Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Medical Research Methodology 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Research article

Assessing and adjusting for non-response in the Millennium Cohort Family Study

Authors: Nida H. Corry, Christianna S. Williams, Mike Battaglia, Hope Seib McMaster, Valerie A. Stander

Published in: BMC Medical Research Methodology | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

In conducting population-based surveys, it is important to thoroughly examine and adjust for potential non-response bias to improve the representativeness of the sample prior to conducting analyses of the data and reporting findings. This paper examines factors contributing to second stage survey non-response during the baseline data collection for the Millennium Cohort Family Study, a large longitudinal study of US service members and their spouses from all branches of the military.

Methods

Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to develop a comprehensive response propensity model.

Results

Results showed the majority of service member sociodemographic, military, and administrative variables were significantly associated with non-response, along with various health behaviours, mental health indices, and financial and social issues. However, effects were quite small for many factors, with a few demographic and survey administrative variables accounting for the most substantial variance.

Conclusions

The Millennium Cohort Family Study was impacted by a number of non-response factors that commonly affect survey research. In particular, recruitment of young, male, and minority populations, as well as junior ranking personnel, was challenging. Despite this, our results suggest the success of representative population sampling can be effectively augmented through targeted oversampling and recruitment, as well as a comprehensive survey weighting strategy.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Denning LA, Meisnere M, Warner KE, editors. Preventing psychological disorders in service members and their families: an assessment of programs. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2014. Denning LA, Meisnere M, Warner KE, editors. Preventing psychological disorders in service members and their families: an assessment of programs. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2014.
2.
go back to reference Eaton KM, Hoge CW, Messer SC, Whitt AA, Cabrera OA, McGurk D, et al. Prevalence of mental health problems, treatment need, and barriers to care among primary care-seeking spouses of military service members involved in Iraq and Afghanistan deployments. Mil Med. 2008;173(11):1051–6.CrossRefPubMed Eaton KM, Hoge CW, Messer SC, Whitt AA, Cabrera OA, McGurk D, et al. Prevalence of mental health problems, treatment need, and barriers to care among primary care-seeking spouses of military service members involved in Iraq and Afghanistan deployments. Mil Med. 2008;173(11):1051–6.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Flake EM, Davis BE, Johnson PL, Middleton LS. The psychosocial effects of deployment on military children. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2009;30(4):271–8.CrossRefPubMed Flake EM, Davis BE, Johnson PL, Middleton LS. The psychosocial effects of deployment on military children. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2009;30(4):271–8.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Lester P, Peterson K, Reeves J, Knauss L, Glover D, Mogil C, et al. The long war and parental combat deployment: effects on military children and at-home spouses. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49(4):310–20.PubMedPubMedCentral Lester P, Peterson K, Reeves J, Knauss L, Glover D, Mogil C, et al. The long war and parental combat deployment: effects on military children and at-home spouses. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49(4):310–20.PubMedPubMedCentral
5.
go back to reference MacDermid Wadsworth SM. Family risk and resilience in the context of war and terrorism. J Marriage Fam. 2010;72(3):537–56.CrossRef MacDermid Wadsworth SM. Family risk and resilience in the context of war and terrorism. J Marriage Fam. 2010;72(3):537–56.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Spera C. Spouses' ability to cope with deployment and adjust to Air Force family demands identification of risk and protective factors. Armed Forces Soc. 2009;35(2):286–306.CrossRef Spera C. Spouses' ability to cope with deployment and adjust to Air Force family demands identification of risk and protective factors. Armed Forces Soc. 2009;35(2):286–306.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Obama B. Executive Order 13625. Improving access to mental health services for veterans, service members, and military families. Washington, DC: Office of the Press Secretary, The White House; 2012. Obama B. Executive Order 13625. Improving access to mental health services for veterans, service members, and military families. Washington, DC: Office of the Press Secretary, The White House; 2012.
8.
go back to reference Obama B. Strengthening our military families: meeting America’s commitment. Darby: DIANE Publishing; 2011. Obama B. Strengthening our military families: meeting America’s commitment. Darby: DIANE Publishing; 2011.
9.
go back to reference United States Department of Defense. The Department of Defense plan to achieve the vision of the DoD task force on mental health: report to Congress. Washington, DC: United States Department of Defense; 2007. United States Department of Defense. The Department of Defense plan to achieve the vision of the DoD task force on mental health: report to Congress. Washington, DC: United States Department of Defense; 2007.
10.
go back to reference White CJ, de Burgh HT, Fear NT, Iversen AC. The impact of deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan on military children: a review of the literature. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2011;23(2):210–7.CrossRefPubMed White CJ, de Burgh HT, Fear NT, Iversen AC. The impact of deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan on military children: a review of the literature. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2011;23(2):210–7.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Palmer C. A theory of risk and resilience factors in military families. Mil Psychol. 2008;20(3):205–17.CrossRef Palmer C. A theory of risk and resilience factors in military families. Mil Psychol. 2008;20(3):205–17.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Park N. Military children and families: strengths and challenges during peace and war. Am Psychol. 2011;66(1):65–72.CrossRefPubMed Park N. Military children and families: strengths and challenges during peace and war. Am Psychol. 2011;66(1):65–72.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Tanielian T, Karney BR, Chandra A. Meadows SO; The Arroyo Center and The National Defense Research Institute (US). The Deployment Life Study: methodological overview and baseline sample description. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation; 2014. Tanielian T, Karney BR, Chandra A. Meadows SO; The Arroyo Center and The National Defense Research Institute (US). The Deployment Life Study: methodological overview and baseline sample description. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation; 2014.
14.
go back to reference Crum‐Cianflone NF, Fairbank JA, Marmar CR, Schlenger W. The Millennium Cohort Family Study: a prospective evaluation of the health and well‐being of military service members and their families. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2014;23(3):320–30.CrossRefPubMed Crum‐Cianflone NF, Fairbank JA, Marmar CR, Schlenger W. The Millennium Cohort Family Study: a prospective evaluation of the health and well‐being of military service members and their families. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2014;23(3):320–30.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Lester P, Aralis H, Sinclair M, Kiff C, Lee K-H, Mustillo S, et al. The impact of deployment on parental, family and child adjustment in military families. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2016; doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0624-9. Lester P, Aralis H, Sinclair M, Kiff C, Lee K-H, Mustillo S, et al. The impact of deployment on parental, family and child adjustment in military families. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2016; doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0624-9.
16.
go back to reference Defense Manpower Data Center. 2010 Military Family Life Project: tabulations of responses. Arlington: Human Resources Strategic Assessment Program; 2011. Accession Number: ADA609601. Defense Manpower Data Center. 2010 Military Family Life Project: tabulations of responses. Arlington: Human Resources Strategic Assessment Program; 2011. Accession Number: ADA609601.
17.
go back to reference Defense Manpower Data Center. Military Family Life Project: Active Duty Spouse Study longitudinal analyses 2010–2012 project report. Arlington: Department of Defense, Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Community and Family Policy; 2015. Defense Manpower Data Center. Military Family Life Project: Active Duty Spouse Study longitudinal analyses 2010–2012 project report. Arlington: Department of Defense, Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Community and Family Policy; 2015.
18.
go back to reference Defense Manpower Data Center. 2006 Survey of Active-Duty Spouses: administration, datasets, and codebook. Arlington: Defense Manpower Data Center; 2007. Defense Manpower Data Center. 2006 Survey of Active-Duty Spouses: administration, datasets, and codebook. Arlington: Defense Manpower Data Center; 2007.
19.
go back to reference Groves RM, Peytcheva E. The impact of nonresponse rates on nonresponse bias: a meta-analysis. Public Opin Q. 2008;72(2):167–89.CrossRef Groves RM, Peytcheva E. The impact of nonresponse rates on nonresponse bias: a meta-analysis. Public Opin Q. 2008;72(2):167–89.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Groves RM, Dilman D, Eltinge JL, Little RJA, editors. Survey nonresponse. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2001. Groves RM, Dilman D, Eltinge JL, Little RJA, editors. Survey nonresponse. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2001.
21.
go back to reference Eagan TM, Eide GE, Gulsvik A, Bakke PS. Nonresponse in a community cohort study: predictors and consequences for exposure–disease associations. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55(8):775–81.CrossRefPubMed Eagan TM, Eide GE, Gulsvik A, Bakke PS. Nonresponse in a community cohort study: predictors and consequences for exposure–disease associations. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55(8):775–81.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Pietilä A-M, Rantakallio P, Läärä E. Background factors predicting non-response in a health survey of northern Finnish young men. Scand J Soc Med. 1995;23(2):129–36.PubMed Pietilä A-M, Rantakallio P, Läärä E. Background factors predicting non-response in a health survey of northern Finnish young men. Scand J Soc Med. 1995;23(2):129–36.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Maclennan B, Kypri K, Langley J, Room R. Non-response bias in a community survey of drinking, alcohol-related experiences and public opinion on alcohol policy. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;126(1–2):189–94.CrossRefPubMed Maclennan B, Kypri K, Langley J, Room R. Non-response bias in a community survey of drinking, alcohol-related experiences and public opinion on alcohol policy. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;126(1–2):189–94.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Ekholm O, Gundgaard J, Rasmussen NK, Hansen EH. The effect of health, socio-economic position, and mode of data collection on non-response in health interview surveys. Scand J Public Health. 2010;38(7):699–706.CrossRefPubMed Ekholm O, Gundgaard J, Rasmussen NK, Hansen EH. The effect of health, socio-economic position, and mode of data collection on non-response in health interview surveys. Scand J Public Health. 2010;38(7):699–706.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Fischer EH, Dornelas EA, Goethe JW. Characteristics of people lost to attrition in psychiatric follow-up studies. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2001;189(1):49–55.CrossRefPubMed Fischer EH, Dornelas EA, Goethe JW. Characteristics of people lost to attrition in psychiatric follow-up studies. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2001;189(1):49–55.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Dunne MP, Martin NG, Bailey JM, Heath AC, Bucholz KK, Madden PA, et al. Participation bias in a sexuality survey: psychological and behavioural characteristics of responders and non-responders. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26(4):844–54.CrossRefPubMed Dunne MP, Martin NG, Bailey JM, Heath AC, Bucholz KK, Madden PA, et al. Participation bias in a sexuality survey: psychological and behavioural characteristics of responders and non-responders. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26(4):844–54.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Littman AJ, Boyko EJ, Jacobson IG, Horton J, Gackstetter GD, Smith B, et al. the Millenium Cohort Study. Assessing nonresponse bias at follow-up in a large prospective cohort of relatively young and mobile military service members. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10:99.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Littman AJ, Boyko EJ, Jacobson IG, Horton J, Gackstetter GD, Smith B, et al. the Millenium Cohort Study. Assessing nonresponse bias at follow-up in a large prospective cohort of relatively young and mobile military service members. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10:99.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
go back to reference Fear NT, Jones M, Murphy D, Hull L, Iversen AC, Coker B, et al. What are the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of the UK armed forces? A cohort study. Lancet. 2010;375(9728):1783–97.CrossRefPubMed Fear NT, Jones M, Murphy D, Hull L, Iversen AC, Coker B, et al. What are the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of the UK armed forces? A cohort study. Lancet. 2010;375(9728):1783–97.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Iversen AC, van Staden L, Hughes JH, Browne T, Hull L, Hall J, et al. The prevalence of common mental disorders and PTSD in the UK military: using data from a clinical interview-based study. BMC Psychiatry. 2009;9:68.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Iversen AC, van Staden L, Hughes JH, Browne T, Hull L, Hall J, et al. The prevalence of common mental disorders and PTSD in the UK military: using data from a clinical interview-based study. BMC Psychiatry. 2009;9:68.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
go back to reference Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordan BK, Marmar CR, et al. Contractual report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study, volume II: table of findings. Durham: Research Triangle Institute; 1988. Accession Number: PB90164211. Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordan BK, Marmar CR, et al. Contractual report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study, volume II: table of findings. Durham: Research Triangle Institute; 1988. Accession Number: PB90164211.
32.
go back to reference Zunzunegui M, Beland F, Gutiérrez-Cuadra P. Loss to follow-up in a longitudinal study on aging in Spain. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54(5):501–10.CrossRefPubMed Zunzunegui M, Beland F, Gutiérrez-Cuadra P. Loss to follow-up in a longitudinal study on aging in Spain. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54(5):501–10.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Cheung P, Schweitzer I, Yastrubetskaya O, Crowley K, Tuckwell V. Studies of aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia: is there a response bias? Med Sci Law. 1997;37(4):345–8.PubMed Cheung P, Schweitzer I, Yastrubetskaya O, Crowley K, Tuckwell V. Studies of aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia: is there a response bias? Med Sci Law. 1997;37(4):345–8.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Vanable PA, Carey MP, Carey KB, Maisto SA. Predictors of participation and attrition in a health promotion study involving psychiatric outpatients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70(2):362–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Vanable PA, Carey MP, Carey KB, Maisto SA. Predictors of participation and attrition in a health promotion study involving psychiatric outpatients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70(2):362–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
go back to reference Crum-Cianflone NF. The Millennium Cohort Study: answering long-term health concerns of US military service members by integrating longitudinal survey data with Military Health System records. In: Amara J, Hendricks AM, editors. Military health care: from pre-deployment to post separation. New York: Routledge; 2013. p. 55–77. Accession number: ADA620647. Crum-Cianflone NF. The Millennium Cohort Study: answering long-term health concerns of US military service members by integrating longitudinal survey data with Military Health System records. In: Amara J, Hendricks AM, editors. Military health care: from pre-deployment to post separation. New York: Routledge; 2013. p. 55–77. Accession number: ADA620647.
37.
go back to reference Kazis LE, Lee A, Spiro A, Rogers W, Ren XS, Miller DR, et al. Measurement comparisons of the Medical Outcomes Study and Veterans SF-36® Health Survey. Health Care Financ Rev. 2004;25(4):43–58.PubMedPubMedCentral Kazis LE, Lee A, Spiro A, Rogers W, Ren XS, Miller DR, et al. Measurement comparisons of the Medical Outcomes Study and Veterans SF-36® Health Survey. Health Care Financ Rev. 2004;25(4):43–58.PubMedPubMedCentral
38.
go back to reference Kazis LE, Miller DR, Clark JA, Skinner KM, Lee A, Ren XS, et al. Improving the response choices on the Veterans SF‐36 Health Survey role functioning scales: results from the Veterans Health Study. J Ambul Care Manage. 2004;27(3):263–80.CrossRefPubMed Kazis LE, Miller DR, Clark JA, Skinner KM, Lee A, Ren XS, et al. Improving the response choices on the Veterans SF‐36 Health Survey role functioning scales: results from the Veterans Health Study. J Ambul Care Manage. 2004;27(3):263–80.CrossRefPubMed
39.
40.
go back to reference Hobson CJ, Kamen J, Szostek J, Nethercut CM, Tiedmann JW, Wojnarowicz S. Stressful life events: a revision and update of the social readjustment rating scale. Int J Stress Manag. 1998;5(1):1–23.CrossRef Hobson CJ, Kamen J, Szostek J, Nethercut CM, Tiedmann JW, Wojnarowicz S. Stressful life events: a revision and update of the social readjustment rating scale. Int J Stress Manag. 1998;5(1):1–23.CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Weathers FW, Litz BT, Herman D, Huska J, Keane T. The PTSD CheckList - civilian version (PCL-C). Boston: National Center for PTSD; 1994. Weathers FW, Litz BT, Herman D, Huska J, Keane T. The PTSD CheckList - civilian version (PCL-C). Boston: National Center for PTSD; 1994.
42.
go back to reference Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. J Trauma Stress. 1996;9(3):455–71.CrossRefPubMed Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. J Trauma Stress. 1996;9(3):455–71.CrossRefPubMed
43.
44.
go back to reference Morin CM, Belleville G, Bélanger L, Ivers H. The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep. 2011;34(5):601–8.PubMedPubMedCentral Morin CM, Belleville G, Bélanger L, Ivers H. The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep. 2011;34(5):601–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
46.
go back to reference Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2000 data documentation, codebook, and frequencies. Hyattsville: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2000 data documentation, codebook, and frequencies. Hyattsville: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2002.
47.
go back to reference Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey and Health Evaluation Assessment Review. Hyattsville: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2001. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey and Health Evaluation Assessment Review. Hyattsville: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2001.
48.
go back to reference Kreuter F, Olson K. Multiple auxiliary variables in nonresponse adjustment. Sociol Methods Res. 2011;40(2):311–32.CrossRef Kreuter F, Olson K. Multiple auxiliary variables in nonresponse adjustment. Sociol Methods Res. 2011;40(2):311–32.CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Izrael D, Battaglia MP, Frankel MR. Extreme survey weight adjustment as a component of sample balancing (a.k.a. raking). In: Proceedings from the 34th Annual SAS Users Group International Conference March 22–25, 2009, Washington, DC. 2009. p. 247. Izrael D, Battaglia MP, Frankel MR. Extreme survey weight adjustment as a component of sample balancing (a.k.a. raking). In: Proceedings from the 34th Annual SAS Users Group International Conference March 22–25, 2009, Washington, DC. 2009. p. 247.
50.
go back to reference Izrael D, Hoaglin DC, Battaglia MP. A SAS macro for balancing a weighted sample. In: Proceedings from the 25th Annual SAS Users Group International Conference April 9–12, 2000, Indianapolis, IN. 2000. p. 1350–5. Izrael D, Hoaglin DC, Battaglia MP. A SAS macro for balancing a weighted sample. In: Proceedings from the 25th Annual SAS Users Group International Conference April 9–12, 2000, Indianapolis, IN. 2000. p. 1350–5.
51.
go back to reference David MH, Little R, Samuhel ME, Triest RK. Nonrandom nonresponse models based on the propensity to respond. In: Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section. Alexandria: American Statistical Association; 1983. p. 168–73. David MH, Little R, Samuhel ME, Triest RK. Nonrandom nonresponse models based on the propensity to respond. In: Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section. Alexandria: American Statistical Association; 1983. p. 168–73.
52.
go back to reference Smith PJ, Rao JNK, Battaglia MP, Ezzati-Rice TM, Daniels D, Khare M. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Compensating for provider nonresponse using response propensities to form adjustment cells: the National Immunization Survey. Vital Health Stat. 2001;2(133):1–17. Smith PJ, Rao JNK, Battaglia MP, Ezzati-Rice TM, Daniels D, Khare M. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Compensating for provider nonresponse using response propensities to form adjustment cells: the National Immunization Survey. Vital Health Stat. 2001;2(133):1–17.
53.
go back to reference Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Introduction to the logistic regression model. In: Applied logistic regression. 2nd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2000. p. 1–30.CrossRef Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Introduction to the logistic regression model. In: Applied logistic regression. 2nd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2000. p. 1–30.CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Groves RM. Nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias in household surveys. Public Opin Q. 2006;70(5):646–75.CrossRef Groves RM. Nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias in household surveys. Public Opin Q. 2006;70(5):646–75.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Assessing and adjusting for non-response in the Millennium Cohort Family Study
Authors
Nida H. Corry
Christianna S. Williams
Mike Battaglia
Hope Seib McMaster
Valerie A. Stander
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Medical Research Methodology / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2288
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-017-0294-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

BMC Medical Research Methodology 1/2017 Go to the issue