Skip to main content
Top
Published in: American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 2/2014

01-04-2014 | Review Article

Adjuvant Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators

Authors: T. Jared Bunch, Jeffrey L. Anderson

Published in: American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs | Issue 2/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

The risk of sudden cardiac death from ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia in patients with cardiomyopathy related to structural heart disease has been favorably impacted by the wide adaptation of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) for both primary and secondary prevention. Unfortunately, after ICD implantation both appropriate and inappropriate ICD therapies are common. ICD shocks in particular can have significant effects on quality of life and disease-related morbidity and mortality. While not indicated for primary prevention of ICD therapies, beta-blockers and antiarrhythmic drugs are a cornerstone for secondary prevention of them. This review will summarize our current understanding of adjuvant antiarrhythmic drug therapy in ICD patients. The review will also discuss the roles of nonantiarrhythmic drug approaches that are used in isolation and in combination with antiarrhythmic drugs to reduce subsequent risk of ICD shocks.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, Domanski M, Troutman C, Anderson J, Johnson G, McNulty SE, Clapp-Channing N, Davidson-Ray LD, Fraulo ES, Fishbein DP, Luceri RM, Ip JH, Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial I. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(3):225–37.PubMedCrossRef Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, Domanski M, Troutman C, Anderson J, Johnson G, McNulty SE, Clapp-Channing N, Davidson-Ray LD, Fraulo ES, Fishbein DP, Luceri RM, Ip JH, Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial I. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(3):225–37.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Bigger JT Jr. Prophylactic use of implanted cardiac defibrillators in patients at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias after coronary-artery bypass graft surgery. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Patch Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(22):1569–75.PubMedCrossRef Bigger JT Jr. Prophylactic use of implanted cardiac defibrillators in patients at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias after coronary-artery bypass graft surgery. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Patch Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(22):1569–75.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(25):1882–90.PubMedCrossRef Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(25):1882–90.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H, Levine JH, Saksena S, Waldo AL, Wilber D, Brown MW, Heo M. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(26):1933–40.PubMedCrossRef Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H, Levine JH, Saksena S, Waldo AL, Wilber D, Brown MW, Heo M. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(26):1933–40.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Brown MW, Andrews ML, Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial III. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(12):877–83.PubMedCrossRef Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Brown MW, Andrews ML, Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial III. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(12):877–83.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Al-Khatib SM, LaPointe NM, Curtis LH, Kramer JM, Swann J, Honig P, Califf RM. Outpatient prescribing of antiarrhythmic drugs from 1995 to 2000. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(1):91–4.PubMedCrossRef Al-Khatib SM, LaPointe NM, Curtis LH, Kramer JM, Swann J, Honig P, Califf RM. Outpatient prescribing of antiarrhythmic drugs from 1995 to 2000. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(1):91–4.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Randomized antiarrhythmic drug therapy in survivors of cardiac arrest (the CASCADE Study). The CASCADE Investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72(3):280–7. Randomized antiarrhythmic drug therapy in survivors of cardiac arrest (the CASCADE Study). The CASCADE Investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72(3):280–7.
8.
go back to reference Pratt CM, Eaton T, Francis M, Woolbert S, Mahmarian J, Roberts R, Young JB. The inverse relationship between baseline left ventricular ejection fraction and outcome of antiarrhythmic therapy: a dangerous imbalance in the risk–benefit ratio. Am Heart J. 1989;118(3):433–40.PubMedCrossRef Pratt CM, Eaton T, Francis M, Woolbert S, Mahmarian J, Roberts R, Young JB. The inverse relationship between baseline left ventricular ejection fraction and outcome of antiarrhythmic therapy: a dangerous imbalance in the risk–benefit ratio. Am Heart J. 1989;118(3):433–40.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Hallstrom A, Pratt CM, Greene HL, Huther M, Gottlieb S, DeMaria A, Young JB. Relations between heart failure, ejection fraction, arrhythmia suppression and mortality: analysis of the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25(6):1250–7.PubMedCrossRef Hallstrom A, Pratt CM, Greene HL, Huther M, Gottlieb S, DeMaria A, Young JB. Relations between heart failure, ejection fraction, arrhythmia suppression and mortality: analysis of the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25(6):1250–7.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Gottlieb SS, Kukin ML, Medina N, Yushak M, Packer M. Comparative hemodynamic effects of procainamide, tocainide, and encainide in severe chronic heart failure. Circulation. 1990;81(3):860–4.PubMedCrossRef Gottlieb SS, Kukin ML, Medina N, Yushak M, Packer M. Comparative hemodynamic effects of procainamide, tocainide, and encainide in severe chronic heart failure. Circulation. 1990;81(3):860–4.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Ravid S, Podrid PJ, Lampert S, Lown B. Congestive heart failure induced by six of the newer antiarrhythmic drugs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14(5):1326–30.PubMedCrossRef Ravid S, Podrid PJ, Lampert S, Lown B. Congestive heart failure induced by six of the newer antiarrhythmic drugs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14(5):1326–30.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Wood MA, Stambler BS, Damiano RJ, Greenway P, Ellenbogen KA. Lessons learned from data logging in a multicenter clinical trial using a late-generation implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. The Guardian ATP 4210 Multicenter Investigators Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24(7):1692–9.PubMedCrossRef Wood MA, Stambler BS, Damiano RJ, Greenway P, Ellenbogen KA. Lessons learned from data logging in a multicenter clinical trial using a late-generation implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. The Guardian ATP 4210 Multicenter Investigators Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24(7):1692–9.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Klein RC, Raitt MH, Wilkoff BL, Beckman KJ, Coromilas J, Wyse DG, Friedman PL, Martins JB, Epstein AE, Hallstrom AP, Ledingham RB, Belco KM, Greene HL. Analysis of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) trial. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14(9):940–8.PubMedCrossRef Klein RC, Raitt MH, Wilkoff BL, Beckman KJ, Coromilas J, Wyse DG, Friedman PL, Martins JB, Epstein AE, Hallstrom AP, Ledingham RB, Belco KM, Greene HL. Analysis of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) trial. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14(9):940–8.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Dichtl W, Wolber T, Paoli U, Brullmann S, Stuhlinger M, Berger T, Spuller K, Strasak A, Pachinger O, Haegeli LM, Duru F, Hintringer F. Appropriate therapy but not inappropriate shocks predict survival in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients. Clin Cardiol. 2011;34(7):433–6.PubMedCrossRef Dichtl W, Wolber T, Paoli U, Brullmann S, Stuhlinger M, Berger T, Spuller K, Strasak A, Pachinger O, Haegeli LM, Duru F, Hintringer F. Appropriate therapy but not inappropriate shocks predict survival in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients. Clin Cardiol. 2011;34(7):433–6.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Germano JJ, Reynolds M, Essebag V, Josephson ME. Frequency and causes of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapies: is device therapy proarrhythmic? Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(8):1255–61.PubMedCrossRef Germano JJ, Reynolds M, Essebag V, Josephson ME. Frequency and causes of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapies: is device therapy proarrhythmic? Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(8):1255–61.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Ahmad M, Bloomstein L, Roelke M, Bernstein AD, Parsonnet V. Patients’ attitudes toward implanted defibrillator shocks. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000;23(6):934–8.PubMedCrossRef Ahmad M, Bloomstein L, Roelke M, Bernstein AD, Parsonnet V. Patients’ attitudes toward implanted defibrillator shocks. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000;23(6):934–8.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Sears SF, Matchett M, Conti JB. Effective management of ICD patient psychosocial issues and patient critical events. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20(11):1297–304.PubMedCrossRef Sears SF, Matchett M, Conti JB. Effective management of ICD patient psychosocial issues and patient critical events. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20(11):1297–304.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Sears SF, Hauf JD, Kirian K, Hazelton G, Conti JB. Posttraumatic stress and the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patient: what the electrophysiologist needs to know. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011;4(2):242–50.PubMedCrossRef Sears SF, Hauf JD, Kirian K, Hazelton G, Conti JB. Posttraumatic stress and the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patient: what the electrophysiologist needs to know. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011;4(2):242–50.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Schron EB, Exner DV, Yao Q, Jenkins LS, Steinberg JS, Cook JR, Kutalek SP, Friedman PL, Bubien RS, Page RL, Powell J. Quality of life in the antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators trial: impact of therapy and influence of adverse symptoms and defibrillator shocks. Circulation. 2002;105(5):589–94.PubMedCrossRef Schron EB, Exner DV, Yao Q, Jenkins LS, Steinberg JS, Cook JR, Kutalek SP, Friedman PL, Bubien RS, Page RL, Powell J. Quality of life in the antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators trial: impact of therapy and influence of adverse symptoms and defibrillator shocks. Circulation. 2002;105(5):589–94.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Poole JE, Johnson GW, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Callans DJ, Raitt MH, Reddy RK, Marchlinski FE, Yee R, Guarnieri T, Talajic M, Wilber DJ, Fishbein DP, Packer DL, Mark DB, Lee KL, Bardy GH. Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(10):1009–17.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Poole JE, Johnson GW, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Callans DJ, Raitt MH, Reddy RK, Marchlinski FE, Yee R, Guarnieri T, Talajic M, Wilber DJ, Fishbein DP, Packer DL, Mark DB, Lee KL, Bardy GH. Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(10):1009–17.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Moss AJ, Schuger C, Beck CA, Brown MW, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Estes NA 3rd, Greenberg H, Hall WJ, Huang DT, Kautzner J, Klein H, McNitt S, Olshansky B, Shoda M, Wilber D, Zareba W. Reduction in inappropriate therapy and mortality through ICD programming. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(24):2275–83.PubMedCrossRef Moss AJ, Schuger C, Beck CA, Brown MW, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Estes NA 3rd, Greenberg H, Hall WJ, Huang DT, Kautzner J, Klein H, McNitt S, Olshansky B, Shoda M, Wilber D, Zareba W. Reduction in inappropriate therapy and mortality through ICD programming. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(24):2275–83.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Gasparini M, Proclemer A, Klersy C, Kloppe A, Lunati M, Ferrer JB, Hersi A, Gulaj M, Wijfels MC, Santi E, Manotta L, Arenal A. Effect of long-detection interval vs standard-detection interval for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators on antitachycardia pacing and shock delivery: the ADVANCE III randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;309(18):1903–11.PubMedCrossRef Gasparini M, Proclemer A, Klersy C, Kloppe A, Lunati M, Ferrer JB, Hersi A, Gulaj M, Wijfels MC, Santi E, Manotta L, Arenal A. Effect of long-detection interval vs standard-detection interval for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators on antitachycardia pacing and shock delivery: the ADVANCE III randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;309(18):1903–11.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Steinberg JS, Martins J, Sadanandan S, Goldner B, Menchavez E, Domanski M, Russo A, Tullo N, Hallstrom A. Antiarrhythmic drug use in the implantable defibrillator arm of the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) study. Am Heart J. 2001;142(3):520–9.PubMedCrossRef Steinberg JS, Martins J, Sadanandan S, Goldner B, Menchavez E, Domanski M, Russo A, Tullo N, Hallstrom A. Antiarrhythmic drug use in the implantable defibrillator arm of the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) study. Am Heart J. 2001;142(3):520–9.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Nanthakumar K, Paquette M, Newman D, Deno DC, Malden L, Gunderson B, Gilkerson J, Greene M, Heng D, Dorian P. Inappropriate therapy from atrial fibrillation and sinus tachycardia in automated implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Am Heart J. 2000;139(5):797–803.PubMedCrossRef Nanthakumar K, Paquette M, Newman D, Deno DC, Malden L, Gunderson B, Gilkerson J, Greene M, Heng D, Dorian P. Inappropriate therapy from atrial fibrillation and sinus tachycardia in automated implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Am Heart J. 2000;139(5):797–803.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference van Rees JB, Borleffs CJ, de Bie MK, Stijnen T, van Erven L, Bax JJ, Schalij MJ. Inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks: incidence, predictors, and impact on mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(5):556–62.PubMedCrossRef van Rees JB, Borleffs CJ, de Bie MK, Stijnen T, van Erven L, Bax JJ, Schalij MJ. Inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks: incidence, predictors, and impact on mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(5):556–62.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Powell BD, Saxon LA, Boehmer JP, Day JD, Gilliam FR, 3rd, Heidenreich PA, Jones PW, Rousseau MJ, Hayes DL. Survival after shock therapy in ICD and CRT-D recipients according to rhythm shocked: ALTITUDE Survival by Rhythm Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 (in press). Powell BD, Saxon LA, Boehmer JP, Day JD, Gilliam FR, 3rd, Heidenreich PA, Jones PW, Rousseau MJ, Hayes DL. Survival after shock therapy in ICD and CRT-D recipients according to rhythm shocked: ALTITUDE Survival by Rhythm Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 (in press).
27.
go back to reference Simon RD, Sturdivant JL, Leman RB, Wharton JM, Gold MR. The effect of dofetilide on ventricular defibrillation thresholds. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(1):24–8.PubMedCrossRef Simon RD, Sturdivant JL, Leman RB, Wharton JM, Gold MR. The effect of dofetilide on ventricular defibrillation thresholds. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(1):24–8.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Connolly SJ, Dorian P, Roberts RS, Gent M, Bailin S, Fain ES, Thorpe K, Champagne J, Talajic M, Coutu B, Gronefeld GC, Hohnloser SH. Comparison of beta-blockers, amiodarone plus beta-blockers, or sotalol for prevention of shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the OPTIC Study: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295(2):165–71.PubMedCrossRef Connolly SJ, Dorian P, Roberts RS, Gent M, Bailin S, Fain ES, Thorpe K, Champagne J, Talajic M, Coutu B, Gronefeld GC, Hohnloser SH. Comparison of beta-blockers, amiodarone plus beta-blockers, or sotalol for prevention of shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the OPTIC Study: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295(2):165–71.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Ferreira-Gonzalez I, Dos-Subira L, Guyatt GH. Adjunctive antiarrhythmic drug therapy in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a systematic review. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(4):469–77.PubMedCrossRef Ferreira-Gonzalez I, Dos-Subira L, Guyatt GH. Adjunctive antiarrhythmic drug therapy in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a systematic review. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(4):469–77.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Pacifico A, Hohnloser SH, Williams JH, Tao B, Saksena S, Henry PD, Prystowsky EN. Prevention of implantable-defibrillator shocks by treatment with sotalol. d,l-Sotalol Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(24):1855–62.PubMedCrossRef Pacifico A, Hohnloser SH, Williams JH, Tao B, Saksena S, Henry PD, Prystowsky EN. Prevention of implantable-defibrillator shocks by treatment with sotalol. d,l-Sotalol Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(24):1855–62.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kuhlkamp V, Mewis C, Mermi J, Bosch RF, Seipel L. Suppression of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias: a comparison of d,l-sotalol with no antiarrhythmic drug treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33(1):46–52.PubMedCrossRef Kuhlkamp V, Mewis C, Mermi J, Bosch RF, Seipel L. Suppression of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias: a comparison of d,l-sotalol with no antiarrhythmic drug treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33(1):46–52.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Mason JW. A comparison of electrophysiologic testing with Holter monitoring to predict antiarrhythmic-drug efficacy for ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Electrophysiologic Study versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(7):445–51.PubMedCrossRef Mason JW. A comparison of electrophysiologic testing with Holter monitoring to predict antiarrhythmic-drug efficacy for ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Electrophysiologic Study versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(7):445–51.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Boriani G, Lubinski A, Capucci A, Niederle R, Kornacewicz-Jack Z, Wnuk-Wojnar AM, Borggrefe M, Brachmann J, Biffi M, Butrous GS. A multicentre, double-blind randomized crossover comparative study on the efficacy and safety of dofetilide vs sotalol in patients with inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia and ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2001;22(23):2180–91.PubMedCrossRef Boriani G, Lubinski A, Capucci A, Niederle R, Kornacewicz-Jack Z, Wnuk-Wojnar AM, Borggrefe M, Brachmann J, Biffi M, Butrous GS. A multicentre, double-blind randomized crossover comparative study on the efficacy and safety of dofetilide vs sotalol in patients with inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia and ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2001;22(23):2180–91.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference O’Toole MF, O’Neill G, Kluger J, Bonney S, Billin C. Efficacy and safety of oral dofetilide in patients with an implantable defibrillator: a multi-center study. Circulation. 1999;100:I-794 (abstract only). O’Toole MF, O’Neill G, Kluger J, Bonney S, Billin C. Efficacy and safety of oral dofetilide in patients with an implantable defibrillator: a multi-center study. Circulation. 1999;100:I-794 (abstract only).
35.
go back to reference Torp-Pedersen C, Moller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE, Kober L, Sandoe E, Egstrup K, Agner E, Carlsen J, Videbaek J, Marchant B, Camm AJ. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(12):857–65.PubMedCrossRef Torp-Pedersen C, Moller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE, Kober L, Sandoe E, Egstrup K, Agner E, Carlsen J, Videbaek J, Marchant B, Camm AJ. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(12):857–65.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Singer I, Al-Khalidi H, Niazi I, Tchou P, Simmons T, Henthorn R, Holroyde M, Brum J. Azimilide decreases recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(1):39–43.PubMedCrossRef Singer I, Al-Khalidi H, Niazi I, Tchou P, Simmons T, Henthorn R, Holroyde M, Brum J. Azimilide decreases recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(1):39–43.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Dorian P, Borggrefe M, Al-Khalidi HR, Hohnloser SH, Brum JM, Tatla DS, Brachmann J, Myerburg RJ, Cannom DS, van der Laan M, Holroyde MJ, Singer I, Pratt CM. Placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of azimilide for prevention of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Circulation. 2004;110(24):3646–54.PubMedCrossRef Dorian P, Borggrefe M, Al-Khalidi HR, Hohnloser SH, Brum JM, Tatla DS, Brachmann J, Myerburg RJ, Cannom DS, van der Laan M, Holroyde MJ, Singer I, Pratt CM. Placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of azimilide for prevention of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Circulation. 2004;110(24):3646–54.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Gojkovic O, Aliot EM, Capucci A, Connolly SJ, Crijns H, Hohnloser SH, Kulakowski P, Roy D, Radzik D, Singh BN, Kowey PR. Celivarone in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: adjunctive therapy for the reduction of ventricular arrhythmia-triggered implantable cardioverter-defibrillator interventions. Heart Rhythm. 2012;9(2):217–24 e212. Gojkovic O, Aliot EM, Capucci A, Connolly SJ, Crijns H, Hohnloser SH, Kulakowski P, Roy D, Radzik D, Singh BN, Kowey PR. Celivarone in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: adjunctive therapy for the reduction of ventricular arrhythmia-triggered implantable cardioverter-defibrillator interventions. Heart Rhythm. 2012;9(2):217–24 e212.
39.
go back to reference Kowey PR, Crijns HJ, Aliot EM, Capucci A, Kulakowski P, Radzik D, Roy D, Connolly SJ, Hohnloser SH. Efficacy and safety of celivarone, with amiodarone as calibrator, in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for prevention of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator interventions or death: the ALPHEE study. Circulation. 2011;124(24):2649–60.PubMedCrossRef Kowey PR, Crijns HJ, Aliot EM, Capucci A, Kulakowski P, Radzik D, Roy D, Connolly SJ, Hohnloser SH. Efficacy and safety of celivarone, with amiodarone as calibrator, in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for prevention of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator interventions or death: the ALPHEE study. Circulation. 2011;124(24):2649–60.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2001–7. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2001–7.
41.
go back to reference The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9146):9–13. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9146):9–13.
42.
go back to reference Dargie HJ. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357(9266):1385–90.PubMedCrossRef Dargie HJ. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357(9266):1385–90.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Das MK, Zipes DP. Antiarrhythmic and nonantiarrhythmic drugs for sudden cardiac death prevention. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2010;55(5):438–49.PubMed Das MK, Zipes DP. Antiarrhythmic and nonantiarrhythmic drugs for sudden cardiac death prevention. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2010;55(5):438–49.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Brodine WN, Tung RT, Lee JK, Hockstad ES, Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Andrews M, McNitt S, Daubert JP. Effects of beta-blockers on implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy and survival in the patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (from the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-II). Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(5):691–5.PubMedCrossRef Brodine WN, Tung RT, Lee JK, Hockstad ES, Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Andrews M, McNitt S, Daubert JP. Effects of beta-blockers on implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy and survival in the patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (from the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-II). Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(5):691–5.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Ruwald MH, Ruwald AC, Jons C, Alexis J, McNitt S, Zareba W, Moss AJ. Effect of metoprolol versus carvedilol on outcomes in MADIT-CRT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(14):1518–26.PubMedCrossRef Ruwald MH, Ruwald AC, Jons C, Alexis J, McNitt S, Zareba W, Moss AJ. Effect of metoprolol versus carvedilol on outcomes in MADIT-CRT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(14):1518–26.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Bansch D, Castrucci M, Bocker D, Breithardt G, Block M. Ventricular tachycardias above the initially programmed tachycardia detection interval in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: incidence, prediction and significance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(2):557–65.PubMedCrossRef Bansch D, Castrucci M, Bocker D, Breithardt G, Block M. Ventricular tachycardias above the initially programmed tachycardia detection interval in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: incidence, prediction and significance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(2):557–65.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Rajawat YS, Patel VV, Gerstenfeld EP, Nayak H, Marchlinski FE. Advantages and pitfalls of combining device-based and pharmacologic therapies for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias: observations from a tertiary referral center. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27(12):1670–81.PubMedCrossRef Rajawat YS, Patel VV, Gerstenfeld EP, Nayak H, Marchlinski FE. Advantages and pitfalls of combining device-based and pharmacologic therapies for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias: observations from a tertiary referral center. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27(12):1670–81.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Irvine J, Dorian P, Baker B, O’Brien BJ, Roberts R, Gent M, Newman D, Connolly SJ. Quality of life in the Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS). Am Heart J. 2002;144(2):282–9.PubMedCrossRef Irvine J, Dorian P, Baker B, O’Brien BJ, Roberts R, Gent M, Newman D, Connolly SJ. Quality of life in the Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS). Am Heart J. 2002;144(2):282–9.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Sicouri S, Gianetti B, Zygmunt AC, Cordeiro JM, Antzelevitch C. Antiarrhythmic effects of simvastatin in canine pulmonary vein sleeve preparations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(8):986–93.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Sicouri S, Gianetti B, Zygmunt AC, Cordeiro JM, Antzelevitch C. Antiarrhythmic effects of simvastatin in canine pulmonary vein sleeve preparations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(8):986–93.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Shiroshita-Takeshita A, Schram G, Lavoie J, Nattel S. Effect of simvastatin and antioxidant vitamins on atrial fibrillation promotion by atrial-tachycardia remodeling in dogs. Circulation. 2004;110(16):2313–9.PubMedCrossRef Shiroshita-Takeshita A, Schram G, Lavoie J, Nattel S. Effect of simvastatin and antioxidant vitamins on atrial fibrillation promotion by atrial-tachycardia remodeling in dogs. Circulation. 2004;110(16):2313–9.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Goldberger JJ, Subacius H, Schaechter A, Howard A, Berger R, Shalaby A, Levine J, Kadish AH. Effects of statin therapy on arrhythmic events and survival in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(6):1228–33.PubMedCrossRef Goldberger JJ, Subacius H, Schaechter A, Howard A, Berger R, Shalaby A, Levine J, Kadish AH. Effects of statin therapy on arrhythmic events and survival in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(6):1228–33.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Coleman CI, Kluger J, Bhavnani S, Clyne C, Yarlagadda R, Guertin D, White CM. Association between statin use and mortality in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5(4):507–10.PubMedCrossRef Coleman CI, Kluger J, Bhavnani S, Clyne C, Yarlagadda R, Guertin D, White CM. Association between statin use and mortality in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5(4):507–10.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Wanahita N, Chen J, Bangalore S, Shah K, Rachko M, Coleman CI, Schweitzer P. The effect of statin therapy on ventricular tachyarrhythmias: a meta-analysis. Am J Ther. 2012;19(1):16–23.PubMedCrossRef Wanahita N, Chen J, Bangalore S, Shah K, Rachko M, Coleman CI, Schweitzer P. The effect of statin therapy on ventricular tachyarrhythmias: a meta-analysis. Am J Ther. 2012;19(1):16–23.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Alberte C, Zipes DP. Use of nonantiarrhythmic drugs for prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14(9 Suppl):S87–95.PubMedCrossRef Alberte C, Zipes DP. Use of nonantiarrhythmic drugs for prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14(9 Suppl):S87–95.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Pogwizd SM. Focal mechanisms underlying ventricular tachycardia during prolonged ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1994;90(3):1441–58.PubMedCrossRef Pogwizd SM. Focal mechanisms underlying ventricular tachycardia during prolonged ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1994;90(3):1441–58.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Pfeffer JM. Progressive ventricular dilation in experimental myocardial infarction and its attenuation by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68(14):17D–25D.PubMedCrossRef Pfeffer JM. Progressive ventricular dilation in experimental myocardial infarction and its attenuation by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68(14):17D–25D.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Jugdutt BI, Schwarz-Michorowski BL, Khan MI. Effect of long-term captopril therapy on left ventricular remodeling and function during healing of canine myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19(3):713–21.PubMedCrossRef Jugdutt BI, Schwarz-Michorowski BL, Khan MI. Effect of long-term captopril therapy on left ventricular remodeling and function during healing of canine myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19(3):713–21.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Domanski MJ, Exner DV, Borkowf CB, Geller NL, Rosenberg Y, Pfeffer MA. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on sudden cardiac death in patients following acute myocardial infarction. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33(3):598–604.PubMedCrossRef Domanski MJ, Exner DV, Borkowf CB, Geller NL, Rosenberg Y, Pfeffer MA. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on sudden cardiac death in patients following acute myocardial infarction. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33(3):598–604.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Obeyesekere MN, Chan W, Stub D, Prabhu S, Teo EP, Toogood G, Mariani J, Broughton A, Kistler PM. Left ventricular ejection fraction and absence of ACE inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker predicts appropriate defibrillator therapy in the primary prevention population. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33(6):696–704.PubMedCrossRef Obeyesekere MN, Chan W, Stub D, Prabhu S, Teo EP, Toogood G, Mariani J, Broughton A, Kistler PM. Left ventricular ejection fraction and absence of ACE inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker predicts appropriate defibrillator therapy in the primary prevention population. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33(6):696–704.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA, Meurers G, Cowley AJ, Thomas I, Deedwania PC, Ney DE, Snavely DB, Chang PI. Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet. 1997;349(9054):747–52.PubMedCrossRef Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA, Meurers G, Cowley AJ, Thomas I, Deedwania PC, Ney DE, Snavely DB, Chang PI. Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet. 1997;349(9054):747–52.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R, Martinez FA, Dickstein K, Camm AJ, Konstam MA, Riegger G, Klinger GH, Neaton J, Sharma D, Thiyagarajan B. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial—the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet. 2000;355(9215):1582–7.PubMedCrossRef Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R, Martinez FA, Dickstein K, Camm AJ, Konstam MA, Riegger G, Klinger GH, Neaton J, Sharma D, Thiyagarajan B. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial—the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet. 2000;355(9215):1582–7.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Dickstein K, Kjekshus J. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet. 2002;360(9335):752–60.PubMedCrossRef Dickstein K, Kjekshus J. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet. 2002;360(9335):752–60.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(10):709–17.PubMedCrossRef Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(10):709–17.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, Bittman R, Hurley S, Kleiman J, Gatlin M. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(14):1309–21.PubMedCrossRef Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, Bittman R, Hurley S, Kleiman J, Gatlin M. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(14):1309–21.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Zhao G, Walsh E, Shryock J, Messina E, Wu Y, Zeng D, Xu X, Ochoa M, Baker S, Hintze T, Belardinelli L. Anti-adrenergic and hemodynamic effects of ranolazine in conscious dogs zhao, anti-adrenergic effect of ranolazine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2011;57(6):639–47.PubMedCrossRef Zhao G, Walsh E, Shryock J, Messina E, Wu Y, Zeng D, Xu X, Ochoa M, Baker S, Hintze T, Belardinelli L. Anti-adrenergic and hemodynamic effects of ranolazine in conscious dogs zhao, anti-adrenergic effect of ranolazine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2011;57(6):639–47.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Reddy BM, Weintraub HS, Schwartzbard AZ. Ranolazine: a new approach to treating an old problem. Tex Heart Inst J. 2010;37(6):641–7.PubMedCentralPubMed Reddy BM, Weintraub HS, Schwartzbard AZ. Ranolazine: a new approach to treating an old problem. Tex Heart Inst J. 2010;37(6):641–7.PubMedCentralPubMed
67.
go back to reference Morita N, Lee JH, Xie Y, Sovari A, Qu Z, Weiss JN, Karagueuzian HS. Suppression of re-entrant and multifocal ventricular fibrillation by the late sodium current blocker ranolazine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(3):366–75.PubMedCrossRef Morita N, Lee JH, Xie Y, Sovari A, Qu Z, Weiss JN, Karagueuzian HS. Suppression of re-entrant and multifocal ventricular fibrillation by the late sodium current blocker ranolazine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(3):366–75.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Kloner RA, Dow JS, Bhandari A. First direct comparison of the late sodium current blocker ranolazine to established antiarrhythmic agents in an ischemia/reperfusion model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2011;16(2):192–6.PubMedCrossRef Kloner RA, Dow JS, Bhandari A. First direct comparison of the late sodium current blocker ranolazine to established antiarrhythmic agents in an ischemia/reperfusion model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2011;16(2):192–6.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Antzelevitch C, Belardinelli L, Zygmunt AC, Burashnikov A, Di Diego JM, Fish JM, Cordeiro JM, Thomas G. Electrophysiological effects of ranolazine, a novel antianginal agent with antiarrhythmic properties. Circulation. 2004;110(8):904–10.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Antzelevitch C, Belardinelli L, Zygmunt AC, Burashnikov A, Di Diego JM, Fish JM, Cordeiro JM, Thomas G. Electrophysiological effects of ranolazine, a novel antianginal agent with antiarrhythmic properties. Circulation. 2004;110(8):904–10.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Nieminen T, Nanbu DY, Datti IP, Vaz GR, Tavares CA, Pegler JR, Nearing BD, Belardinelli L, Verrier RL. Antifibrillatory effect of ranolazine during severe coronary stenosis in the intact porcine model. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8(4):608–14.PubMedCrossRef Nieminen T, Nanbu DY, Datti IP, Vaz GR, Tavares CA, Pegler JR, Nearing BD, Belardinelli L, Verrier RL. Antifibrillatory effect of ranolazine during severe coronary stenosis in the intact porcine model. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8(4):608–14.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Bunch TJ, Mahapatra S, Murdock D, Molden J, Weiss JP, May HT, Bair TL, Mader KM, Crandall BG, Day JD, Osborn JS, Muhlestein JB, Lappe DL, Anderson JL. Ranolazine reduces ventricular tachycardia burden and ICD shocks in patients with drug-refractory ICD shocks. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34(12):1600–6.PubMedCrossRef Bunch TJ, Mahapatra S, Murdock D, Molden J, Weiss JP, May HT, Bair TL, Mader KM, Crandall BG, Day JD, Osborn JS, Muhlestein JB, Lappe DL, Anderson JL. Ranolazine reduces ventricular tachycardia burden and ICD shocks in patients with drug-refractory ICD shocks. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34(12):1600–6.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Khoueiry G, Abi Rafeh N, Sullivan E, Saiful F, Jaffery Z, Kenigsberg DN, Krishnan SC, Khanal S, Bekheit S, Kowalski M. Do omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Heart Lung. 2013;42(4):251–6.PubMedCrossRef Khoueiry G, Abi Rafeh N, Sullivan E, Saiful F, Jaffery Z, Kenigsberg DN, Krishnan SC, Khanal S, Bekheit S, Kowalski M. Do omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Heart Lung. 2013;42(4):251–6.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;308(10):1024–33.PubMedCrossRef Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;308(10):1024–33.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, Gregoratos G, Klein G, Moss AJ, Myerburg RJ, Priori SG, Quinones MA, Roden DM, Silka MJ, Tracy C, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo JL, Zamorano JL, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Antman EM, Anderson JL, Hunt SA, Halperin JL, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death—executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(17):2099–140.PubMedCrossRef Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, Gregoratos G, Klein G, Moss AJ, Myerburg RJ, Priori SG, Quinones MA, Roden DM, Silka MJ, Tracy C, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo JL, Zamorano JL, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Antman EM, Anderson JL, Hunt SA, Halperin JL, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death—executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(17):2099–140.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Guedon-Moreau L, Lacroix D, Sadoul N, Clementy J, Kouakam C, Hermida JS, Aliot E, Boursier M, Bizeau O, Kacet S. A randomized study of remote follow-up of implantable cardioverter defibrillators: safety and efficacy report of the ECOST trial. Eur Heart J. 2103;34(8):605–14.CrossRef Guedon-Moreau L, Lacroix D, Sadoul N, Clementy J, Kouakam C, Hermida JS, Aliot E, Boursier M, Bizeau O, Kacet S. A randomized study of remote follow-up of implantable cardioverter defibrillators: safety and efficacy report of the ECOST trial. Eur Heart J. 2103;34(8):605–14.CrossRef
76.
go back to reference Chen J, Johnson G, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Mark DB, Lee KL, Bardy GH, Poole JE. Rapid-rate nonsustained ventricular tachycardia found on implantable cardioverter-defibrillator interrogation: relationship to outcomes in the SCD-HeFT (Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(21):2161–8.PubMedCrossRef Chen J, Johnson G, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Mark DB, Lee KL, Bardy GH, Poole JE. Rapid-rate nonsustained ventricular tachycardia found on implantable cardioverter-defibrillator interrogation: relationship to outcomes in the SCD-HeFT (Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(21):2161–8.PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Bunch TJ, Hohnloser SH, Gersh BJ. Mechanisms of sudden cardiac death in myocardial infarction survivors: insights from the randomized trials of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Circulation. 2007;115(18):2451–7.PubMedCrossRef Bunch TJ, Hohnloser SH, Gersh BJ. Mechanisms of sudden cardiac death in myocardial infarction survivors: insights from the randomized trials of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Circulation. 2007;115(18):2451–7.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Collura CA, Johnson JN, Moir C, Ackerman MJ. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation for the treatment of long QT syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia using video-assisted thoracic surgery. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6(6):752–9.PubMedCrossRef Collura CA, Johnson JN, Moir C, Ackerman MJ. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation for the treatment of long QT syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia using video-assisted thoracic surgery. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6(6):752–9.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Patel C, Yan GX, Kocovic D, Kowey PR. Should catheter ablation be the preferred therapy for reducing ICD shocks? Ventricular tachycardia ablation versus drugs for preventing ICD shocks: role of adjuvant antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009;2(6):705–11 (discussion 712). Patel C, Yan GX, Kocovic D, Kowey PR. Should catheter ablation be the preferred therapy for reducing ICD shocks? Ventricular tachycardia ablation versus drugs for preventing ICD shocks: role of adjuvant antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009;2(6):705–11 (discussion 712).
80.
go back to reference Seidl K, Hauer B, Schwick NG, Zahn R, Senges J. Comparison of metoprolol and sotalol in preventing ventricular tachyarrhythmias after the implantation of a cardioverter/defibrillator. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82(6):744–8.PubMedCrossRef Seidl K, Hauer B, Schwick NG, Zahn R, Senges J. Comparison of metoprolol and sotalol in preventing ventricular tachyarrhythmias after the implantation of a cardioverter/defibrillator. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82(6):744–8.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Kettering K, Mewis C, Dornberger V, Vonthein R, Bosch RF, Kuhlkamp V. Efficacy of metoprolol and sotalol in the prevention of recurrences of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2002;25(11):1571–6.PubMedCrossRef Kettering K, Mewis C, Dornberger V, Vonthein R, Bosch RF, Kuhlkamp V. Efficacy of metoprolol and sotalol in the prevention of recurrences of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2002;25(11):1571–6.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Adjuvant Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
Authors
T. Jared Bunch
Jeffrey L. Anderson
Publication date
01-04-2014
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs / Issue 2/2014
Print ISSN: 1175-3277
Electronic ISSN: 1179-187X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-013-0056-x

Other articles of this Issue 2/2014

American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 2/2014 Go to the issue