and schools: characterizing airborne levels. PLoS One. 2014;9:e88871. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088871.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

47.

Permaul P, Hoffman E, Fu C, Sheehan W, Baxi S, Gaffin J, et al. Allergens in urban schools and homes of children with asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2012;23:543–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2012.01327.x.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

48.

Sander I, Lotz A, Neumann HD, Czibor C, Flagge A, Zahradnik E, et al. Indoor allergen levels in settled airborne dust are higher in day-care centers than at home. Allergy. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13371.

49.

Perzanowski MS, Ronmark E, James HR, Hedman L, Schuyler AJ, Bjerg A, et al. Relevance of specific IgE antibody titer to the prevalence, severity, and persistence of asthma among 19-year-olds in northern Sweden. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138:1582–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.017.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

50.

Shargorodsky J, Garcia-Esquinas E, Umanskiy R, Navas-Acien A, Lin SY. Household pet exposure, allergic sensitization, and rhinitis in the U.S. population. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2017;7:645–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.21929.PubMedCrossRef

51.

Salo PM, Arbes SJ Jr, Jaramillo R, Calatroni A, Weir CH, Sever ML, et al. Prevalence of allergic sensitization in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134:350–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1071.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

52.

Salo PM, Calatroni A, Gergen PJ, Hoppin JA, Sever ML, Jaramillo R, et al. Allergy-related outcomes in relation to serum IgE: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:1226–35 e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1106.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

53.

• Ahluwalia SK, Matsui EC. Indoor environmental interventions for furry pet allergens, pest allergens, and mold:looking to the future. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.10.009. This article reviews recent findings on home environmental interventions targeting pet, pest, and mold allergens and their effects on specific indoor allergen levels and asthma-related outcomes. PubMedCrossRef

54.

Bjerg A, Winberg A, Berthold M, Mattsson L, Borres MP, Ronmark E. A population-based study of animal component sensitization, asthma, and rhinitis in schoolchildren. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015;26:557–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12422.PubMedCrossRef

55.

Ihuoma H, Belgrave DC, Murray CS, Foden P, Simpson A, Custovic A. Cat ownership, cat allergen exposure, and trajectories of sensitization and asthma throughout childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141:820–2 e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.030.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

56.

Asarnoj A, Hamsten C, Waden K, Lupinek C, Andersson N, Kull I, et al. Sensitization to cat and dog allergen molecules in childhood and prediction of symptoms of cat and dog allergy in adolescence: a BAMSE/MeDALL study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137:813–21 e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.052.PubMedCrossRef

57.

Nordlund B, Konradsen JR, Kull I, Borres MP, Onell A, Hedlin G, et al. IgE antibodies to animal-derived lipocalin, kallikrein and secretoglobin are markers of bronchial inflammation in severe childhood asthma. Allergy. 2012;67:661–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02797.x.PubMedCrossRef

58.

Tsolakis N, Malinovschi A, Nordvall L, Mattsson L, Lidholm J, Pedroletti C, et al. Sensitization to minor cat allergen components is associated with type-2 biomarkers in young asthmatics. Clin Exp Allergy. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13135.

59.

Platts-Mills TA, Woodfolk JA. Allergens and their role in the allergic immune response. Immunol Rev. 2011;242:51–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01021.x.PubMedCrossRef

60.

Schoos AM, Chawes BL, Melen E, Bergstrom A, Kull I, Wickman M, et al. Sensitization trajectories in childhood revealed by using a cluster analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140:1693–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.041.PubMedCrossRef

61.

Collin SM, Granell R, Westgarth C, Murray J, Paul E, Sterne JA, et al. Pet ownership is associated with increased risk of non-atopic asthma and reduced risk of atopy in childhood: findings from a UK birth cohort. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45:200–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12380.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

62.

Collin SM, Granell R, Westgarth C, Murray J, Paul ES, Sterne JA, et al. Associations of pet ownership with wheezing and lung function in childhood: findings from a UK birth cohort. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0127756. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127756.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

63.

Dharmage SC, Lodge CL, Matheson MC, Campbell B, Lowe AJ. Exposure to cats: update on risks for sensitization and allergic diseases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2012;12:413–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-012-0288-x.PubMedCrossRef

64.

Lodge CJ, Allen KJ, Lowe AJ, Hill DJ, Hosking CS, Abramson MJ, et al. Perinatal cat and dog exposure and the risk of asthma and allergy in the urban environment: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:176484. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/176484.PubMedCrossRef

65.

Erwin EA, Woodfolk JA, James HR, Satinover SM, Platts-Mills TA. Changes in cat specific IgE and IgG antibodies with decreased cat exposure. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;112:545–50 e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2014.03.007.PubMedCrossRef

66.

Ownby D, Johnson CC. Recent understandings of pet allergies. F1000Res 2016:5. Doi:https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7044.1.

67.

Burnett M, Wegienka G, Havstad S, Kim H, Johnson CC, Ownby D, et al. Relationship of dog- and cat-specific IgE and IgG4 levels to allergic symptoms on pet exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2013;1:350–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2013.03.011.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

68.

Dunn RR, Fierer N, Henley JB, Leff JW, Menninger HL. Home life: factors structuring the bacterial diversity found within and between homes. PLoS One. 2013;8:e64133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064133.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

69.

Fujimura KE, Demoor T, Rauch M, Faruqi AA, Jang S, Johnson CC, et al. House dust exposure mediates gut microbiome Lactobacillus enrichment and airway immune defense against allergens and virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:805–10. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1310750111.PubMedCrossRef

70.

Fujimura KE, Johnson CC, Ownby DR, Cox MJ, Brodie EL, Havstad SL, et al. Man’s best friend? The effect of pet ownership on house dust microbial communities. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:410–2, 2 e1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.042.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

71.

Konya T, Koster B, Maughan H, Escobar M, Azad MB, Guttman DS, et al. Associations between bacterial communities of house dust and infant gut. Environ Res. 2014;131:25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.02.005.PubMedCrossRef

72.

Sitarik AR, Havstad S, Levin AM, Lynch SV, Fujimura KE, Ownby DR, et al. Dog introduction alters the home dust microbiota. Indoor Air. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12456.

73.

•• Tun HM, Konya T, Takaro TK, Brook JR, Chari R, Field CJ, et al. Exposure to household furry pets influences the gut microbiota of infant at 3-4 months following various birth scenarios. Microbiome. 2017;5:40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0254-x. This article found differential impacts of pre- and postnatal pet exposure on infant gut microbiota, highlighting the need of further research in the field of early-life microbiome. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

74.

Liu AH. Revisiting the hygiene hypothesis for allergy and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136:860–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.012.PubMedCrossRef

75.

Mendy A, Wilkerson J, Salo PM, Cohn RD, Zeldin DC, Thorne PS. Exposure and sensitization to pets modify endotoxin association with asthma and wheeze. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2018.04.009.

76.

Pyrhonen K, Kulmala P, Nayha S. Coincidence of pollen season with the first fetal trimester together with early pet exposure is associated with sensitization to cat and dog allergens in early childhood: a Finnish population-based study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2018;48:306–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13067.PubMedCrossRef

77.

Stokholm J, Chawes BL, Vissing N, Bonnelykke K, Bisgaard H. Cat exposure in early life decreases asthma risk from the 17q21 high-risk variant. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141:1598–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.044.PubMedCrossRef

78.

Torjusen EN, Diette GB, Breysse PN, Curtin-Brosnan J, Aloe C, Matsui EC. Dose-response relationships between mouse allergen exposure and asthma morbidity among urban children and adolescents. Indoor Air. 2013;23:268–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12009.PubMedCrossRef

79.

Coleman AT, Rettiganti M, Bai S, Brown RH, Perry TT. Mouse and cockroach exposure in rural Arkansas Delta region homes. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;112:256–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2014.01.002.PubMedCrossRef

80.

Matsui EC, Wood RA, Rand C, Kanchanaraksa S, Swartz L, Eggleston PA. Mouse allergen exposure and mouse skin test sensitivity in suburban, middle-class children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:910–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.02.034.PubMedCrossRef

81.

Price JA, Longbottom JL. ELISA method for measurement of airborne levels of major laboratory animal allergens. Clin Allergy. 1988;18:95–107.PubMedCrossRef

82.

Berg J, McConnell R, Milam J, Galvan J, Kotlerman J, Thorne P, et al. Rodent allergen in Los Angeles inner city homes of children with asthma. J Urban Health. 2008;85:52–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-007-9232-0.PubMedCrossRef

83.

Chew GL, Carlton EJ, Kass D, Hernandez M, Clarke B, Tiven J, et al. Determinants of cockroach and mouse exposure and associations with asthma in families and elderly individuals living in New York City public housing. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97:502–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60942-8.PubMedCrossRef

84.

Chew GL, Perzanowski MS, Miller RL, Correa JC, Hoepner LA, Jusino CM, et al. Distribution and determinants of mouse allergen exposure in low-income New York City apartments. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:1348–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

85.

Cohn RD, Arbes SJ Jr, Yin M, Jaramillo R, Zeldin DC. National prevalence and exposure risk for mouse allergen in US households. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:1167–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.592.PubMedCrossRef

86.

Gruchalla RS, Pongracic J, Plaut M, Evans R 3rd, Visness CM, Walter M, et al. Inner City Asthma Study: relationships among sensitivity, allergen exposure, and asthma morbidity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:478–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.006.PubMedCrossRef

87.

Loo CK, Foty RG, Wheeler AJ, Miller JD, Evans G, Stieb DM, et al. Do questions reflecting indoor air pollutant exposure from a questionnaire predict direct measure of exposure in owner-occupied houses? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010;7:3270–97. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7083270.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

88.

Phipatanakul W, Eggleston PA, Wright EC, Wood RA. Mouse allergen. I. The prevalence of mouse allergen in inner-city homes. The National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:1070–4.PubMedCrossRef

89.

Matsui EC, Eggleston PA, Buckley TJ, Krishnan JA, Breysse PN, Rand CS, et al. Household mouse allergen exposure and asthma morbidity in inner-city preschool children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97:514–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60943-X.PubMedCrossRef

90.

Phipatanakul W, Eggleston PA, Wright EC, Wood RA. National Coooperative Inner-City Asthma S. Mouse allergen. II. The relationship of mouse allergen exposure to mouse sensitization and asthma morbidity in inner-city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:1075–80. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2000.110795.PubMedCrossRef

91.

Liccardi G, Salzillo A, Sofia M, Piccolo A, Dente B, Russo M, et al. Sensitization to rodents (mouse/rat) in an urban atopic population without occupational exposure living in Naples, Italy. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;44:200–4.PubMed

92.

Pongracic JA, Visness CM, Gruchalla RS, Evans R 3rd, Mitchell HE. Effect of mouse allergen and rodent environmental intervention on asthma in inner-city children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;101:35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60832-0.PubMedCrossRef

93.

Sheehan WJ, Permaul P, Petty CR, Coull BA, Baxi SN, Gaffin JM, et al. Association between allergen exposure in inner-city schools and asthma morbidity among students. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171:31–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2543.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

94.

Donohue KM, Al-alem U, Perzanowski MS, Chew GL, Johnson A, Divjan A, et al. Anti-cockroach and anti-mouse IgE are associated with early wheeze and atopy in an inner-city birth cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:914–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.08.034.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

95.

Phipatanakul W, Litonjua AA, Platts-Mills TA, Naccara LM, Celedon JC, Abdulkerim H, et al. Sensitization to mouse allergen and asthma and asthma morbidity among women in Boston. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:954–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.05.010.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

96.

Salo PM, Jaramillo R, Cohn RD, London SJ, Zeldin DC. Exposure to mouse allergen in U.S. homes associated with asthma symptoms. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117:387–91. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11847.PubMedCrossRef

97.

Sedaghat AR, Matsui EC, Baxi SN, Bollinger ME, Miller R, Perzanowski M, et al. Mouse sensitivity is an independent risk factor for rhinitis in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4:82–8 e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2015.09.006.PubMedCrossRef

98.

Jacobs TS, Forno E, Brehm JM, Acosta-Perez E, Han YY, Blatter J, et al. Mouse allergen exposure and decreased risk of allergic rhinitis in school-aged children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;113:614–8 e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2014.09.007.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

99.

Perry T, Matsui E, Merriman B, Duong T, Eggleston P. The prevalence of rat allergen in inner-city homes and its relationship to sensitization and asthma morbidity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:346–52.PubMedCrossRef

100.

Lodrup Carlsen KC, Roll S, Carlsen KH, Mowinckel P, Wijga AH, Brunekreef B, et al. Does pet ownership in infancy lead to asthma or allergy at school age? Pooled analysis of individual participant data from 11 European birth cohorts. PLoS One. 2012;7:e43214. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043214.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

101.

Lynch SV, Wood RA, Boushey H, Bacharier LB, Bloomberg GR, Kattan M, et al. Effects of early-life exposure to allergens and bacteria on recurrent wheeze and atopy in urban children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134:593–601 e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.018.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

102.

•• O’Connor GT, Lynch SV, Bloomberg GR, Kattan M, Wood RA, Gergen PJ, et al. Early-life home environment and risk of asthma among inner-city children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141:1468–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.040. This study showed that higher levels of pet or pest allergens in early life were associated with reduced risk of asthma. The abundance of a number of bacterial taxa in house dust was associated with increased or decreased risk of asthma later in childhood, highlighting the relevance of indoor microbiome in early life. PubMedCrossRef

103.

Bernton HS, Brown H. Insect allergy--preliminary studies of the cockroach. J Allergy. 1964;35:506–13.PubMedCrossRef

104.

Call RS, Smith TF, Morris E, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TA. Risk factors for asthma in inner city children. J Pediatr. 1992;121:862–6.PubMedCrossRef

105.

Cohn RD, Arbes SJ Jr, Jaramillo R, Reid LH, Zeldin DC. National prevalence and exposure risk for cockroach allergen in U.S. households. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114:522–6.PubMedCrossRef

106.

Chew GL. Assessment of environmental cockroach allergen exposure. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2012;12:456–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-012-0287-y.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

107.

Pomes A, Arruda LK. Investigating cockroach allergens: aiming to improve diagnosis and treatment of cockroach allergic patients. Methods. 2014;66:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.036.PubMedCrossRef

108.

Pomes A, Mueller GA, Randall TA, Chapman MD, Arruda LK. New insights into cockroach allergens. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17:25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-017-0694-1.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

109.

Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W. A revisit to cockroach allergens. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2010;28:95–106.PubMed

110.

Mueller GA, Pedersen LC, Lih FB, Glesner J, Moon AF, Chapman MD, et al. The novel structure of the cockroach allergen Bla g 1 has implications for allergenicity and exposure assessment. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:1420–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.014.PubMedCrossRef

111.

Wunschmann S, Gustchina A, Chapman MD, Pomes A. Cockroach allergen Bla g 2: an unusual aspartic proteinase. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116:140–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.04.024.PubMedCrossRef

112.

Esposito WA, Chew GL, Correa JC, Chillrud SN, Miller RL, Kinney PL. Quantitative measurement of airborne cockroach allergen in New York City apartments. Indoor Air. 2011;21:512–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00728.x.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

113.

Rabito FA, Iqbal S, Holt E, Grimsley LF, Islam TM, Scott SK. Prevalence of indoor allergen exposures among New Orleans children with asthma. J Urban Health. 2007;84:782–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-007-9216-0.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

114.

Rosenstreich DL, Eggleston P, Kattan M, Baker D, Slavin RG, Gergen P, et al. The role of cockroach allergy and exposure to cockroach allergen in causing morbidity among inner-city children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1356–63. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199705083361904.PubMedCrossRef

115.

Wang C, Abou El-Nour MM, Bennett GW. Survey of pest infestation, asthma, and allergy in low-income housing. J Community Health. 2008;33:31–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-007-9064-6.PubMedCrossRef

116.

Pomes A. Cockroach and other inhalant insect allergens. Clin Allergy Immunol. 2008;21:183–200.PubMed

117.

Rosenfeld L, Rudd R, Chew GL, Emmons K, Acevedo-Garcia D. Are neighborhood-level characteristics associated with indoor allergens in the household? J Asthma. 2010;47:66–75. https://doi.org/10.3109/02770900903362676.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

118.

Gergen PJ, Togias A. Inner city asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2015;35:101–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2014.09.006.CrossRef

119.

Milligan KL, Matsui E, Sharma H. Asthma in urban children: epidemiology, environmental risk factors, and the public health domain. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2016;16:33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-016-0609-6.PubMedCrossRef

120.

Togias A, Fenton MJ, Gergen PJ, Rotrosen D, Fauci AS. Asthma in the inner city: the perspective of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:540–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.01.040.PubMedCrossRef

121.

Wang J, Visness CM, Calatroni A, Gergen PJ, Mitchell HE, Sampson HA. Effect of environmental allergen sensitization on asthma morbidity in inner-city asthmatic children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39:1381–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03225.x.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

122.

Zoratti EM, Krouse RZ, Babineau DC, Pongracic JA, O’Connor GT, Wood RA, et al. Asthma phenotypes in inner-city children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138:1016–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.061.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

123.

DiMango E, Serebrisky D, Narula S, Shim C, Keating C, Sheares B, et al. Individualized household allergen intervention lowers allergen level but not asthma medication use: a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4:671–9 e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.01.016.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

124.

Perzanowski MS, Chew GL, Divjan A, Jung KH, Ridder R, Tang D, et al. Early-life cockroach allergen and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures predict cockroach sensitization among inner-city children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131:886–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.666.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

125.

Do DC, Zhao Y, Gao P. Cockroach allergen exposure and risk of asthma. Allergy. 2016;71:463–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12827.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

126.

Huss K, Naumann PL, Mason PJ, Nanda JP, Huss RW. Asthma severity, atopic status, allergen exposure, and quality of life in elderly persons. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001;86:524-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62900-6.

127.

Matsui EC, Wood RA, Rand C, Kanchanaraksa S, Swartz L, Curtin-Brosnan J, et al. Cockroach allergen exposure and sensitization in suburban middle-class children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:87–92.PubMedCrossRef

128.

Arroyave WD, Rabito FA, Carlson JC. The relationship between a specific IgE level and asthma outcomes: results from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013:1:501–508. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2013.06.013.

129.

Arbes SJ Jr, Gergen PJ, Elliott L, Zeldin DC. Prevalences of positive skin test responses to 10 common allergens in the US population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116:377–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.05.017.PubMedCrossRef

130.

Crameri R, Garbani M, Rhyner C, Huitema C. Fungi: the neglected allergenic sources. Allergy. 2014;69:176–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12325.PubMedCrossRef

131.

Levetin E, Horner WE, Scott JA, Environmental AW. Taxonomy of allergenic fungi. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4:375–85 e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2015.10.012.PubMedCrossRef

132.

Afanou KA, Straumfors A, Skogstad A, Nayak AP, Skaar I, Hjeljord L, et al. Indirect immunodetection of fungal fragments by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81:5794–803. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00929-15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

133.

Roy RM, Klein BS. Fungal glycan interactions with epithelial cells in allergic airway disease. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2013;16:404–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2013.03.004.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

134.

Salo PM, Sever ML, Zeldin DC. Indoor allergens in school and day care environments. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:185–92, 92 e1–9; quiz 93-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.012.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

135.

Behbod B, Sordillo JE, Hoffman EB, Datta S, Webb TE, Kwan DL, et al. Asthma and allergy development: contrasting influences of yeasts and other fungal exposures. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45:154–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12401.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

136.

•• Gold DR, Adamkiewicz G, Arshad SH, Celedon JC, Chapman MD, Chew GL, et al. NIAID, NIEHS, NHLBI, and MCAN Workshop Report: the indoor environment and childhood asthma-implications for home environmental intervention in asthma prevention and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140:933–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.024. This article provides insights into the latest advances in asthma-related research, critically reviewing trials and research relevant to prevention or control of asthma, and proposing future research priorities. Recent findings on biologic properties of indoor exposures and new exposure assessment and reduction techniques are also discussed. PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral

137.

Pitkaranta M, Meklin T, Hyvarinen A, Nevalainen A, Paulin L, Auvinen P, et al. Molecular profiling of fungal communities in moisture damaged buildings before and after remediation--a comparison of culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. BMC Microbiol. 2011;11:235. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-11-235.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

138.

Adams RI, Bateman AC, Bik HM, Meadow JF. Microbiota of the indoor environment: a meta-analysis. Microbiome. 2015;3:49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-015-0108-3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

139.

Leung MH, Lee PK. The roles of the outdoors and occupants in contributing to a potential pan-microbiome of the built environment: a review. Microbiome. 2016;4:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-016-0165-2.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

140.

Shelton BG, Kirkland KH, Flanders WD, Morris GK. Profiles of airborne fungi in buildings and outdoor environments in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68:1743–53.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

141.

Salo PM, Yin M, Arbes SJ Jr, Cohn RD, Sever M, Muilenberg M, et al. Dustborne Alternaria alternata antigens in US homes: results from the National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116:623–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.05.030.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

142.

Sharpe RA, Bearman N, Thornton CR, Husk K, Osborne NJ. Indoor fungal diversity and asthma: a meta-analysis and systematic review of risk factors. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:110–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.002.PubMedCrossRef

143.

Weikl F, Tischer C, Probst AJ, Heinrich J, Markevych I, Jochner S, et al. Fungal and bacterial communities in indoor dust follow different environmental determinants. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0154131. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154131.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

144.

Prussin AJ 2nd, Marr LC. Sources of airborne microorganisms in the built environment. Microbiome. 2015;3:78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-015-0144-z.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

145.

Reponen T, Levin L, Zheng S, Vesper S, Ryan P, Grinshpun SA, et al. Family and home characteristics correlate with mold in homes. Environ Res. 2013;124:67–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2013.04.003.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

146.

Crawford JA, Rosenbaum PF, Anagnost SE, Hunt A, Abraham JL. Indicators of airborne fungal concentrations in urban homes: understanding the conditions that affect indoor fungal exposures. Sci Total Environ. 2015;517:113–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.060.PubMedCrossRef

147.

Barnes CS, Horner WE, Kennedy K, Grimes C, Miller JD, Environmental AW. Home assessment and remediation. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4:423–31 e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.01.006.PubMedCrossRef

148.

Fisk WJ, Eliseeva EA, Mendell MJ. Association of residential dampness and mold with respiratory tract infections and bronchitis: a meta-analysis. Environ Health. 2010;9:72. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-9-72.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

149.

Rudert A, Portnoy J. Mold allergy: is it real and what do we do about it? Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13:823–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2017.1324298.PubMedCrossRef

150.

Fisk WJ, Lei-Gomez Q, Mendell MJ. Meta-analyses of the associations of respiratory health effects with dampness and mold in homes. Indoor Air. 2007;17:284–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00475.x.PubMedCrossRef

151.

Borchers AT, Chang C, Eric Gershwin M. Mold and human health: a reality check. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2017;52:305–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-017-8601-z.PubMedCrossRef

152.

Mudarri DH. Valuing the economic costs of allergic rhinitis, acute bronchitis, and asthma from exposure to indoor dampness and mold in the US. J Environ Public Health. 2016;2016:2386596. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2386596.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

153.

Esch RE, Codina R. Fungal raw materials used to produce allergen extracts. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017;118:399–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2016.05.012.PubMedCrossRef

154.

Croston TL, Nayak AP, Lemons AR, Goldsmith WT, Gu JK, Germolec DR, et al. Influence of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia viability on murine pulmonary microRNA and mRNA expression following subchronic inhalation exposure. Clin Exp Allergy. 2016;46:1315–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12783.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

155.

Nayak AP, Green BJ, Lemons AR, Marshall NB, Goldsmith WT, Kashon ML, et al. Subchronic exposures to fungal bioaerosols promotes allergic pulmonary inflammation in naive mice. Clin Exp Allergy. 2016;46:861–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12724.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

156.

Portnoy JM, Williams PB, Barnes CS. Innate immune responses to fungal allergens. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2016;16:62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-016-0643-4.PubMedCrossRef

157.

Williams PB, Barnes CS, Portnoy JM, Environmental AW. Innate and adaptive immune response to fungal products and allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4:386–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2015.11.016.PubMedCrossRef

158.

Zhang Z, Reponen T, Hershey GK. Fungal exposure and asthma: IgE and non-IgE-mediated mechanisms. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2016;16:86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-016-0667-9.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral

159.

Knutsen AP, Bush RK, Demain JG, Denning DW, Dixit A, Fairs A, et al. Fungi and allergic lower respiratory tract diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:280–91; quiz 92-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.970.PubMedCrossRef

160.

O’Driscoll BR, Hopkinson LC, Denning DW. Mold sensitization is common amongst patients with severe asthma requiring multiple hospital admissions. BMC Pulm Med. 2005;5:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-5-4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

161.

Twaroch TE, Curin M, Valenta R, Swoboda I. Mold allergens in respiratory allergy: from structure to therapy. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2015;7:205–20. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2015.7.3.205.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

162.

Medrek SK, Kao CC, Yang DH, Hanania NA, Parulekar AD. Fungal sensitization is associated with increased risk of life-threatening asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5:1025–31 e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.11.015.PubMedCrossRef

163.

Baxi SN, Portnoy JM, Larenas-Linnemann D, Phipatanakul W, Environmental AW. Exposure and health effects of fungi on humans. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4:396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.01.008.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

164.

• Caillaud D, Leynaert B, Keirsbulck M, Nadif R. Indoor mould exposure, asthma and rhinitis: findings from systematic reviews and recent longitudinal studies. Eur Respir Rev. 2018;27 https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0137-2017. This article summarizes the most recent findings from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and longitudinal studies on the relationships between mold exposure and asthma and allergic rhinitis, providing increasing evidence for an association.

165.

Quansah R, Jaakkola MS, Hugg TT, Heikkinen SA, Jaakkola JJ. Residential dampness and molds and the risk of developing asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7:–e47526. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047526.

166.

Blatter J, Forno E, Brehm J, Acosta-Perez E, Alvarez M, Colon-Semidey A, et al. Fungal exposure, atopy, and asthma exacerbations in Puerto Rican children. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11:925–32. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201402-077OC.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

167.

Dannemiller KC, Gent JF, Leaderer BP, Peccia J. Indoor microbial communities: influence on asthma severity in atopic and nonatopic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138:76–83 e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.11.027.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

168.

Karvonen AM, Hyvarinen A, Korppi M, Haverinen-Shaughnessy U, Renz H, Pfefferle PI, et al. Moisture damage and asthma: a birth cohort study. Pediatrics. 2015;135:e598–606. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1239.PubMedCrossRef

169.

Reponen T, Lockey J, Bernstein DI, Vesper SJ, Levin L, Khurana Hershey GK, et al. Infant origins of childhood asthma associated with specific molds. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130:639–44 e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.030.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

170.

Thacher JD, Gruzieva O, Pershagen G, Melen E, Lorentzen JC, Kull I, et al. Mold and dampness exposure and allergic outcomes from birth to adolescence: data from the BAMSE cohort. Allergy. 2017;72:967–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13102.PubMedCrossRef

171.

Jaakkola MS, Quansah R, Hugg TT, Heikkinen SA, Jaakkola JJ. Association of indoor dampness and molds with rhinitis risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:1099–110 e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.07.028.PubMedCrossRef

172.

Wilson J, Dixon SL, Breysse P, Jacobs D, Adamkiewicz G, Chew GL, et al. Housing and allergens: a pooled analysis of nine US studies. Environ Res. 2010;110:189–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.10.007.PubMedCrossRef

173.

Kaarakainen P, Rintala H, Vepsalainen A, Hyvarinen A, Nevalainen A, Meklin T. Microbial content of house dust samples determined with qPCR. Sci Total Environ. 2009;407:4673–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.046.PubMedCrossRef

174.

Overton NL, Simpson A, Bowyer P, Denning DW. Genetic susceptibility to severe asthma with fungal sensitization. Int J Immunogenet. 2017;44:93–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/iji.12312.PubMedCrossRef

175.

Hanson B, Zhou Y, Bautista EJ, Urch B, Speck M, Silverman F, et al. Characterization of the bacterial and fungal microbiome in indoor dust and outdoor air samples: a pilot study. Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2016;18:713–24. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5em00639b.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

176.

Tischer CG, Heinrich J. Exposure assessment of residential mould, fungi and microbial components in relation to children’s health: achievements and challenges. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2013;216:109–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.05.002.PubMedCrossRef

177.

Sharpe RA, Thornton CR, Tyrrell J, Nikolaou V, Osborne NJ. Variable risk of atopic disease due to indoor fungal exposure in NHANES 2005-2006. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45:1566–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12549.PubMedCrossRef

178.

Bertelsen RJ, Faeste CK, Granum B, Egaas E, London SJ, Carlsen KH, et al. Food allergens in mattress dust in Norwegian homes - a potentially important source of allergen exposure. Clin Exp Allergy. 2014;44:142–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12231.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

179.

Tulum L, Deag Z, Brown M, Furniss A, Meech L, Lalljie A, et al. Airborne protein concentration: a key metric for type 1 allergy risk assessment-in home measurement challenges and considerations. Clin Transl Allergy. 2018;8:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-018-0196-9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

180.

Phillips JF, Lockey RF. Exotic pet allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:513–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.09.019.PubMedCrossRef

181.

Leas BF, D’Anci KE, Apter AJ, Bryant-Stephens T, Lynch MP, Kaczmarek JL, et al. Effectiveness of indoor allergen reduction in asthma management: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141:1854–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.001.PubMedCrossRef

182.

Phipatanakul W, Cronin B, Wood RA, Eggleston PA, Shih MC, Song L, et al. Effect of environmental intervention on mouse allergen levels in homes of inner-city Boston children with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004;92:420–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61777-2.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

183.

Matsui EC, Perzanowski M, Peng RD, Wise RA, Balcer-Whaley S, Newman M, et al. Effect of an integrated pest management intervention on asthma symptoms among mouse-sensitized children and adolescents with asthma: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317:1027–36. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.21048.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

184.

Morgan WJ, Crain EF, Gruchalla RS, O’Connor GT, Kattan M, Evans R 3rd, et al. Results of a home-based environmental intervention among urban children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1068–80. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa032097.PubMedCrossRef

185.

Arbes SJ Jr, Sever M, Mehta J, Gore JC, Schal C, Vaughn B, et al. Abatement of cockroach allergens (Bla g 1 and Bla g 2) in low-income, urban housing: month 12 continuation results. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:109–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.10.042.PubMedCrossRef

186.

Crocker DD, Kinyota S, Dumitru GG, Ligon CB, Herman EJ, Ferdinands JM, et al. Effectiveness of home-based, multi-trigger, multicomponent interventions with an environmental focus for reducing asthma morbidity: a community guide systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41:S5–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.012.PubMedCrossRef

187.

Eggleston PA, Butz A, Rand C, Curtin-Brosnan J, Kanchanaraksa S, Swartz L, et al. Home environmental intervention in inner-city asthma: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;95:518–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61012-5.PubMedCrossRef

188.

Krieger J, Jacobs DE, Ashley PJ, Baeder A, Chew GL, Dearborn D, et al. Housing interventions and control of asthma-related indoor biologic agents: a review of the evidence. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2010;16:S11–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0b013e3181ddcbd9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

189.

Sheehan WJ, Rangsithienchai PA, Wood RA, Rivard D, Chinratanapisit S, Perzanowski MS, et al. Pest and allergen exposure and abatement in inner-city asthma: a work group report of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Indoor Allergy/Air Pollution Committee. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:575–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.01.023.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

190.

Rabito FA, Carlson JC, He H, Werthmann D, Schal C. A single intervention for cockroach control reduces cockroach exposure and asthma morbidity in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140:565–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.019.PubMedCrossRef

191.

Sever ML, Arbes SJ Jr, Gore JC, Santangelo RG, Vaughn B, Mitchell H, et al. Cockroach allergen reduction by cockroach control alone in low-income urban homes: a randomized control trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:849–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.07.003.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

192.

WHO. WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould Geneva: WHO; 2009 [cited 30 May 2018] [Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23785740.

193.

American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). Position statement on mold and dampness in the built environment: AIHA; 2013 [cited 7 June 2018] [Available from: https://www.aiha.org/government-affairs/PositionStatements/P-Mold-03-26-13.pdf.

194.

Brandt M, Brown C, Burkhart J, Burton N, Cox-Ganser J, Damon S, et al. Mold prevention strategies and possible health effects in the aftermath of hurricanes and major floods. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55:1–27.PubMed

195.

Sauni R, Verbeek JH, Uitti J, Jauhiainen M, Kreiss K, Sigsgaard T. Remediating buildings damaged by dampness and mould for preventing or reducing respiratory tract symptoms, infections and asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015:CD007897. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007897.pub3.

196.

Kader R, Kennedy K, Portnoy JM. Indoor environmental interventions and their effect on asthma outcomes. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2018;18:17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-018-0774-x.PubMedCrossRef

197.

Le Cann P, Paulus H, Glorennec P, Le Bot B, Frain S, Gangneux JP. Home environmental interventions for the prevention or control of allergic and respiratory diseases: what really works. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5:66–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.07.011.PubMedCrossRef

198.

Murray CS, Foden P, Sumner H, Shepley E, Custovic A, Simpson A. Preventing severe asthma exacerbations in children. A randomized trial of mite-impermeable bedcovers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196:150–8. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201609-1966OC.PubMedCrossRef

199.

Nunes C, Pereira AM, Morais-Almeida M. Asthma costs and social impact. Asthma Res Pract. 2017;3:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40733-016-0029-3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

200.

Nurmagambetov T, Kuwahara R, Garbe P. The economic burden of asthma in the United States, 2008-2013. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15:348–56. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201703-259OC.PubMedCrossRef

201.

Raulf M, Buters J, Chapman M, Cecchi L, de Blay F, Doekes G, et al. Monitoring of occupational and environmental aeroallergens-- EAACI position paper. Concerted action of the EAACI IG occupational allergy and aerobiology & air pollution. Allergy. 2014;69:1280–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12456.PubMedCrossRef

202.

• Tovey ER, Liu-Brennan D, Garden FL, Oliver BG, Perzanowski MS, Marks GB. Time-based measurement of personal mite allergen bioaerosol exposure over 24 hour periods. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0153414. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153414. This report describes the development of novel methods to determine patterns of personal exposure to dust mite allergens throughout the day, providing insights into spatial and temporal exposure patterns. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

203.

Tovey ER, Willenborg CM, Crisafulli DA, Rimmer J, Marks GB. Most personal exposure to house dust mite aeroallergen occurs during the day. PLoS One. 2013;8:e69900. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069900.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

204.

Allenbrand R, Barnes CS, Mohammed M, Gard L, Pacheco F, Kennedy K, et al. Comparison of allergens collected from furnace filters and vacuum floor dust. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017;118:108–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2016.10.001.PubMedCrossRef

205.

Gordon J, Reboulet R, Gandhi P, Matsui E. Validation of a novel sampling technology for airborne allergens in low-income urban homes. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018;120:96–7 e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2017.10.002.PubMedCrossRef

206.

Sander I, Lotz A, Zahradnik E, Raulf M. Allergen quantification by use of electrostatic dust collectors (EDCs): influence of deployment time, extraction buffer, and storage conditions on the results. Ann Occup Hyg. 2016;60:845–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mew027.PubMedCrossRef

207.

King EM, Filep S, Smith B, Platts-Mills T, Hamilton RG, Schmechel D, et al. A multi-center ring trial of allergen analysis using fluorescent multiplex array technology. J Immunol Methods. 2013;387:89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2012.09.015.PubMedCrossRef

208.

Chen CM, Thiering E, Zock JP, Villani S, Olivieri M, Modig L, et al. Is there a threshold concentration of cat allergen exposure on respiratory symptoms in adults? PLoS One. 2015;10:e0127457. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127457.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

209.

Winn AK, Salo PM, Klein C, Sever ML, Harris SF, Johndrow D, et al. Efficacy of an in-home test kit in reducing dust mite allergen levels: results of a randomized controlled pilot study. J Asthma. 2016;53:133–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2015.1072721.PubMedCrossRef

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Bedroom Allergen Exposure Beyond House Dust Mites

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 10/2018

Tips for Seeing Patients via Telemedicine

Clinical Manifestation of Hyper IgE Syndrome Including Otitis Media

Allergic Contact Dermatitis Evaluation: Strategies for the Preschooler

A Review of Portable Electronic Spirometers: Implications for Asthma Self-Management

Telemedicine: a Primer

Biologics and Small Molecule Agents in Allergic and Immunologic Skin Diseases