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Tobacco Induced Diseases
Published in: Tobacco Induced Diseases 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Review

Are healthy smokers really healthy?

Authors: Zijing Zhou, Ping Chen, Hong Peng

Published in: Tobacco Induced Diseases | Issue 1/2016

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Abstract

Cigarette smoke contains more than 4500 chemicals which have toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Strong evidences have shown that current smokers take a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer than nonsmokers. However, less attention has been paid to the smoking induced abnormalities in the individuals defined as healthy smokers who are normal with spirometry, radiographic images, routine physical exam and categorized as healthy control group in many researches. Actually, ‘healthy smokers’ are not healthy. This narrative review focuses on the smoking related pathophysiologic changes mainly in the respiratory system of healthy smokers, including inflammation and immune changes, genetic alterations, structural changes and pulmonary dysfunction.
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Metadata
Title
Are healthy smokers really healthy?
Authors
Zijing Zhou
Ping Chen
Hong Peng
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Tobacco Induced Diseases / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1617-9625
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12971-016-0101-z

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