Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
Published in: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 2-3/2010

01-04-2010

Antifibrosis: To Reverse the Irreversible

Authors: Ziv Paz, Yehuda Shoenfeld

Published in: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology | Issue 2-3/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Fibrosis is a pathological process that includes scar formation and overproduction of extracellular matrix by the connective tissue as a response to tissue damage. The fibrotic process involves multiple organs and results in progressive life-threatening diseases. Today, we know more about the molecular mechanism that leads to fibrosis involving different type of cells, cytokines, chemokines, and tissue enzymes. Fibrosis was considered an irreversible process, at least clinically, and is still usually treated by anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents. No proven antifibrotic therapy has shown efficacy in ameliorating the clinical course of fibrotic diseases, but our current understanding led to the development of different drugs with promising results, like: mycophenolate mofetil, interferon, relaxin, and intravenous immunoglobulin. This review will provide a glance to this heavily investigated subject.
Literature
1.
Wynn TA (2003) IL-13 effector functions. Annu Rev Immunol 21:425–456PubMed
2.
Parsons CJ, Takashima M, Rippe RA (2007) Molecular mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22:79–84
3.
Pardo A, Selman M (2006) Matrix metalloproteases in aberrant fibrotic tissue remodelling. Proc Am Thorac Soc 3:383–388PubMed
4.
Gabrielli A, Svegliati S, Moroncini G, Luchetti M, Tonnini C, Avvedimento EV (2007) Stimulatory autoantibodies to the PDGF receptor: a link to fibrosis in scleroderma and a pathway for novel therapeutic targets. Autoimmun Rev 7:121–126PubMed
5.
Quan TE, Cowper SE, Bucala R (2006) The role of circulating fibrocytes in fibrosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 8:145–150PubMed
6.
Phillips RJ, Burdick MD, Hong K, Lutz MA, Murray LA, Xue YY et al (2004) Circulating fibrocytes traffic to the lungs in response to CXCL12 and mediate fibrosis. J Clin Invest 114:438–446PubMed
7.
Moore BB, Kolodsick JE, Thannickal VJ, Cooke K, Moore TA, Hogaboam C et al (2005) CCR2-mediated recruitment of fibrocytes to the alveolar space after fibrotic injury. Am J Pathol 166:675–684PubMed
8.
Haudek SB, Xia Y, Huebener P, Lee JM, Carlson S, Crawford JR et al (2006) Bone marrow-derived fibroblast precursors mediate ischemic cardiomyopathy in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:18284–18289PubMed
9.
De Clerck LS, Dequeker J, Francx L, Demedts M (1987) d-penicillamine therapy and interstitial lung disease in scleroderma. A long-term follow-up study. Arthritis Rheum 30:643–650PubMed
10.
Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr, Rodnon GP (1982) D-penicillamine therapy in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): a retrospective analysis. Ann Intern Med 97:652–659PubMed
11.
Furst DE, Clements PJ (2001) D-penicillamine is not an effective treatment in systemic sclerosis. Scand J Rheumatol 30:189–191PubMed
12.
Douglas WW, Ryu JH, Schroeder DR (2000) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: impact of oxygen and colchicine, prednisone, or no therapy on survival. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:1172–1178PubMed
13.
Selman M, Carrillo G, Salas J et al (1998) Colchicine, D-penicillamine, and prednisone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a controlled clinical trial. Chest 114:507–512PubMed
14.
Dubrawsky C, Dubravsky NB, Withers HR (1978) The effect of colchicine on the accumulation of hydroxyproline and on lung compliance after irradiation. Radiat Res 73:111–120PubMed
15.
Jinnin M, Ihn H, Asano Y, Yamane K, Yazawa N, Tamaki K (2003) Effect of D penicillamine on pulmonary fibrosis in patient with systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 62:1019–1020PubMed
16.
Kershenebich D, Vargas F, Garcia Tsao G, Perez Tamayo R, Gent M, Rojkind M (1988) Colchicine in the treatment of cirrhosis of the liver. N Engl J Med 318:1709–1713CrossRef
17.
Nikolaidis N, Kountouras J, Giouleme O, Tzarou V, Chatzizisi O, Patsiaoura K, Papageorgiou A, Leontsini M, Eugenidis N, Zamboulis C (2006) Colchicine treatment of liver fibrosis. Hepatogastroenterology 53:281–285PubMed
18.
Rambaldi A, Gluud C (2001) Colchicine for alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Liver 21:129–136PubMed
19.
Özdemir BH, Özdemir FN, Sezer S, SAR A, Haberal M (2006) Does colchicine have an antifibrotic effect on development of interstitial fibrosis in renal allografts of recipients with familial Mediterranean fever? Transplant Proc 38:473–476PubMed
20.
Yan G, Gluud C (2005) Colchicine for primary biliary cirrhosis: a Cochrane Hepatobiliary Group systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Am J Gastroenterol 100:1876–1885
21.
Douglas WW, Ryu JH, Swensen SJ et al (1998) Colchicine versus prednisone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a randomized prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:220–225PubMed
22.
Zhang L, Zhu Y, Luo W (1992) The protective effect of colchicine on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Chin Med Sci J 7:58–60PubMed
23.
Rennard SI, Bitterman PB, Ozaki T et al (1988) Colchicine suppresses the release of fibroblast growth factors from alveolar macrophages in vitro. The basis of a possible therapeutic approach to the fibrotic disorders. Am Rev Respir Dis 137:181–185PubMed
24.
Kirk AP, Jain S, Pocock S, Thomas HC, Sherlock S (1980) Late results of the Royal Free Hospital prospective controlled trial of prednisolone therapy in hepatitis B surface antigen negative chronic active hepatitis. Gut 21:78–83PubMed
25.
Turner-Warwick MB, Burrows B, Johnson A (1980) Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: response to corticosteroid treatment and its effect on survival. Thorax 35:593–599PubMed
26.
Baughman RP, Lower EE (1992) Use of intermittent, intravenous cyclophosphamide for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 102:1090–1094PubMed
27.
Johnson MA, Kwan S, Snell NJC, Nunn AJ, Darbyshire JH, Turner-Warwick M (1989) Randomised controlled trial comparing prednisolone alone with cyclophosphamide and low dose prednisolone in combination in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax 44:280–288PubMed
28.
Akira M, Sakatani M, Ueda E (1993) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: progression of honeycombing at thin-section CT. Radiology 189:687–691PubMed
29.
Kolb M, Kirschner J, Riedel W, Wirtz H, Schmidt M (1998) Cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 12:1409–1414PubMed
30.
Dayton CS, Schwartz DA, Helmers RA et al (1993) Outcome of subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who fail corticosteroid therapy: implications for future studies. Chest 103:69–73PubMed
31.
Zisman DA, Lynch JP III, Toews GB, Kazerooni EA, Flint A, Martinez FJ (2000) Cyclophosphamide in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a prospective study in patients who failed to respond to corticosteroids. Chest 117:1619–1626PubMed
32.
American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society (2000) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment: international consensus statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:646–664
33.
Harreby M, Bilde T, Helin P et al (1994) Retroperitoneal fibrosis treated with methylprednisolone pulse and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Scand J Urol Nephrol 28:237–242PubMed
34.
Kardar AH, Kattan S, Lindstedt E, Hanash K (2002) Steroid therapy for idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: dose and duration. J Urol 168:550–555PubMed
35.
Van Bommel EF, Siemes C, Hak LE et al (2007) Long-term renal and patient outcome in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis treated with prednisone. Am J Kidney Dis 49:615–625PubMed
36.
Jois RN, Kerrigan N, Scott DG (2007) Mycophenolate mofetil for maintenance of remission in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46:717–718
37.
Scheel PJ Jr, Piccini J, Rahman MH et al (2007) Combined prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil treatment for retroperitoneal fibrosis. J Urol 178:140–144PubMed
38.
Raghu G, Depaso WJ, Cain K et al (1991) Azathioprine combined with prednisone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a prospective, double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am Rev Respir Dis 144:291–296PubMed
39.
Davies HR, Richeldi L, Walters EH (2008) Immunomodulatory agents for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD003134
40.
Shenin M, Naik M, Derk CT (2008) The use of mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 8:11–14PubMed
41.
Swartz RD, Lake AM, Roberts WW, Faerber GJ, Wolf JS Jr (2008) Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: a role for mycophenolate mofetil. Clin Nephrol 69:260–268PubMed
42.
Grotz W, Von Zedtwitz I, Andre M, Schollmeyer P (1998) Treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis by mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids. Lancet 352:1195PubMed
43.
Lafrance JP, Létourneau I, Ouimet D, Bonnardeaux A, Leblanc M, Mathieu N, Pichette V (2008) Successful treatment of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis with immunosuppressive therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 51:7–10
44.
Roos N, Poulalhon N, Farge D, Madelaine I, Mauviel A, Verrecchia F (2007) In vitro evidence for a direct antifibrotic role of the immunosuppressive drug mycophenolate mofetil. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 321:583–589PubMed
45.
Nihtyanova SI, Brough GM, Black CM, Denton CP (2007) Mycophenolate mofetil in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis—a retrospective analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46:442–445
46.
Johnson MA, Kwan S, Snell NC et al (1989) Randomized controlled trial comparing prednisone along with cyclophosphamide and low dose prednisone in combination in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax 44:280–288PubMed
47.
Kolb M, Kirschner J, Riedel W et al (1998) Cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 12:1409–1414PubMed
48.
Marcolongo R, Tavolini IM, Laveder F, Busa M (2004) Immunosuppressive therapy for idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: a retrospective analysis of 26 cases. Am J Med 116:194–197PubMed
49.
Moolman JA, Bardin PG, Rossouw DJ, Joubert JR (1999) Cyclosporin as a treatment of interstitial lung disease of unknown aetiology. Thorax 46:592–595
50.
Harreby M, Bilde T, Helin P (1994) Retroperitoneal fibrosis treated with methylprednisolone pulse and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Scand J Urol Nephrol 28:237–242PubMed
51.
Bienkowski RS, Gotkin MG (1995) Control of collagen deposition in mammalian lung. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 209:118–140PubMed
52.
Ziesche R, Hofbauer E, Wittmann K et al (1999) A preliminary study of long-term treatment with interferon gamma-1b and low-dose prednisolone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 341:1264–1269PubMed
53.
Bajwa EK, Ayas NT, Schulzer M, Mak E, Ryu JH, Malhotra A (2005) Interferon-γ1b therapy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 128:203–206PubMed
54.
Raghu G, Spada C, Otaki Y, Hayes J (2001) Interferon gamma in the treatment of advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and fibrotic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: prospective, preliminary clinical observations in one center. Chest 120:185–186
55.
Prasse A, Muller KM, Kurz C et al (2003) Does interferon-gamma improve pulmonary function in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Eur Respir J 22:906–911PubMed
56.
Raghu G, Brown KK, Bradford WZ, Starko K, Noble PW, Schwartz DA, King TE Jr, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Study Group (2004) A placebo-controlled trial of interferon gamma-1b in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 350:125–133PubMed
57.
Kalra S, Utz JP, Ryu JH (2001) Interferon-gamma 1b in the treatment of advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 120:184–185
58.
Hunzelmann N, Anders S, Fierlbeck G, Hein R, Herrmann K, Albrecht M, Bell S, Thur J, Muche R, Adelmann-Grill B, Wehner-Caroli J, Gaus W, Krieg T (1997) Systemic scleroderma. Multicenter trial of 1 year of treatment with recombinant interferon gamma. Arch Dermatol 133:609–613PubMed
59.
Polisson RP, Gilkeson GS, Pyun EH, Pisetsky DS, Smith EA, Simon LS (1996) A multicenter trial of recombinant human interferon gamma in patients with systemic sclerosis: effects on cutaneous fibrosis and interleukin 2 receptor levels. J Rheumatol 23:654–658PubMed
60.
Pockros PJ, Jeffers L, Afdhal N, Goodman ZD, Nelson D, Gish RG, Reddy KR, Reindollar R, Rodriguez-Torres M, Sullivan S, Blatt LM, Faris-Young S (2007) Final results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the antifibrotic efficacy of interferon-gamma1b in chronic hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Hepatology 45:569–578PubMed
61.
Meyer A, Buhl R, Magnussen H (1994) The effect of oral N-acetylcysteine on lung glutathione levels in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 7:431–436PubMed
62.
Meyer A, Buhl R, Kampf S, Magnussen H (1995) Intravenous N-acetylcysteine and lung glutathione of patients with pulmonary fibrosis and normals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152:1055–1060PubMed
63.
Behr J, Maier K, Degenkolb B et al (1997) Antioxidative and clinical effects of high-dose N-acetylcysteine in fibrosing alveolitis. Adjunctive therapy to maintenance immunosuppression. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:1897–1901PubMed
64.
Behr J, Degenkolb B, Krombach F, Vogelmeier C (2002) Intracellular glutathione and bronchoalveolar cells in fibrosing alveolitis: effects of N-acetylcysteine. Eur Respir J 19:906–911PubMed
65.
Cantin AM, North SL, Fells GA et al (1987) Oxidant-mediated epithelial cell injury in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 79:1665–1673PubMed
66.
Cantin AM, Hubbard RC, Crystal RG (1989) Glutathione deficiency in the epithelial lining fluid of the lower respiratory tract in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 139:370–372PubMed
67.
Demedts M, Behr J, Buhl R et al (2005) High-dose acetylcysteine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 353:2229–2242PubMed
68.
Rezaei A, Ardestani SK, Forouzandeh M, Tavangar SM, Khorramizadeh MR, Payabvash S, Nezami BG, Jahanshiri Z, Tavakoli Z, Shariftabrizi A, Dehpour AR (2008) The effects of N-acetylcysteine on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in hepatic fibrosis in bile duct ligated rats. Hepatol Res 38:1252–1263PubMed
69.
Cain WC, Stuart RW, Lefkowitz DL, Starnes JD, Margolin S, Lefkowitz SS (1998) Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor and subsequent endotoxin shock by pirfenidone. Int J Immunopharmacol 20:685–695PubMed
70.
Giri SN, Leonard S, Shi X, Margolin SB, Vallyathan V (1999) Effects of pirfenidone on the generation of reactive oxygen species in vitro. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 18:169–177PubMed
71.
Al-Bayati MA, Xie Y, Mohr FC, Margolin SB, Giri SN (2002) Effect of pirfenidone against vanadate-induced kidney fibrosis in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 64:517–525PubMed
72.
Armendariz-Borunda J, Islas-Carbajal MC, Meza-Garcia E, Rincon AR, Lucano S, Sandoval AS, Salazar A, Berumen J, Alvarez A, Covarrubias A, Arechiga G, Garcia L (2006) A pilot study in patients with established advanced liver fibrosis using pirfenidone. Gut 55:1663–1665PubMed
73.
Raghu G, Johnson C, Lockhart D, Mageto Y (1999) Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with a new antifibrotic agent, pirfenidone. Results of a prospective, open-label phase II study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159:1061–1069PubMed
74.
Gahl WA, Brantly M, Troendle J et al (2002) Effect of pirfenidone on the pulmonary fibrosis of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 76:234–242PubMed
75.
Azuma A, Nukiwa T, Tsuboi E et al (2005) Double-blind. Placebo-controlled trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171:1040–1047PubMed
76.
Klijn JG, Setyono-Han B, Bakker GH, Van Der Burg ME, Bontenbal M, Peters HA, Sieuwerts AM, Berns PM, Foekens JA (1990) Growth factor-receptor pathway interfering treatment by somatostatin analogs and suramin; preclinical and clinical studies. J Sterois Biochem Mol Biol 37:1089–1095
77.
Mietz H, Chevez-Barrios P, Feldman RM, Lieberman MW (1998) Suramin inhibits wound healing following filtering procedures of glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 82:816–820PubMed
78.
Bathgate RA, Lekgabe ED, McGuane JT, Su Y, Pham T, Ferraro T, Layfield S, Hannan RD, Thomas WG, Samuel CS, Du XJ (2008) Adenovirus-mediated delivery of relaxin reverses cardiac fibrosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 280:30–38PubMed
79.
Seibold JR, Korn JH, Simms R et al (2000) Recombinant human relaxin in the treatment of scleroderma: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann Int Med 132:871–879PubMed
80.
Seibold JR (2002) Relaxins: lessons and limitations. Curr Rheumatol Rep 4:275–276PubMed
81.
Williams EJ, Benyon RC, Trim N, Hadwin R, Grove BH, Arthur MJ, Unemori EN, Iredale JP (2001) Relaxin inhibits effective collagen deposition by cultured hepatic stellate cells and decreases rat liver fibrosis in vivo. Gut 49:577–583PubMed
82.
Unemori EN, Pickford LB, Salles AL, Piercy CE, Grove BH, Erikson ME, Amento EP (1996) Relaxin induces an extracellular matrix-degrading phenotype in human lung fibroblasts in vitro and inhibits lung fibrosis in a murine model in vivo. J Clin Invest 98:2739–2745PubMed
83.
Shi-wen X, Kennedy L, Renzoni EA, Bou-Gharios G, du Bois RM, Black CM, Denton CP, Abraham DJ, Leask A (2007) Endothelin is a downstream mediator of profibrotic responses to transforming growth factor beta in human lung fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum 56:4189–4194PubMed
84.
Clozel M, Salloukh H (2005) Role of endothelin in fibrosis and anti-fibrotic potential of bosentan. Ann Med 37:2–12PubMed
85.
King TE Jr, Behr J, Brown KK, du Bois RM, Lancaster L, de Andrade JA, Stähler G, Leconte I, Roux S, Raghu G (2008) BUILD-1: a randomized placebo-controlled trial of bosentan in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177:75–81PubMed
86.
Heresi GA, Minai OA (2008) Bosentan in systemic sclerosis. Drugs Today (Barc) 44:415–428
87.
Yoshiji H, Noguchi R, Ikenaka Y, Kitade M, Kaji K, Tsujimoto T, Uemura M, Fukui H (2007) Renin–angiotensin system inhibitors as therapeutic alternatives in the treatment of chronic liver diseases. Curr Med Chem 14:2749–2754PubMed
88.
Yoshiji H, Kuriyama S, Noguchi R, Ikenaka Y, Yoshii J, Yanase K, Namisaki T, Kitade M, Yamazaki M, Asada K, Akahane T, Tsujimoto T, Uemura M, Fukui H (2006) Amelioration of liver fibrogenesis by dual inhibition of PDGF and TGF-beta with a combination of imatinib mesylate and ACE inhibitor in rats. Int J Mol Med 17:899–904PubMed
89.
Okada M, Kikuzuki R, Harada T, Hori Y, Yamawaki H, Hara Y (2008) Captopril attenuates matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in monocrotaline-induced right ventricular hypertrophy in rats. J Pharmacol Sci 108:487–494PubMed
90.
Sawada T, Ishii Y, Tojimbara T, Nakajima I, Fuchinoue S, Teraoka S (2002) The ACE inhibitor, quinapril, ameliorates peritoneal fibrosis in an encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis model in mice. Pharmacol Res 46:505–510PubMed
91.
Ghazi-Khansari M, Mohammadi-Karakani A, Sotoudeh M, Mokhtary P, Pour-Esmaeil E, Maghsoud SJ (2007) Antifibrotic effect of captopril and enalapril on paraquat-induced lung fibrosis in rats. Appl Toxicol 27:342–349
92.
Tziomalos K, Krikis N, Karagiannis A et al (2004) Treatment of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis with combined administration of corticosteroids and tamoxifen. Clin Nephrol 62:74–76PubMed
93.
Van Bommel EF, Hendriksz TR, Huiskes AW, Zeegers AG (2006) Brief communication: tamoxifen therapy for nonmalignant retroperitoneal fibrosis. Ann Intern Med 144:101–106PubMed
94.
Moroni G, Gallelli B, Banfi G et al (2006) Long-term outcome of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis treated with surgical and/or medical approaches. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21:2485–2490PubMed
95.
Raghu G, Brown KK, Costabel U, Cottin V, du Bois RM, Lasky JA, Thomeer M, Utz JP, Khandker RK, McDermott L, Fatenejad S (2008) Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with etanercept: an exploratory, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178:948–955PubMed
96.
Daniels CE, Wilkes MC, Edens M, Kottom TJ, Murphy SJ, Limper AH et al (2005) Imatinib mesylate inhibits the profibrogenic activity of TGF-ß and prevents bleomycin-mediated lung fibrosis. J Clin Invest 114:1308–1316
97.
Distler JH, Jungal A, Huber LC, Schulze-Horsel U, Zwerina J, Gay RE et al (2007) Imatinib mesylate reduces production of extra cellular matrix and prevents development of experimental dermal fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum 56:311–322PubMed
98.
Bayry J, Thirion M, Misra N, Thorenoor N, Delignat S, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Bellon B, Kaveri S, Kazatchkine MD (2003) Mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Neurol Sci 24:217–S221
99.
Levy Y, Sherer Y, Langevitz P, Lorber M, Rotman P, Fabrizzi F, Shoenfeld Y (2000) Skin score decrease in systemic sclerosis patients treated with intravenous immunoglobulin—a preliminary report. Clin Rheumatol 19:207–211PubMed
100.
Li X, Molina-Molina M, Abdul-Hafez A, Uhal V, Xaubet A, Uhal BD (2008) Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 is protective but downregulated in human and experimental lung fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 295:178–185
101.
Lister RK, Jolles S, Whittaker S, Black C, Forgacs I, Cramp M, Potter M, Malcolm HA (2000) Rustin scleromyxedema: response to high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (hdIVIg). J Am Acad Dermatol 43:403–408PubMed
102.
Katz U, Achiron A, Sherer Y, Shoenfeld Y (2007) Safety of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy. Autoimmun Rev 6:257–259PubMed
103.
Levy Y, Amital H, Langevitz P, Nacci F, Righi A, Conforti L, Generini S, Cerinic MM, Shoenfeld Y (2004) Intravenous immunoglobulin modulates cutaneous involvement and reduces skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: an open-label study. Arthritis Rheum 50:1005–1007PubMed
104.
Shoenfeld Y, Krause I (2000) IVIG for autoimmune, fibrosis, and malignant conditions: our experience with 200 patients. J Clin Immunol 24:107–114
105.
Aharon A, Levy Y, Bar-Dayan Y, Afek A, Zandman-Goddard G, Skurnik Y, Fabrrizzi F, Shoenfeld Y (1997) Successful treatment of early secondary myelofibrosis in SLE with IVIG. Lupus 6:408–411PubMed
106.
Blank M, Levy Y, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y, Pines M, Genina O (2002) The role of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in mediating skin fibrosis in tight skin mice. Arthritis Rheum 46:1689–1690PubMed
107.
Campbell DE, Georgiou GM, Kemp AS (1999) Pooled human immunoglobulin inhibits IL-4 but not IFN-γ or TNF-α secretion following in vitro stimulation of mononuclear cells with staphylococcal superantigen. Cytokine 11:359–365PubMed
108.
Amemiya K, Semino-Mora C, Granger RP, Dalakas MC (2000) Downregulation of TGF-β1 mRNA and protein in the muscles of patients with inflammatory myopathies after treatment with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Clin Immunol 94:99–104PubMed
109.
Mollnes TE, Andreassen IH, Høgåsen K, Hack CE, Harboe M (1997) Effect of whole and fractionated intravenous immunoglobulin on complement in vitro. Mol Immunol 34:719–729PubMed
110.
Lutz HU, Stammler P, Bianchi V, Trüeb RM, Hunziker T, Burger R, Jelezarova E, Späth PJ (2004) Intravenously applied IgG stimulates complement attenuation in a complement-dependent autoimmune disease at the amplifying C3 convertase level. Blood 103:465–472PubMed
111.
Ronda N, Gatti R, Giacosa R, Raschi E, Testoni C, Meroni PL, Buzio C, Orlandini G (2002) Antifibroblast antibodies from systemic sclerosis patients are internalized by fibroblasts via a caveolin-linked pathway. Arthritis Rheum 46:1595–1601PubMed
112.
Ronda N, Raschi E, Testoni C, Borghi MO, Gatti R, Dayer JM, Orlandini G, Chizzolini C, Meroni PL (2002) Anti-fibroblast antibodies in systemic sclerosis. IMAJ 4:858–864PubMed
113.
Smith RE, Strieter RM, Zhang K, Phan SH, Standiford TJ, Lukacs NW et al (1995) A role for C–C chemokines in fibrotic lung disease. J Leukoc Biol 57:782–787PubMed
114.
Anders HJ, Vielhauer V, Frink M, Linde Y, Cohen CD, Blattner SM et al (2002) A chemokine receptor CCR-1 antagonist reduces renal fibrosis after unilateral ureter ligation. J Clin Invest 109:251–259PubMed
115.
Moore BB, Paine R III, Christensen PJ, Moore TA, Sitterding S, Ngan R et al (2001) Protection from pulmonary fibrosis in the absence of CCR2 signalling. J Immunol 167:4368–4377PubMed
116.
Smith RE, Strieter RM, Phan SH, Lukacs NW, Huffnagle GB, Wilke CA et al (1994) Production and function of murine macrophage inflammatory protein-1α in bleomycin-induced lung injury. J Immunol 153:4704–4712PubMed
117.
Lloyd CM, Minto AW, Dorf ME, Proudfoot A, Wells TN, Salant DJ et al (1997) RANTES and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) play an important role in the inflammatory phase of crescentic nephritis, but only MCP-1 is involved in crescent formation and interstitial fibrosis. J Exp Med 185:1371–1380PubMed
118.
Roberts AB, Russo A, Felici A, Flanders KC (2003) Smad3: a key player in pathogenetic mechanisms dependent on TGFβ. Ann NY Acad Sci 995:1–10PubMed
119.
Flanders KC, Sullivan CD, Fujii M, Sowers A, Anzano MA, Arabshahi A et al (2002) Mice lacking Smad3 are protected against cutaneous injury induced by ionizing radiation. Am J Pathol 160:1057–1068PubMed
120.
Daniels CE, Wilkes MC, Edens M, Kottom TJ, Murphy SJ, Limper AH et al (2004) Imatinib mesylate inhibits the profibrogenic activity of TGFβ and prevents bleomycin-mediated lung fibrosis. J Clin Invest 114:1308–1316PubMed
121.
Prud'homme GJ, Piccirillo CA (2000) The inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-β1) in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 14:23–42PubMed
122.
Cheever AW, Williams ME, Wynn TA, Finkelman FD, Seder RA, Cox TM et al (1994) Anti-IL-4 treatment of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice inhibits development of T cells and non-B, non-T cells expressing Th2 cytokines while decreasing egg-induced hepatic fibrosis. J Immunol 153:753–759PubMed
123.
Ong C, Wong C, Roberts CR, Teh HS, Jirik FR (1998) Anti-IL-4 treatment prevents dermal collagen deposition in the tight-skin mouse model of scleroderma. Eur J Immunol 28:2619–2629PubMed
124.
Chiaramonte MG, Donaldson DD, Cheever AW, Wynn TA (1999) An IL-13 inhibitor blocks the development of hepatic fibrosis during a T-helper type 2-dominated inflammatory response. J Clin Invest 104:777–785PubMed
125.
Chiaramonte MG, Cheever AW, Malley JD, Donaldson DD, Wynn TA (2001) Studies of murine schistosomiasis reveal interleukin-13 blockade as a treatment for established and progressive liver fibrosis. Hepatology 34:273–282PubMed
126.
Le Moine A, Flamand V, Demoor FX, Noel JC, Surquin M, Kiss R et al (1999) Critical roles for IL-4, IL-5, and eosinophils in chronic skin allograft rejection. J Clin Invest 103:1659–1667PubMed
127.
Williams TJ (2004) The eosinophil enigma. J Clin Invest 113:507–509PubMed
128.
Zheng JF, Liang LJ (2008) Intra-portal transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells ameliorates liver fibrosis in mice. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 7:264–270PubMed
129.
Quintanilha LF, Mannheimer EG, Carvalho AB, Paredes BD, Dias JV, Almeida AS, Gutfilen B, da Barbosa Fonseca LM, Resende CM, Rezende GF, de Carvalho Campos AC, Goldenberg RC (2008) Bone marrow cell transplant does not prevent or reverse murine liver cirrhosis. Cell Transplant 17:943–953PubMed
130.
Wu Y, Wang J, Scott PG, Tredget EE (2007) Bone marrow-derived stem cells in wound healing: a review. Wound Repair Regen 15:18–26
131.
Zhao F, Zhang YF, Liu YG, Zhou JJ, Li ZK, Wu CG, Qi HW (2008) Therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells engraftment on bleomycin-induced lung injury in rats. Transplant Proc 40:1700–1705PubMed
132.
Nash RA, McSweeney PA, Nelson JL, Wener M, Georges GE, Langston AA, Shulman H, Sullivan KM, Lee J, Henstorf G, Storb R, Furst DE (2006) Allogeneic marrow transplantation in patients with severe systemic sclerosis: resolution of dermal fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum 54:1982–1986PubMed
133.
Tyndall A, Furst DE (2007) Adult stem cell treatment of scleroderma. Curr Opin Rheumatol 19:604–610PubMed
134.
Deane S, Meyers FJ, Gershwin ME (2008) On reversing the persistence of memory: hematopoietic stem cell transplant for autoimmune disease in the first ten years. J Autoimmun 30:180–196PubMed
135.
Garber SL, Mirochnik Y, Brecklin CS, Unemori EN, Singh AK, Slobodskoy L, Grove BH, Arruda JA, Dunea G (2001) Kidney Int 59:876–882PubMed
136.
Nadrous HF, Ryu JH, Douglas WW, Decker PA, Olson EJ (2004) Impact of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins on survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 126:438–446PubMed
137.
Bourouma R, Chevet D, Michel F et al (1997) Treatment of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis with tamoxifen. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:2407–2410PubMed
138.
Clark CP, Vanderpool D, Preskitt JT (1991) The response of retroperitoneal fibrosis to tamoxifen. Surgery 109:50–506
139.
Ozener C, Kiris S, Lawrence R et al (1997) Potential beneficial effect of tamoxifen in retroperitoneal fibrosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:2166–2168PubMed
Metadata
Title
Antifibrosis: To Reverse the Irreversible
Authors
Ziv Paz
Yehuda Shoenfeld
Publication date
01-04-2010
Publisher
Humana Press Inc
Published in
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology / Issue 2-3/2010
Print ISSN: 1080-0549
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0267
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-009-8157-7

Other articles of this Issue 2-3/2010

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 2-3/2010 Go to the issue

OriginalPaper

Pregnancy and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Review of Clinical Features and Outcome of 51 Pregnancies at a Single Institution

OriginalPaper

Immunogenicity of Anti-TNF-α Agents in Autoimmune Diseases

OriginalPaper

Antiphospholipid Antibody-Mediated Reproductive Failure in Antiphospholipid Syndrome

OriginalPaper

Infectious Aspects and the Etiopathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

OriginalPaper

The Premenstrual Syndrome and Fibromyalgia—Similarities and Common Features

OriginalPaper

Lupus and Pregnancy—15 Years of Experience in a Tertiary Center
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits