Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
Published in: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 1/2022

01-02-2022 | Anaphylaxis

Global View on Ant Venom Allergy: from Allergenic Components to Clinical Management

Authors: Troy Wanandy, Emily Mulcahy, Wun Yee Lau, Simon G. A. Brown, Michael D. Wiese

Published in: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology | Issue 1/2022

Login to get access

Abstract

Hymenoptera venom allergy is characterised by systemic anaphylactic reactions that occur in response to stings from members of the Hymenoptera order. Stinging by social Hymenoptera such as ants, honeybees, and vespids is one of the 3 major causes of anaphylaxis; along with food and drug exposure, it accounts for up to 43% of anaphylaxis cases and 20% of anaphylaxis-related fatalities. Despite their recognition as being of considerable public health significance, stinging ant venoms are relatively unexplored in comparison to other animal venoms and may be overlooked as a cause of venom allergy. Indeed, the venoms of stinging ants may be the most common cause of anaphylaxis in ant endemic areas. A better understanding of the natural history of venom allergy caused by stinging ants, their venom components, and the management of ant venom allergy is therefore required. This article provides a global view on allergic reactions to the venoms of stinging ants and the contemporary approach to diagnose and manage ant venom allergy.
Literature
1.
Bolton B (2014) An online catalog of the ants of the world
2.
3.
Schmidt JO (1986) Chemistry, pharmacology and chemical ecology of ant venoms. In: Piek T (ed) Venoms of the Hymenoptera. Pharmacological and Behavioural Aspects, Academic Press, London, Biochemical, pp 425–508
4.
Tankersley MS, Ledford DK (2015) Stinging insect allergy: state of the art 2015. J Allergy Clin Immunol Practice 3(3):315–322
5.
Brown SGA, Heddle RJ (2003) Prevention of anaphylaxis with ant venom immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 3(3):511–516PubMed
6.
Taylor RW (1987) Notes on Australian bulldog ants (Myrmecia) and their biology. In: Baldo BA, Harle DG (eds) Adverse Reactions to Arthropods in Australia. N.S.W, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, pp 62–69
7.
Muller UR (2011) Hymenoptera venom proteins and peptides for diagnosis and treatment of venom allergic patients. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 10:420–428PubMed
8.
Stafford CT (1996) Hypersensitivity to fire ant venom. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 77(2):87–96PubMed
9.
Schmidt JO (2018) Clinical consequences of toxic envenomations by Hymenoptera. Toxicon 150:96–104PubMed
10.
Solley G, Vanderwoude C, Knight G (2002) Anaphylaxis due to red imported fire ant sting. Med J Aust 176(11):521–523PubMed
11.
Hoffman DR, Smith AM, Schmidt M, Moffitt JE, Guralnick M (1990) Allergens in Hymenoptera venom. XXII. Comparison of venoms from two species of imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta and richteri. J Allergy Clin Immunol 85(6) 988–996
12.
Rhoades R (2001) Stinging ants. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 1(4):343–348PubMed
13.
Hoffman DR (2010) Ant venoms. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 10:342–346PubMed
14.
Wang L, Lu Y (2017) Red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren, in: Biological invasions and its management in China, Springer, Dordrecht, pp 299–315
15.
Zhang R, Li Y, Liu N, Porter SD (2007) An overview of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in mainland China. Fla Entomol 90(4):723–731
16.
Ascunce MS, Yang C-C, Oakey J, Calcaterra L, Wu W-J, Shih C-J, Goudet J, Ross KG, Shoemaker D (2011) Global invasion history of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Science 331(6020):1066–1068PubMed
17.
Khan SA, Shelleh HH, Khan LA, Shah H (1999) Black fire ant (Solenopsis richteri) sting producing anaphylaxis: a report of 10 cases from Najran. Ann Saudi Med 19(5):463
18.
Hoffman DR (1997) Reactions to less common species of fire ants. J Allergy Clin Immunol 100(5):679–683
19.
20.
Collingwood CA, Tigar BJ, Agosti D (1997) Introduced ants in the United Arab Emirates. J Arid Environ 37(3):505–512
21.
Potiwat R, Tanyaratsrisakul S, Maneewatchararangsri S, Manuyakorn W, Rerkpattanapipat T, Samung Y, Sirivichayakul C, Chaicumpa W, Sitcharungsi R (2017) Solenopsis geminata (tropical fire ant) anaphylaxis among Thai patients: its allergens and specific IgE-reactivity. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 36(2):101–8
22.
23.
Ogata K, Taylor RW (1991) Ants of the genus Myrmecia Fabricius: a preliminary review and key to the named species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae). J Nat Hist 25(6):1623-1673
24.
Crosland MWJ, Crozier RH, Jefferson E (1988) Aspects of the biology of the primitive ant genus Myrmecia F. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Aust J Entomol 27(4) 305–309
25.
Robertson PL (1971) Pheromones involved in aggressive behaviour in the ant, Myrmecia gulosa. J Insect Physiol 17(4):691–715
26.
Crosland MWJ (1989) Intraspecific aggression in the primitive ant genus Myrmecia. Insectes Soc 36(3):161–172
27.
Narendra A, Reid SF, Greiner B, Peters RA, Hemmi JM, Ribi WA, Zeil J (2011) Caste-specific visual adaptations to distinct daily activity schedules in Australian Myrmecia ants. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 278(1709):1141–1149PubMed
28.
Brown SGA, van Eeden P, Wiese MD, Mullins RJ, Solley GO, Puy R, Taylor RW, Heddle RJ (2011) Causes of ant sting anaphylaxis in Australia: the Australian Ant Venom Allergy Study. Med J Aust 195(2):69–73PubMed
29.
Sutherland S, Tibballs J (2001) Australian animal toxins: the creatures, their toxins and care of the poisoned patient, Oxford University Press Melbourne
30.
Ogata K (1991) Ants of the genus Myrmecia Fabricius: a review of the species groups and their phylogenetic relationships (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae). Syst Entomol 16:353–381
31.
Brown SGA, Wu Q-X, Kelsall GRH, Heddle RJ, Baldo BA (2001) Fatal anaphylaxis following jack jumper ant sting in southern Tasmania. Med J Aust 175:644–647PubMed
32.
Taylor RW (2015) Ants with Attitude: Australian Jack-jumpers of the Myrmecia pilosula species complex, with descriptions of four new species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae). Zootaxa 3911(4):493–520PubMed
33.
Crosland MWJ, Crozier RH, Imai H (1988) Evidence for several sibling biological species centered on Myrmecia pilosula (F. Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Aust J Entomol 27(1):13–14
34.
Crozier R, Dobric N, Imai H, Graur D, Cornuet J-M, Taylor R (1995) Mitochondrial-DNA sequence evidence on the phylogeny of Australian jack-jumper ants of the Myrmecia pilosula complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol 4(1):20–30PubMed
35.
Taylor RW (1991) Myrmecia croslandi Sp.N., a karyologically remarkable new Australian jack-jumper ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae). Aust J Entomol 30(4):288
36.
Clarke PS (1986) The natural history of sensitivity to jack jumper ants (Hymenoptera formicidae Myrmecia pilosula) in Tasmania. Med J Aust 145(11–12):564–566PubMed
37.
Brown S, Alewood P (2001) Venom as a source of useful biologically active molecules. Emerg Med Australas 13(3):389–390
38.
Douglas RG, Weiner JM, Abramson MJ, O’Hehir RE (1998) Prevalence of severe ant-venom allergy in southeastern Australia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101(1):129–131
39.
McGain F, Winkel KD (2002) Ant sting mortality in Australia. Toxicon 40:1095–1100PubMed
40.
Allen HR (2017) Biology and behavior of the Asian needle ant. Clemson University, Brachyponera chinensis (Emery)
41.
Nelder MP, Paysen ES, Zungoli PA, Benson EP (2006) Emergence of the introduced ant Pachycondyla chinensis (Formicidae: Ponerinae) as a public health threat in the southeastern United States. J Med Entomol 43(5):1094–1098PubMed
42.
Paknia O (2006) Distribution of the introduced ponerine ant Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Iran. Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8:235–238
43.
Nikbakhtzadeh MR, Tirgari S, Fakoorziba MR, Alipour H (2009) Two volatiles from the venom gland of the Samsum ant, Pachycondyla sennaarensis. Toxicon 54(1):80–82PubMed
44.
Kim S-S, Park H-S, Kim H-Y, Lee S-K, Nahm D-H (2001) Anaphylaxis caused by the new ant, Pachycondyla chinensis: Demonstration of specific IgE and IgE-binding components. J Allergy Clin Immunol 107(6):1095–1099
45.
Yun Y-Y, Ko S-H, Park J-W, Hong C-S (1999) Anaphylaxis to venom of the Pachycondyla species ant. J Allergy Clin Immunol 104(4):879–882
46.
AlAnazi M, AlAshahrani M, AlSalamah M (2009) Black ant stings caused by Pachycondyla sennaarensis: a significant health hazard. Ann Saudi Med 29(3):207PubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Al-Shahwan M, Al-Khenaizan S, Al-Khalifa M (2006) Black (samsum) ant induced anaphylaxis in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 27(11):1761–1763PubMed
48.
Fukuzawa M, Arakura F, Yamazaki Y, Uhara H, Saida T (2002) Urticaria and anaphylaxis due to sting by an ant (Brachyponera chinensis). Acta Derm Venereol 82(1):59PubMed
49.
Dib G, Ferguson R, Sljivic V (1992) Hypersensitivity to Samsum ant. Lancet 339(8792):552–553
50.
Manso EC, Croce M, Pinto J, Santos KS, Santos LD, Dias NB, Palma M (2010) Anaphylaxis due to Pachycondyla goeldii ant: A case report. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 20(4):352–353
51.
Yashiro T, Matsuura K, Guenard B, Terayama M, Dunn RR (2010) On the evolution of the species complex Pachycondyla chinensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), including the origin of its invasive form and description of a new species. Zootaxa 2685(1):39–50
52.
Schmidt CA, Shattuck SO (2014) The higher classification of the ant subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior. Zootaxa 3817(1):1–242PubMed
53.
Klotz JH, deShazo RD, Pinnas JL, Frishman AM, Schmidt JO, Suiter DR, Price GW, Klotz SA (2005) Adverse reactions to ants other than imported fire ants. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 95(5):418–425
54.
MacGown JA, Richter H, Brown RL (2013) Notes and new distributional records of invasive ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the southeastern United States. Midsouth Entomologist 6:104–114
55.
Wetterer JK (2013) Geographic spread of the samsum or sword ant, Pachycondyla (Brachyponera) sennaarensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 18:13–18
56.
Zungoli PA, Benson EP (2012) Allergic reactions to the Asian needle ant, Pachycondyla chinensis (Emery), National Conference on Urban Entomology, Atlanta, Georgia, pp 195–196
57.
Dib G, Guerin B, Banks WA, Leynadier F (1995) Systemic reactions to the Samsum ant: An IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 96(4):465–472
58.
Nikbakhtzadeh M, Akbarzadeh K, Tirgari S (2009) Bioecology and chemical diversity of abdominal glands in the Iranian Samsum ant Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Formicidae: Ponerinae). J Venomous Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 15(3):509–526
59.
Billen J, Al-Khalifa M (2018) Morphology and ultrastructure of the venom gland in the ant Brachyponera sennaarensis. Asian Myrmecology 10
60.
Collingwood C (1985) Hymenoptera: Fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia, Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7:230–302
61.
Pinnas JL, Strunk RC, Wang TM, Thompson HC (1977) Harvester ant sensitivity: in vitro and in vivo studies using whole body extracts and venom. J Allergy Clin Immunol 59(1):10–16
62.
Wang TM (1975) Immunological studies of harvester ants in Tucson, Arizona
63.
Reichmuth D, Lockey R (2003) Clinical aspects of ant allergy. In: Levine M, Lockey R (eds) Monograph on Insect Allergy. Dave Lambert Associates, Pittsburgh, PA, pp 133–152
64.
Schmidt J (1983) Hymenopteran envenomation. Praeger Press, New York
65.
Cole AC ( 1968) Pogonomyrmex harvester ants. A study of the genus in North America, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee
66.
Weber RW (2013) Allergen of the month − Harvester ant. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 111(3):A19
67.
Lockey RF (1974) Systemic reactions to stinging ants. J Allergy Clin Immunol 54(3):132–146
68.
Schmidt JO, Blum MS (1978) Pharmacological and toxicological properties of harvester ant Pogonomyrmex badius, venom. Toxicon 16(6):645–651PubMed
69.
Schmidt JO, Blum MS (1978) A harvester ant venom: Chemistry and pharmacology. Science 200(4345):1064–1066PubMed
70.
Blum MS (1992) Ant venoms: Chemical and pharmacological properties. Toxin Reviews 11(2):115–164
71.
Solley G (1990) Allergy to stinging and biting insects in Queensland, Med J Aust 153(11/12) 650, 652–654
72.
Solley GO (2004) Stinging and biting insect allergy: An Australian experience. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 93(6):532–537PubMed
73.
Gilhotra Y, Brown SG (2006) Anaphylaxis to bull dog ant and jumper ant stings around Perth, Western Australia. Emerg Med Australas 18(1):15–22PubMed
74.
Mehr S, Brown S (2012) A case of ant anaphylaxis. J Paediatr Child Health 48(3):E101-E104PubMed
75.
Tibballs J (2017) Envenomation by Australian Hymenoptera: ants, bees, and wasp. Clin Toxicol 1–20
76.
Uemura M, Perkins LE, Zalucki MP, Cribb BW (2017) Predator–prey interaction between greenhead ants and processionary caterpillars is mediated by chemical defence. Anim Behav 129:213–222
77.
Haddad Junior V, Cardoso JLC, Moraes RHP (2005) Description of an injury in a human caused by a false tocandira (Dinoponera gigantea, Perty, 1833) with a revision on folkloric, pharmacological and clinical aspects of the giant ants of the genera Paraponera and Dinoponera (sub-family Ponerinae). Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 47(4):235–238
78.
Klotz JH, Field HC, Klotz SA, Pinnas JL (2006) Ants & Public Health, PCT Magazine (7411)
79.
Potiwat R, Sitcharungsi R (2015) Ant allergens and hypersensitivity reactions in response to ant stings. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 33(4):267–275PubMed
80.
Rodriguez-Acosta A, Reyes-Lugo M (2002) Severe human urticaria produced by ant (Odontomachus bauri, Emery 1892) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) venom. Int J Dermatol 41(11):801–803PubMed
81.
Ratnatilaka GA, Herath RR, Dias RS (2011) Severe anaphylaxis following ant bites. Ceylon Med J 56:34–35PubMed
82.
Naik BS, Prabhu KM, Jyothi C (2012) Anaphylaxis due to Indian black ant bite [Camponotus compressus] and a short review of literature. Journal of the Indian Society of Toxicology 8(1):43–45
83.
Sanad E, Helmy A, Morsy T (2002) Ant allergy in Benha District Qualyobia Governorate, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 32(3):901–906PubMed
84.
Kang J-D, Kim S-J, Youn N-H, Kim B-J, Park SD (2004) A case of ant sting by Crematogaster matsumurai vagala. Ann Dermatol 16(2):87–89
85.
Schmid-Grendelmeir P, Lundberg M, Wüthrich B (1997) Anaphylaxis due to a red harvest ant bite. Allergy 52(2):230–231
86.
Srisong H, Daduang S, Lopata AL (2016) Current advances in ant venom proteins causing hypersensitivity reactions in the Asia-Pacific region. Mol Immunol 69:24–32PubMed
87.
Andersen AN (2002) Common names for Australian ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Aust J Entomol 41(4):285–293
88.
Wanotayan K, Malainual N, Sassa-deepang T, Boonchoo S, Jirapongsananuruk O, Vichyanond P (2005) Anaphylaxis to venom of Tetraponera ruflonigra ant: a case report. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115(2):S39
89.
Majeski JA, Durst G Sr, Mckee KT (1974) Acute systemic anaphylaxis associated with an ant sting. South Med J 67(3):365PubMed
90.
Ipinza J, Schenone H (1972) Heteroponera carinifrons, an ant causing anaphylactic syndromes in Chile. Bol Chil Parasitol 27(1):57–58PubMed
91.
Muller UR (2010) Insect Venoms. In: Ring J (ed) Anaphylaxis. Chemical Immunology and Allergy, Karger, Basel, pp 141-156
92.
Seebach J, Bucher C, Anliker M, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Wüthrich B (2000) Ant venoms: a rare cause of allergic reactions in Switzerland. Schweiz Med Wochensch 130(47):1805–1813
93.
Fernandez-Melendez S, Miranda A, Garcia-Gonzalez J, Barber D, Lombardero M (2007) Anaphylaxis caused by imported red fire ant stings in Málaga, Spain. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 17(1):48–49PubMed
94.
Lee JK, Betschel SD (2013) A case of the first documented fire ant anaphylaxis in Canada. Allergy Asthma Clin Immuno 9(1):25
95.
Adams C, Lofgren C (1981) Red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): frequency of sting attacks on residents of Sumter County, Georgia. J Med Entomol 18(5):378–382PubMed
96.
Freeman TM (1997) Hymenoptera hypersensitivity in an imported fire ant endemic area. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 78(4):369–372PubMed
97.
Rhoades R, Schafer W, Newman M, Lockey R, Dozier R, Wubbena P, Townes A, Schmid W, Neder G, Brill T (1977) Hypersensitivity to the imported fire ant in Florida. Report of 104 cases. J Fla Med Assoc 64(4):247
98.
Stafford CT, Hutto LS, Rhoades RB, Thompson WO, Impson LK (1989) Imported fire ant as a health hazard. South Med J 82(12):1515–1519PubMed
99.
Kemp SF, Moffitt JE, Williams DF, Buhner WA (2000) Expanding habitat of the imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta): a public health concern. J Allergy Clin Immunol 105(4):683–691PubMed
100.
Prahlow JA, Barnard JJ (1998) Fatal anaphylaxis due to fire ant stings. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 19(2):137–142PubMed
101.
Rhoades RB, Stafford CT, James FK (1989) Survey of fatal anaphylactic reactions to imported fire ant stings. J Allergy Clin Immunol 84(2):159–162PubMed
102.
Knight D, Bangs MJ (2007) Cutaneous allergic vasculitis due to Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) envenomation in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 38(5):808–813PubMed
103.
Havaldar PV, Patil SS, Phadnis C (2012) Anaphylaxis due to red fire ant bite. Indian Pediatr 49:237–238PubMed
104.
Coarsey J (1952) Southern fire ant, Solenopsis xyloni (death of a child in Mississippi), Cooperative Economics Insect Report 301
105.
Klotz SA, Schmidt JO, Kohlmeier RE, Suiter DR, Pinnas JL, Klotz JH (2004) Stinging ants: case histories of three native North American species, National Conference on Urban Entomology May 20–22, 2004 Hyatt Regency Phoenix Phoenix, Arizona, p 1988
106.
Brown SGA, Franks RW, Baldo BA, Heddle RJ (2003) Prevalence, severity, and natural history of jack jumper ant venom allergy in Tasmania. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111(1):187–192PubMed
107.
Bradley C (2008) Venomous bites and stings in Australia to 2005, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
108.
Blackhall M, Edwards D (2015) Incidence and patient demographics of pre-hospital anaphylaxis in Tasmania. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine 12(3)
109.
Cleland JB (1931) Insects and their relationship to injury and disease in man in Australia, Series III. Med J Aust 2:711–713
110.
Trinca J (1964) Insect allergy in Australia: results of a five-year survey. Med J Aust 2:659–663PubMed
111.
Liew WK, Williamson E, Tang MLK (2009) Anaphylaxis fatalities and admissions in Australia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123:434–442PubMed
112.
Mullins R, Wainstein B, Barnes E, Liew W, Campbell D (2016) Increases in anaphylaxis fatalities in Australia from 1997 to 2013. Clin Exp Allergy 46(8):1099–1110PubMed
113.
Welton RE, Williams DJ, Liew D (2017) Injury trends from envenoming in Australia, 2000–2013. Intern Med J 47(2):170–176PubMed
114.
Ohtaki N, Oka K, Shinonaga S, Kano R (1988) Two cases of sting by Brachyponera chinensis. Rinsho Derma 30:1141–1143
115.
Cho YS, Lee Y-M, Lee C-K, Yoo B, Park H-S, Moon H-B (2002) Prevalence of Pachycondyla chinensis venom allergy in an ant-infested area in Korea. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110(1):54–57PubMed
116.
Bae GR, Lim HS, Kim BJ (1999) Epidemiologic survey on outbreak of dermatosis associated with ants Pachycondyla chinensis. Korean Journal of Preventive Medicine 32(3):421–426
117.
Kang S, Chang S, Min K, Moon H, Kim Y (1985) A case of systemic reaction induced by ant venom allergy. Korean Journal of Allergy 5:183–189
118.
Leath T, Grier T, Jacobson R, Fontana-Penn M (2006) Anaphylaxis to Pachycondyla chinensis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117(2):S129
119.
Katada Y, Tanaka T, Nakabayashi A, Nishida K, Aoyagi K, Tsukamoto Y, Konma K, Matsuura M, Park J-W, Harada Y, Jeong K, Yura A, Yoshimura M (2016) Anaphylaxis caused by an ant (Brachyponera chinensis) in Japan. World Allergy Organ J 9(Suppl 1):4–5
120.
Kimura T, Suzuki S, Suganuma H, Sato H, Akimoto K, Kashima A, Matsunaga T, Ebato T, Yamamoto S, Uno T (2020) A case of anaphylaxis due to stinging of a Brachyponera chinensis. Arerugi=[Allergy] 69(8):683–688
121.
Reunala T, Brummer-Korvenkontio H, Saarinen K, Räsänen L, Lestringant G, Hoffman DR (2005) Characterization of IgE-binding allergens in Samsum ant venom. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115(2):S108
122.
Akbarzadeh K, Nateghpour M, Tirgari S, Abaei M (2006) Medical importance of fire ant Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Iranshahr and Sarbaz Counties, southeastern of Iran. J Med Sci 6(5):866-869
123.
Rizk D, Mensah-Brown E, Lukic M (1998) Placental abruption and intrauterine death following an ant sting. Int J Gynecol Obstet 63(1):71-72
124.
Salam A, El-Tawil M, Abuzaid H (2002) Transient atrial fibrillation induced by black ant sting. Heart Views 3(1):5
125.
Naeem KB, Madad P, Razzaq NA (2016) Atrial fibrillation induced by the Samsum ant (Pachycondyla sennaarensis) sting: a case report and related literature review. Journal of Medical Research 2(3):57-58
126.
Shareef SA, Arnaout RK, Hasnain SM, Al Banyan M, Al-Masri W, Al-Sheikh F, Rehan AK (2020) First report of rush immunotherapy for Samsum ant. Journal of Immunology and Immunotherapy 3(1):100005
127.
128.
Young JH, Howell DE (1964) Ants of Oklahoma
129.
Micks DW (1960) Insects and other arthropods of medical importance in Texas. Tex Rep Biol Med 18(4):624–635PubMed
130.
Klotz JH, Schmidt JO, Pinnas JL (2005) Consequences of Harvester ant incursion into urbanized areas: a case history of sting anaphylaxis. Sociobiology 45(3):1–9
131.
Stablein JJ, Lockey RF (1987) Adverse reactions to ant stings. Clin Rev Allergy 5(2):161–175PubMed
132.
Touchard A, Aili SR, Fox EGP, Escoubas P, Orivel J, Nicholson GM, Dejean A (2016) The biochemical toxin arsenal from ant venoms. Toxins 8(1):30PubMedCentral
133.
dos Santos-Pinto JRA, Perez-Riverol A, Lasa AM, Palma MS (2018) Diversity of peptidic and proteinaceous toxins from social Hymenoptera venoms. Toxicon 148:172–196PubMed
134.
Aili SR, Touchard A, Escoubas P, Padula MP, Orivel J, Dejean A, Nicholson GM (2014) Diversity of peptide toxins from stinging ant venoms. Toxicon 92:166–178PubMed
135.
Hoffman DR (2014) Venom Content. Encyclopedia of Medical Immunology: Allergic Diseases pp 667–671
136.
King TP, Hoffman D, Lowenstein H, Marsh DG, Platts-Mills TA, Thomas W (1995) Allergen nomenclature. Allergy 50(9):765–774PubMed
137.
Chan SK, Pomes A, Hilger C, Davies JM, Mueller GA, Kuehn A, Lopata AL, Gadermaier G, Van Hage M, Raulf M (2019) Keeping allergen names clear and defined. Front Immunol 10:2600PubMedPubMedCentral
138.
King TP, Hoffman D, Lowenstein H, Marsh DG, Platts-Mills TA, Thomas W (1995) Allergen nomenclature. J Allergy Clin Immunol 96(1):5–14
139.
Blum MS, Roberts J, Novak A (1961) Chemical and biological characterization of venom of the ant Solenopsis xyloni McCook. Psyche 68(2–3):73–74
140.
MacConnell JG, Blum MS, Fales HM (1970) Alkaloid from fire ant venom: identification and synthesis. Science 168(3933):840–841PubMed
141.
Brand J, Blum M, Fales H, MacConnell J (1972) Fire ant venoms: comparative analyses of alkaloidal components. Toxicon 10(3):259–271PubMed
142.
Baer H, Liu T-Y, Anderson MC, Blum M, Schmid WH, James FJ (1979) Protein components of fire ant venom (Solenopsis invicta). Toxicon 17(4):397–405PubMed
143.
Chen L, Fadamiro HY (2009) Re-investigation of venom chemistry of Solenopsis fire ants. I. Identification of novel alkaloids in S. richteri. Toxicon 53(5):469–478
144.
Chen L, Fadamiro HY (2009) Re-investigation of venom chemistry of Solenopsis fire ants. II. Identification of novel alkaloids in S. invicta. Toxicon 53(5):479–486
145.
Hoffman DR, Dove DE, Jacobson RS (1988) Allergens in Hymenoptera venom: XX. Isolation of four allergens from imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) venom. J Allergy Clin Immunol 82(5):818–827
146.
Jung R, Derbes V, Burch A (1963) Skin response to Solenamine, a hemolytic component of fire-ant venom. Int J Dermatol 2(4):241–244
147.
dos Santos Pinto JR, Fox EG, Saidemberg DM, Santos LD, da Silva Menegasso AR, Costa-Manso E, Machado EA, Bueno OC, Palma MS (2012) Proteomic view of the venom from the fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren. J Proteome Res 11(9):4643–4653
148.
Hoffman DR (1987) Allergens in Hymenoptera venom: XVII. Allergenic components of Solenopsis invicta (imported fire ant) venom. J Allergy Clin Immunol 80(3):300–306
149.
Hoffman DR (1993) Allergens in Hymenoptera venom: XXIV. The amino acid sequences of imported fire ant venom allergens Sol i II, Sol i III, and Sol i IV. J Allergy Clin Immunol 91(1):71–78
150.
Hoffman DR (2006) Hymenoptera venom allergens. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 30(2):109–128PubMed
151.
Hoffman DR, Sakell RH, Schmidt M (2005) Sol i 1, the phospholipase allergen of imported fire ant venom. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115(3):611–616PubMed
152.
Hoffman D, Peroutka C, Schmidt M (2008) Imported fire ant venom phospholipase, Sol i 1, is a protein allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121(2):S30.
153.
Hoffman DR, Dove DE, Moffitt JE, Stafford CT (1988) Allergens in Hymenoptera venom: XXI. Cross-reactivity and multiple reactivity between fire ant venom and bee and wasp venoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 82(5):828–834PubMed
154.
Padavattan S, Schmidt M, Hoffman DR, Marković-Housley Z (2008) Crystal structure of the major allergen from fire ant venom, Sol i 3. J Mol Biol 383(1):178–185PubMed
155.
Lockwood SA, HaghiPour-Peasley J, Hoffman DR, Deslippe RJ (2012) Identification, expression, and immuno-reactivity of Sol i 2 & Sol i 4 venom proteins of queen red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Toxicon 60(5):752–759PubMed
156.
Das T, Alabi I, Colley M, Yan F, Griffith W, Bach S, Weintraub S, Renthal R (2018) Major venom proteins of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta: insights into possible pheromone-binding function from mass spectrometric analysis. Insect Mol Biol 27(4):505–511PubMedPubMedCentral
157.
Hoffman D (2003) Hymenoptera venoms: composition, standardization, stability. In: Levine MI, Lockey R (eds) Monograph on Insect Allergy. Dave Lambert Associates, Pittsburgh, PA, pp 37–53
158.
Hoffman DR (1996) Hymenoptera venom proteins, Natural Toxins 2, Springer, pp 169–186
159.
Lewis JC, Day AJ, De la Lande IS (1968) Phospholipase A in the venom of the Australian bulldog ant Myrmecia pyriformis. Toxicon 6(2):109–112PubMed
160.
Matuszek MA, Hodgson WC, King RG, Sutherland SK (1994) Some enzymatic activities of two Australian ant venoms: a jumper ant Myrmecia pilosula and a bulldog ant Myrmecia pyriformis. Toxicon 32(12):1543–1549PubMed
161.
Lewis JC, De la Lande IS (1967) Pharmacological and enzymic constituents of the venom of an Australian ‘bulldog’ ant Myrmecia pyriformis. Toxicon 4(4):225–234PubMed
162.
Matuszek MA, Hodgson WC, Sutherland SK, King RG (1992) Pharmacological studies of jumper ant (Myrmecia pilosula) venom: evidence for the presence of histamine, and haemolytic and eicosaniod-releasing factors. Toxicon 30(9):1081–1091PubMed
163.
Wanstall JC, De la Lande I (1974) Fractionation of bulldog ant venom. Toxicon 12(6):649–650PubMed
164.
Cavagnol RM (1977) The pharmacological effects of hymenoptera venoms. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 17(1):479–498PubMed
165.
Cavill GWK, Robertson PL, Whitfield FB (1964) Venom and venom apparatus of the bull ant, Myrmecia gulosa (Fabr.). Science 146(3640):79–80
166.
Robinson SD, Mueller A, Clayton D, Starobova H, Hamilton BR, Payne RJ, Vetter I, King GF, Undheim EA (2018) A comprehensive portrait of the venom of the giant red bull ant, Myrmecia gulosa, reveals a hyperdiverse hymenopteran toxin gene family. Sci Adv 4(9):eaau4640
167.
De la Lande I, Thomas D, Tyler M (1963) Pharmacological analysis of the venom of the “Bulldog ant” Myrmecia forficata. Proceedings of the Second International Pharmacological Meeting, Prague, p 71
168.
Hodgson WC (1997) Pharmacological action of Australian animal venoms. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 24(1):10–17PubMed
169.
Wiese MD, Brown SGA, Chataway TK, Davies NW, Milne RW, Aulfrey SJ, Heddle RJ (2007) Myrmecia pilosula (Jack Jumper) ant venom: identification of allergens and revised nomenclature. Allergy 62(4):437–443PubMed
170.
Inagaki H, Akagi M, Imai HT, Taylor RW, Wiese MD, Davies NW, Kubo T (2008) Pilosulin 5, a novel histamine-releasing peptide of the Australian ant, Myrmecia pilosula (Jack Jumper Ant). Arch Biochem Biophys 477(2):411–416PubMed
171.
Davies NW, Wiese MD, Brown SGA (2004) Characterisation of major peptides in ‘jack jumper’ ant venom by mass spectrometry. Toxicon 43(2):173–183PubMed
172.
Wiese MD, Chataway TK, Davies NW, Milne RW, Brown SGA, Gai W-P, Heddle RJ (2006) Proteomic analysis of Myrmecia pilosula (jack jumper) ant venom. Toxicon 47(2):208–217PubMed
173.
Dekan Z, Heady SJ, Scanlon M, Baldo BA, Lee TH, Aguilar MI, Deuis JR, Vetter I, Elliott AG, Amado M (2017) Δ‐Myrtoxin‐Mp1a is a helical heterodimer from the venom of the Jack Jumper ant with antimicrobial, membrane disrupting and nociceptive activities. Angew Chem Int Ed 56(29):8495–8499
174.
Touchard A, Téné N, Song PCT, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Treilhou M, Bonnafé E (2018) Deciphering the molecular diversity of an ant venom peptidome through a venomics approach. J Proteome Res 17(10):3503–3516PubMed
175.
Wanandy T, Gueven N, Davies NW, Brown SG, Wiese MD (2015) Pilosulins: a review of the structure and mode of action of venom peptides from an Australian ant Myrmecia pilosula. Toxicon 98:54–61PubMed
176.
Wanandy T, Wilson R, Gell D, Rose HE, Gueven N, Davies NW, Brown SG, Wiese MD (2018) Towards complete identification of allergens in Jack Jumper (Myrmecia pilosula) ant venom and their clinical relevance: an immunoproteomic approach. Clin Exp Allergy 48(9):1222–1234PubMed
177.
Street MD, Donovan GR, Baldo BA, Sutherland S (1994) Immediate allergic reactions to Myrmecia ant stings: immunochemical analysis of Myrmecia venoms. Clin Exp Allergy 24(6):590–597PubMed
178.
Lee E, Jeong K, Lyu DP, Lee YW, Sohn JH, Lim KJ, Hong CS, Park JW (2009) Characterization of the major allergens of Pachycondyla chinensis in ant sting anaphylaxis patients. Clin Exp Allergy 39(4):602–607PubMed
179.
Orivel J, Dejean A (2001) Comparative effect of the venoms of ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Ponerinae). Toxicon 39(2–3):195–201PubMed
180.
Jakob T, Müller U, Helbling A, Spillner E (2017) Component resolved diagnostics for hymenoptera venom allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 17(5):363
181.
Orivel J, Redeker V, Le Caer J-P, Krier F, Revol-Junelles A-M, Longeon A, Chaffotte A, Dejean A, Rossier J (2001) Ponericins, new antibacterial and insecticidal peptides from the venom of the ant Pachycondyla goeldii. J Biol Chem 276(21):17823–17829PubMed
182.
Schmidt JO (1978) Ant venoms: a study of venom diversity, in: Pesticide and Venom Neurotoxicity, Springer, Boston, MA, pp 247–263
183.
Leluk J, Schmidt J, Jones D (1989) Comparative studies on the protein composition of hymenopteran venom reservoirs. Toxicon 27(1):105–114PubMed
184.
Schmidt JO, Blum MS (1978) The biochemical constituents of the venom of the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex badius, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative. Pharmacology 61(1):239–247
185.
Schmidt JO, Blum MS, Overal WL (1986) Comparative enzymology of venoms from stinging Hymenoptera. Toxicon 24(9):907–921PubMed
186.
Bernheimer AW, Avigad LS, Schmidt JO (1980) A hemolytic polypeptide from the venom of the red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus. Toxicon 18(3):271–278PubMed
187.
Schmidt J, Meinke G, Chen T, Pinnas J (1984) Demonstration of cross-allergenicity among harvester ant venoms using RAST and RAST inhibition. J Allergy Clin Immunol 73:15
188.
Abrams EM, Becker AB (2017) Delayed stinging insect reactions. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 119(3):287–288PubMed
189.
Bilo M, Bonifazi F (2009) The natural history and epidemiology of insect venom allergy: clinical implications. Clin Exp Allergy 39(10):1467–1476PubMed
190.
Bilo BM, Bonifazi F (2008) Epidemiology of insect-venom anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 8(4):330–337PubMed
191.
Bilo MB (2011) Anaphylaxis caused by Hymenoptera stings: from epidemiology to treatment. Allergy 66(Suppl. 95):35–37PubMed
192.
Mingomataj EÇ, Bakiri AH, Ibranji A, Sturm GJ (2014) Unusual reactions to hymenoptera stings: what should we keep in mind? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 47(1):91–99PubMed
193.
Bilo BM, Rueff F, Mosbech H, Bonifazi F, Oude-Elberink JNG (2005) Diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom allergy. Allergy 60(11):1339–1349PubMed
194.
Baker TW, Forester JP, Johnson ML, Stolfi A, Stahl MC (2014) The HIT study: Hymenoptera Identification Test − how accurate are people at identifying stinging insects? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 113(3):267–270PubMed
195.
Baker TW, Forester JP, Johnson ML, Sikora JM, Stolfi A, Stahl MC (2016) Stinging insect identification: are the allergy specialists any better than their patients? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 116(5):431–434PubMed
196.
Hamilton RG (2004) Diagnostic methods for insect sting allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 4(4):297–306PubMed
197.
Golden DB (2014) New directions in diagnostic evaluation of insect allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 14(4):334–339PubMed
198.
Hamilton RG (2010) Clinical laboratory assessment of immediate-type hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125(2):S284–S296PubMed
199.
Schiener M, Graessel A, Ollert M, Schmidt-Weber CB, Blank S (2017) Allergen-specific immunotherapy of Hymenoptera venom allergy – also a matter of diagnosis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 13(10):2467–2481PubMedPubMedCentral
200.
Plunkett G, Jacobson RS, Golden DB (2017) Hymenoptera venoms used to produce allergen extracts. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 118(6):649-654PubMed
201.
Goldberg A (2007) Variability of venom skin tests. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 7(4):342–345PubMed
202.
Golden DB (2013) Advances in diagnosis and management of insect sting allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 111(2):84–89PubMed
203.
Golden DB, Kelly D, Hamilton RG, Wang N-Y, Kagey-Sobotka A (2009) Dialyzed venom skin tests for identifying yellow jacket-allergic patients not detected using standard venom. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 102(1):47–50PubMed
204.
Golden DB, Demain J, Freeman T, Graft D, Tankersley M, Tracy J, Blessing-Moore J, Bernstein D, Dinakar C, Greenhawt M (2017) Stinging insect hypersensitivity. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 118(1):28–54PubMed
205.
Piek T (1986) Methods for the collection of venoms. In: Piek T (ed) Venoms of the Hymenoptera: biochemical, pharmacological and behavioural aspects. Academic Press Inc., London, pp 45–59
206.
Stafford CT, Wise SL, Robinson DA, Crosby BL, Hoffman DR (1992) Safety and efficacy of fire ant venom in the diagnosis of fire ant allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 90(4):653–661PubMed
207.
Mullins RJ, Brown SGA (2014) Ant venom immunotherapy in Australia: the unmet need. Med J Aust 201(1):33–34PubMed
208.
Wiese MD, Milne RW, Davies NW, Chataway TK, Brown SGA, Heddle RJ (2008) Myrmecia pilosula (Jack Jumper) ant venom: validation of a procedure to standardise an allergy vaccine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 46(1):58–65PubMed
209.
Brown SGA, Wiese MD, Blackman KE, Heddle RJ (2003) Ant venom immunotherapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. The Lancet 361(9362):1001–1006
210.
Brown SGA, Wiese MD, van Eeden P, Stone SF, Chuter CL, Gunner J, Wanandy T, Phillips M, Heddle RJ (2012) Ultrarush versus semirush initiation of insect venom immunotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130(1):162–168PubMed
211.
Brown S, Haas M, Black J, Parameswaran A, Woods G, Heddle R (2004) In vitro testing to diagnose venom allergy and monitor immunotherapy: a placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Clin Exp Allergy 34(5):792–800PubMed
212.
Dolen WK (2001) Skin testing and immunoassays for allergen-specific IgE. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 21(2–3):229–239PubMed
213.
Esch RE (1997) Allergen source materials and quality control of allergenic extracts. Methods 13(1):2–13PubMed
214.
Johansson S, Bennich H, Wide L (1967) Diagnosis by an in vitro test for allergen-specific IgE antibodies. The Lancet 290(7526):1105–1107
215.
Hamilton RG, Adkinson NF Jr (2004) In vitro assays for the diagnosis of IgE-mediated disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114(2):213–225PubMed
216.
Johansson S (2004) ImmunoCAP® Specific IgE test: an objective tool for research and routine allergy diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 4(3):273–279PubMed
217.
Ewan P, Coote D (1990) Evaluation of a capsulated hydrophilic carrier polymer (the ImmunoCAP) for measurement of specific IgE antibodies. Allergy 45(1):22–29PubMed
218.
Roberts G, Ollert M, Aalberse R, Austin M, Custovic A, DunnGalvin A, Eigenmann PA, Fassio F, Grattan C, Hellings P (2016) A new framework for the interpretation of IgE sensitization tests. Allergy 71(11):1540–1551PubMed
219.
Kelso J, Sodhi N, Gosselin V, Yunginger J (1991) Diagnostic performance characteristics of the standard Phadebas RAST, modified RAST, and pharmacia CAP system versus skin testing. Ann Allergy 67(5):511–514PubMed
220.
Leimgruber A, Mosimann B, Claeys M, Seppey M, Jaccard Y, Aubert V, Peitrequin R, Nisoli M-P, Pecoud A (1991) Clinical evaluation of a new in-vitro assay for specific IgE, the immuno CAP system. Clin Exp Allergy 21(1):127–131PubMed
221.
Ford JL, Dolen WK, Feger TA, Hoffman DR, Stafford CT (1997) Evaluation of an in vitro assay for fire ant venom–specific IgE. J Allergy Clin Immunol 100(3):425–427PubMed
222.
Feger TA, Dolen WK, Ford JL, Ponder RD, Hoffman DR, Stafford CT (1995) Laboratory evaluation of a commercial immunoassay for fire ant allergen–specific IgE antibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 96(2):182–187PubMed
223.
van Eeden PE, Wiese MD, Aulfrey S, Hales BJ, Stone SF, Brown SG (2011) Using time-resolved fluorescence to measure serum venom-specific IgE and IgG. PLoS One 6(1):e16741PubMedPubMedCentral
224.
Brown SGA (2006) Venom immunotherapy: an Australian perspective Allergy and Clinical Immunology International - Journal of the World Allergy Organization 18(2):48–51
225.
Ponder RD, Stafford CT, Kiefer CR, Ford JL, Thompson WO, Hoffman DR (1994) Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of fire ant venom-specific IgE. Ann Allergy 72:329–332PubMed
226.
Dubois AE (2003) Investigational and clinical use of the sting challenge. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 3:283–285PubMed
227.
Sturm GJ, Varga EM, Roberts G, Mosbech H, Bilò MB, Akdis CA, Antolín-Amérigo D, Cichocka-Jarosz E, Gawlik R, Jakob T (2018) EAACI guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: Hymenoptera venom allergy. Allergy 73(4):744–764PubMed
228.
Goldberg A, Confino-Cohen R (1997) A simple device for deliberate Hymenoptera sting challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 100(1):139–141PubMed
229.
Ruëff F, Przybilla B, Müller U, Mosbech H (1996) The sting challenge test in Hymenoptera venom allergy. Position paper of the subcommittee on Insect Venom Allergy of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 51(4):216–225PubMed
230.
Shek LP-C, Ngiam NSP, Lee B-W (2004) Ant allergy in Asia and Australia. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 4:325–328PubMed
231.
Casale TB, Burks AW (2014) Hymenoptera-sting hypersensitivity. N Engl J Med 370(15):1432–1439PubMed
232.
Bonifazi F, Jutel M, Biló B, Birnbaum J, Muller U (2005) Prevention and treatment of Hymenoptera venom allergy: guidelines for clinical practice. Allergy 60(12):1459–1470PubMed
233.
Golden DB, Demain J, Freeman T, Graft D, Tankersley M, Tracy J, Blessing-Moore J, Bernstein D, Dinakar C, Greenhawt M (2017) Stinging insect hypersensitivity: a practice parameter update 2016. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 118(1):28–54PubMed
234.
Boyle RJ, Elremeli M, Hockenhull J, Cherry MG, Bulsara MK, Daniels M, Oude Elberink JNG (2012) Venom immunotherapy for preventing allergic reactions to insect stings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (10)
235.
Dhami S, Zaman H, Varga E, Sturm G, Muraro A, Akdis C, Antolin-Amerigo D, Bilò MB, Bokanovic D, Calderon M (2017) Allergen immunotherapy for insect venom allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy 72(3):342–365
236.
Ross RN, Nelson HS, Finegold I (2000) Effectiveness of specific immunotherapy in the treatment of Hymenoptera venom hypersensitivity: a meta-analysis. Clin Ther 22(3):351–358PubMed
237.
Watanabe AS, Fonseca LAM, Galvão CES, Kalil J, Castro FFM (2010) Specific immunotherapy using Hymenoptera venom: systematic review. Sao Paulo Med J 128(1):30–37PubMed
238.
ASCIA (2015) Position Statement: Jack Jumper ant venom immunotherapy, The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Bagowlah, NSW
239.
Ruëff F, Przybilla B (2004) Venom immunotherapy: adverse reactions and treatment failure. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 4(4):307–311PubMed
240.
Mosbech H, Müller U (2000) Side-effects of insect venom immunotherapy: results from an EAACI multicenter study. Allergy 55(11):1005–1010PubMed
241.
Triplett R (1973) Sensitivity to the imported fire ant: successful treatment with immunotherapy. South Med J 66(4):477–480PubMed
242.
Freeman TM, Hylander R, Ortiz A, Martin ME (1992) Imported fire ant immunotherapy: effectiveness of whole body extracts. J Allergy Clin Immunol 90(2):210–215PubMed
243.
Tankersley MS, Walker RL, Butler WK, Hagan LL, Napoli DC, Freeman TM (2002) Safety and efficacy of an imported fire ant rush immunotherapy protocol with and without prophylactic treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 109(3):556–562PubMed
244.
Beveridge GB, Tankersley MS (2019) Successful completion of an imported fire ant cluster immunotherapy protocol. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 123(1):95–96PubMed
245.
Haymore BR, McCoy RL, Nelson MR (2009) Imported fire ant immunotherapy prescribing patterns in a large health care system during a 17-year period. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 102(5):422–425PubMed
246.
Wauters RH, Brooks DI, Schwartz DJ (2020) Imported fire ant immunotherapy prescribing patterns in a large health care system during an 11-year period. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 125(5):577–580PubMed
247.
Ozdemir C, Kucuksezer U, Akdis M, Akdis C (2011) Mechanisms of immunotherapy to wasp and bee venom. Clin Exp Allergy 41(9):1226–1234PubMed
248.
Gunawardana NC, Durham SR (2018) New approaches to allergen immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 121(3):293–305PubMed
249.
Deifl S, Bohle B (2011) Factors influencing the allergenicity and adjuvanticity of allergens. Immunotherapy 3(7):881–893PubMed
250.
Zamith-Miranda D, Fox EG, Monteiro AP, Gama D, Poublan LE, de Araujo AF, Araujo MF, Atella GC, Machado EA, Diaz BL (2018) The allergic response mediated by fire ant venom proteins. Sci Rep 8(1):1–10
251.
Bilo BM, Bonifazi F (2007) Advances in Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 7(6):567–573PubMed
252.
Akdis M, Schmidt-Weber C, Jutel M, Akdis C, Blaser K (2004) Mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy. Clinical & Experimental Allergy Reviews 4:56–60
253.
Cavill GWK, Robertson PL (1965) Ant venoms, attractants, and repellents. Science 149(3690):1337–1345PubMed
254.
Aili SR, Touchard A, Petitclerc Fdr, Dejean A, Orivel Jrm, Padula MP, Escoubas P, Nicholson GM (2017) Combined peptidomic and proteomic analysis of electrically stimulated and manually dissected venom from the South American bullet ant Paraponera clavata, J Proteome Res 16(3):1339–1351
255.
Shulman S, Langlois C, Arbesman CE (1964) The allergic response to stinging insects: I. Preparation of extracts and their biochemical characterization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 35(5):446–463
256.
Khurana T, Bridgewater JL, Rabin RL (2017) Allergenic extracts to diagnose and treat sensitivity to insect venoms and inhaled allergens. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 118(5):531–536PubMed
257.
King T, Alagon A, Kuan J, Sobotka A, Lichtenstein L (1983) Immunochemical studies of yellow jacket venom proteins. Mol Immunol 20(3):297–308PubMed
258.
Hoffman DR, Golden DB (1987) Standardized extracts stinging and biting insects. Clin Rev Allergy 5(1):75–88PubMed
259.
Joslyn A, Kochoumian L (1985) Antigenic cross-reactivity of venom proteins from hornets, wasps, and yellow jackets. J Allergy Clin Immunol 75(5):621–628PubMed
260.
Toia RF (1988) Chemical Investigations on the ant genus Myrmecia: a review, Proceedings of the Sydney Allergen Group. Adverse Reactions to Arthropods in Australia, pp 70–77
261.
Benton AW, Morse RA, Stewart JD (1963) Venom collection from honey bees. Science 142(3589):228–230PubMed
262.
Eskridge EM, Elliott WB, Elliott AH, Eskridge PB, Doerr JC, Schneller N, Reisman RE (1981) Adaptation of the electrical stimulation procedure for the collection of vespid venoms. Toxicon 19(6):893–897PubMed
263.
Reisman R, Wypych J, Lazell M, Arbesman C (1979) Sensitization to nonvenom contaminants in a venom preparation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 64(4):281–286PubMed
264.
Mueller U, Reisman R, Wypych J, Elliott W, Steger R, Walsh S, Arbesman C (1981) Comparison of vespid venoms collected by electrostimulation and by venom sac extraction. J Allergy Clin Immunol 68(4):254–261PubMed
265.
Müller UR (1990) Insect sting allergy: clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York
266.
Fox EGP, Solis DR, Dos Santos LD, dos Santos Pinto JRA, da Silva Menegasso AR, Silva RCMC, Palma MS, Bueno OC, de Alcântara Machado E (2013) A simple, rapid method for the extraction of whole fire ant venom (Insecta: Formicidae: Solenopsis). Toxicon 65:5–8
267.
Fox EG, Meng X, Wang L, Chen L, Lu Y (2018) Speedy milking of fresh venom from aculeate hymenopterans. Toxicon 146:120–123
268.
Haight KL, Tschinkel WR (2003) Patterns of venom synthesis and use in the fire ant. Solenopsis invicta. Toxicon 42(6):673–682PubMed
269.
Haight KL (2012) Patterns of venom production and temporal polyethism in workers of Jerdon’s jumping ant, Harpegnathos saltator. J Insect Physiol 58(12):1568–1574PubMed
270.
Cologna CT, dos Santos Cardoso J, Jourdan E, Degueldre M, Upert G, Gilles N, Uetanabaro APT, Neto EMC, Thonart P, de Pauw E (2013) Peptidomic comparison and characterization of the major components of the venom of the giant ant Dinoponera quadriceps collected in four different areas of Brazil, J Proteomics 94 413–422
271.
Touchard A, Dejean A, Escoubas P, Orivel J (2015) Intraspecific variations in the venom peptidome of the ant Odontomachus haematodus (Formicidae: Ponerinae) from French Guiana. J Hymenopt Res 47:87
272.
Bernardi RC, Firmino ELB, Mendonça A, Sguarizi-Antonio D, Pereira MC, da Cunha Andrade LH, Antonialli-Junior WF, Lima SM (2017) Intraspecific variation and influence of diet on the venom chemical profile of the Ectatomma brunneum Smith (Formicidae) ant evaluated by photoacoustic spectroscopy. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 175:200–206
273.
Cologna CT, Rodrigues RS, Santos J, De Pauw E, Arantes EC, Quinton L (2018) Peptidomic investigation of Neoponera villosa venom by high-resolution mass spectrometry: seasonal and nesting habitat variations. J Venomous Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 24(1):6
274.
Hannan CJ, Stafford CT, Rhoades RB, Wray BB, Baer H, Anderson MC (1986) Seasonal variation in antigens of the imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta. J Allergy Clin Immunol 78(2):331–336PubMed
275.
Bonertz A, Roberts G, Slater JE, Bridgewater J, Rabin RL, Hoefnagel M et al (2017) Allergen manufacturing and quality aspects for allergen immunotherapy in Europe and the United States: an analysis from the EAACI AIT Guidelines Project. Allergy 73(4)816–826
276.
Bonertz A, Roberts G, Hoefnagel M, Timon M, Slater J, Rabin R, Bridgewater J, Pini C, Pfaar O, Akdis C (2018) Challenges in the implementation of EAACI guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: a global perspective on the regulation of allergen products. Allergy 73(1):64–76PubMed
277.
EMA (2008) Guideline on allergen products: production and quality issues, European Medicines Agency
278.
Morrow KS, Slater JE (2001) Regulatory aspects of allergen vaccines in the US. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 21(2–3):141–152PubMed
279.
Noon L (1911) Prophylactic inoculation against hay fever. Lancet 1572–1573
280.
Grier TJ (2001) Laboratory methods for allergen extract analysis and quality control. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 21:111–140PubMed
281.
Carnés J, Iraola V, Gallego M, Leonor JR (2015) Control process for manufacturing and standardization of allergenic molecules. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 15(7):37PubMed
282.
Løwenstein H, Larsen JN (2001) Recombinant allergens/allergen standardization. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 1(5):474–479PubMed
283.
Larenas-Linnemann D, Cox LS (2008) European allergen extract units and potency: review of available information. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 100(2):137–145PubMed
284.
EDQM (2017) Monograph: Allergen Products – Producta Allergenica 01/2017: 1063. European Pharmacopoeia 9:811–813
285.
Larsen JN, Houghton CG, Lombardero M, Løwenstein H (2004) Manufacturing and standardizing allergen extracts in Europe. In: Lockey R, Bukantz SC, Bousquet J (eds) Clinical Allergy and Immunology. Allergens and Allergens Immunotherapy, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 433–456
286.
Jutel M, Agache I, Bonini S, Burks AW, Calderon M, Canonica W, Cox L, Demoly P, Frew AJ, O’Hehir R (2016) International Consensus on Allergen Immunotherapy II: Mechanisms, standardization, and pharmacoeconomics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 137(2):358–368PubMed
287.
Nelson HS (1979) The effect of preservatives and dilution on the deterioration of Russian thistle (Salsola pestifer), a pollen extract. J Allergy Clin Immunol 63(6):417–425PubMed
288.
Nelson HS, Iklé D, Buchmeier A (1996) Studies of allergen extract stability: the effects of dilution and mixing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 98(2):382–388PubMed
289.
Nelson HS (1981) Effect of preservatives and conditions of storage on the potency of allergy extracts. J Allergy Clin Immunol 67(1):64–69PubMed
290.
Niemeijer NR, Kauffman HF, van Hove W, Dubois AE, de Monchy JG (1996) Effect of dilution, temperature, and preservatives on the long-term stability of standardized inhalant allergen extracts. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 76(6):535–540PubMed
291.
Esch R (1992) Role of proteases on the stability of allergenic extracts, Arbeiten aus dem Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Bundesamt für Sera und Impfstoffe) zu Frankfurt aM (85):171
292.
Trivedi B, Valerio C, Slater JE (2003) Endotoxin content of standardized allergen vaccines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111(4):777–783PubMed
293.
Grier TJ, LeFevre DM, Duncan EA, Esch RE, Coyne TC (2012) Allergen stabilities and compatibilities in mixtures of high-protease fungal and insect extracts. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 108(6):439–447PubMed
294.
Plunkett G (2016) Update: stability of allergen extracts to establish expiration dating. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 24(3):261–269PubMed
295.
FDA (1994) Methods of the Allergenic Products Testing Laboratory (Docket No. 94N-0012), in: Laboratory of Immunobiochemistry, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, pp 60362–60363
296.
EDQM (2017) Monograph: Hymenoptera Venoms for Allergen Products − Hymenopteri venena ad producta allergenica 01/2017: 2623, European Pharmacopoeia 9:2732–2733
297.
Ishizaka K, Ishizaka T, Hornbrook MM (1966) Physico-chemical properties of human reaginic antibody: IV. Presence of a unique immunoglobulin as a carrier of reaginic activity, Journal of Immunology 97(1):75–85
298.
Yunginger JW, Jones RT, Gleich GJ (1976) Studies on Alternaria allergens: II. Measurement of the relative potency of commercial Alternaria extracts by the direct RAST and by RAST inhibition. J Allergy Clin Immunol 58(3):405–413PubMed
299.
Zimmer J, Bonertz A, Vieths S (2017) Quality requirements for allergen extracts and allergoids for allergen immunotherapy. Allergol Immunopathol 45(Supplement 1):4–11
300.
van Ree R (2008) Allergen extracts and standardization. Allergy and Allergic Diseases 1:928–941
301.
Einarsson R (1985) Biochemical and immunochemical methods for purification, characterization and standardization of allergen extracts. Allergy 40:35–49PubMed
302.
Spiric J, Reuter A, Rabin R (2017) Mass Spectrometry to complement standardization of house dust mite and other complex allergenic extracts. Clin Exp Allergy 47(5):604–617PubMed
303.
Butcher BT, Reed MA (1988) Evaluation of commercial imported fire ant extracts by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and radioallergosorbent test. J Allergy Clin Immunol 82(5):770–777PubMed
304.
Wiese MD, Davies NW, Chataway TK, Milne RW, Brown SGA, Heddle RJ (2011) Stability of Myrmecia pilosula (Jack Jumper) ant venom for use in immunotherapy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 54(2):303–310PubMed
305.
Wanandy T, Dwyer HE, McLean L, Davies NW, Nichols D, Gueven N, Brown SG, Wiese MD (2017) Factors influencing the quality of Myrmecia pilosula (Jack Jumper) ant venom for use in in vitro and in vivo diagnosis of allergen sensitization and in allergen immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy 47(11):1478–1490PubMed
306.
Wanandy T, Honda-Okubo Y, Davies NW, Rose HE, Heddle RJ, Brown SG, Woodman RJ, Petrovsky N, Wiese MD (2019) Development and preclinical evaluation of Advax adjuvant as a dose-sparing strategy for ant venom immunotherapy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 172:1–8PubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Global View on Ant Venom Allergy: from Allergenic Components to Clinical Management
Authors
Troy Wanandy
Emily Mulcahy
Wun Yee Lau
Simon G. A. Brown
Michael D. Wiese
Publication date
01-02-2022
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology / Issue 1/2022
Print ISSN: 1080-0549
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0267
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-021-08858-1

Other articles of this Issue 1/2022

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 1/2022 Go to the issue

ReviewPaper

Combining Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies and Oral Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Food Allergy

ReviewPaper

Different Phenotypes in Asthma: Clinical Findings and Experimental Animal Models

ReviewPaper

Significance of Mast Cell Formed Extracellular Traps in Microbial Defense

ReviewPaper

External Environmental Pollution as a Risk Factor for Asthma

ReviewPaper

Clinical Manifestations of Pediatric Food Allergy: a Contemporary Review

ReviewPaper

Are Physicochemical Properties Shaping the Allergenic Potency of Plant Allergens?
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits