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Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders
Published in: Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders 1/2011

Open Access 01-12-2011 | Research

An fMRI study of unconditioned responses in post-traumatic stress disorder

Authors: Clas Linnman, Thomas A Zeffiro, Roger K Pitman, Mohammed R Milad

Published in: Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders | Issue 1/2011

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Abstract

Background

Both fear and pain processing are altered in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as evidenced by functional neuroimaging studies showing increased amygdala responses to threats, and increased insula, putamen and caudate activity in response to heat pain. Using psychophysiology and functional magnetic resonance imaging, we studied conditioned and unconditioned autonomic and neuronal responses in subjects with PTSD versus trauma-exposed non-PTSD control (TENC) subjects. A design using an electric shock selected by subjects to be 'highly annoying but not painful' as an unconditioned stimulus (US) with partially reinforced cues allowed us to partly disentangle the expectancy- and prediction-error components from sensory components of the unconditioned response.

Results

Whereas responses to the conditioned stimulus (CS) were similar in PTSD and TENC, the former displayed higher putamen, insula, caudate and amygdala responses to the US. Reactivity to the US in the anterior insula correlated with PTSD symptom severity. Functional connectivity analyses using the putamen as a seed region indicated that TENC subjects had increased amygdala-putamen connectivity during US delivery; this connection was disengaged in PTSD.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that although neural processing of fear learning in people with PTSD seems to be comparable with controls, neural responses to unconditioned aversive stimuli in PTSD seem to be increased.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
An fMRI study of unconditioned responses in post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors
Clas Linnman
Thomas A Zeffiro
Roger K Pitman
Mohammed R Milad
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders / Issue 1/2011
Electronic ISSN: 2045-5380
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-5380-1-8

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