Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Pulmonary Therapy 1/2017

Open Access 01-06-2017 | Review

A Review on the Safety and Efficacy of Inhaled Corticosteroids in the Management of Asthma

Authors: Qian Ye, Xiao-Ou He, Anthony D’Urzo

Published in: Pulmonary Therapy | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by symptoms of cough, dyspnea, chest tightness, and wheeze. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have been recommended as initial therapy in the treatment of persistent asthma in all guidelines, as they have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality. However, high-dose regimens and long-term use of ICS may be associated with a variety of side effects, similar to those observed with systemic corticosteroid therapy. These side effects include impaired growth in children, osteoporosis, fractures, glaucoma, cataracts, and skin thinning. The current recommendations on ICS use in asthma management will be reviewed in this article with a view to highlight treatment strategies that strike an optimal balance between safety and efficacy.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Myers TR. Guidelines for asthma management: a review and comparison of 5 current guidelines. Respir Care. 2008;53(6):751–67.PubMed Myers TR. Guidelines for asthma management: a review and comparison of 5 current guidelines. Respir Care. 2008;53(6):751–67.PubMed
2.
go back to reference Ernst P, Spitzer WO, Suissa S, et al. Risk of fatal and near-fatal asthma in relation to inhaled corticosteroid use. JAMA. 1992;268:3462–4.PubMedCrossRef Ernst P, Spitzer WO, Suissa S, et al. Risk of fatal and near-fatal asthma in relation to inhaled corticosteroid use. JAMA. 1992;268:3462–4.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Donahue JG, Weiss ST, Livingston JM, Goetsch MA, Greineder DK, Platt R. Inhaled steroids and the risk of hospitalization for asthma. JAMA. 1997;277:887–91.PubMedCrossRef Donahue JG, Weiss ST, Livingston JM, Goetsch MA, Greineder DK, Platt R. Inhaled steroids and the risk of hospitalization for asthma. JAMA. 1997;277:887–91.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Suissa S, Ernst P, Benayoun S, Baltzan M, Cai B. Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and the prevention of death from asthma. N Eng J Med. 2000;343(5):332–6.CrossRef Suissa S, Ernst P, Benayoun S, Baltzan M, Cai B. Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and the prevention of death from asthma. N Eng J Med. 2000;343(5):332–6.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Rossi GA, Cerasoli F, Cazzola M. Safety of inhaled corticosteroids: room for improvement. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2007;20:23–5.PubMedCrossRef Rossi GA, Cerasoli F, Cazzola M. Safety of inhaled corticosteroids: room for improvement. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2007;20:23–5.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Dahl R. Systemic side effects of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma. Respir Med. 2006;100(8):1307–17.PubMedCrossRef Dahl R. Systemic side effects of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma. Respir Med. 2006;100(8):1307–17.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Johansson AK, Sergejeva S, Sjostrand M, Lee JJ, Lotvall J. Allergen-induced traffic of bone marrow eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes to airways. Eur J Immunol. 2004;34:3135–45.PubMedCrossRef Johansson AK, Sergejeva S, Sjostrand M, Lee JJ, Lotvall J. Allergen-induced traffic of bone marrow eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes to airways. Eur J Immunol. 2004;34:3135–45.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Stevenson DD, Szczeklik A. Clinical and pathologic perspectives on aspirin sensitivity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(4):773–86 (quiz 787-8, Epub 2006 Sep 1).PubMedCrossRef Stevenson DD, Szczeklik A. Clinical and pathologic perspectives on aspirin sensitivity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(4):773–86 (quiz 787-8, Epub 2006 Sep 1).PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Holgate ST, Polosa R. The mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of severe asthma in adults. Lancet. 2006;368(9537):780–93.PubMedCrossRef Holgate ST, Polosa R. The mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of severe asthma in adults. Lancet. 2006;368(9537):780–93.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Lemanski RF. Issues in understanding pediatric asthma: epidemiology and genetics. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(6 Suppl):S521–4.CrossRef Lemanski RF. Issues in understanding pediatric asthma: epidemiology and genetics. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(6 Suppl):S521–4.CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Barnes PJ. Review inhaled corticosteroids. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2010;3(3):514–40.CrossRef Barnes PJ. Review inhaled corticosteroids. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2010;3(3):514–40.CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Dostert A, Heinzel T. Negative glucocorticoid receptor response elements and their role in glucocorticoid action. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10:2807–16.PubMedCrossRef Dostert A, Heinzel T. Negative glucocorticoid receptor response elements and their role in glucocorticoid action. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10:2807–16.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Mak JCW, Nishikawa M, Barnes PJ. Glucocorticoids increase β2-adrenergic receptor transcription in human lung. Am J Physiol. 1995;12:L41–6. Mak JCW, Nishikawa M, Barnes PJ. Glucocorticoids increase β2-adrenergic receptor transcription in human lung. Am J Physiol. 1995;12:L41–6.
17.
go back to reference Baraniuk JN, Ali M, Brody D, et al. Glucocorticoids induce β2-adrenergic receptor function in human nasal mucosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:704–10.PubMedCrossRef Baraniuk JN, Ali M, Brody D, et al. Glucocorticoids induce β2-adrenergic receptor function in human nasal mucosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:704–10.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Ito J, Ito M, Elliott WM, et al. Decreased histone deacetylase activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New Engl J Med. 2005;352:1967–76.PubMedCrossRef Ito J, Ito M, Elliott WM, et al. Decreased histone deacetylase activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New Engl J Med. 2005;352:1967–76.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Hew M, Bhavsar P, Torrego A, et al. Relative corticosteroid insensitivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:134–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hew M, Bhavsar P, Torrego A, et al. Relative corticosteroid insensitivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:134–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Barnes PJ. Role of HDAC2 in the pathophysiology of COPD. Ann Rev Physiol. 2009;71:451–64.CrossRef Barnes PJ. Role of HDAC2 in the pathophysiology of COPD. Ann Rev Physiol. 2009;71:451–64.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Derendorf H. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties of inhaled ciclesonide. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;47(6):782–9.PubMedCrossRef Derendorf H. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties of inhaled ciclesonide. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;47(6):782–9.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Derendorf H, Nave R, Drollmann A, Cerasoli F, Wurst W. Relevance of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled corticosteroids to asthma. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(5):1042–50.PubMedCrossRef Derendorf H, Nave R, Drollmann A, Cerasoli F, Wurst W. Relevance of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled corticosteroids to asthma. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(5):1042–50.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Hubner M, Hochhaus G, Derendorf H. Comparative pharmacology, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2005;25(3):469–88.CrossRef Hubner M, Hochhaus G, Derendorf H. Comparative pharmacology, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2005;25(3):469–88.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Kelly HW. Pharmaceutical characteristics that influence the clinical efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;91:326–34.PubMedCrossRef Kelly HW. Pharmaceutical characteristics that influence the clinical efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;91:326–34.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Sobande PO, Kercsmar CM. Inhaled corticosteroids in asthma management. Respir Care. 2008;53(5):625–33.PubMed Sobande PO, Kercsmar CM. Inhaled corticosteroids in asthma management. Respir Care. 2008;53(5):625–33.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Kelly HW. Comparison of inhaled corticosteroids: an update. Annu Pharmacother. 2009;43(3):519–27.CrossRef Kelly HW. Comparison of inhaled corticosteroids: an update. Annu Pharmacother. 2009;43(3):519–27.CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Deeks ED, Perry CM. Ciclesonide: a review of its use in the management of asthma. Drugs. 2008;68:1741–70.PubMedCrossRef Deeks ED, Perry CM. Ciclesonide: a review of its use in the management of asthma. Drugs. 2008;68:1741–70.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Sharpe M, Jarvis B. Inhaled mometasone furoate: a review of its use in adults and adolescents with persistent asthma. Drugs. 2001;61:1325–50.PubMedCrossRef Sharpe M, Jarvis B. Inhaled mometasone furoate: a review of its use in adults and adolescents with persistent asthma. Drugs. 2001;61:1325–50.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Edsbacker S, Brattsand R. Budesonide fatty-acid esterification: a novel mechanism prolonging binding to airway tissue. Review of available data. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;88:609–16.PubMedCrossRef Edsbacker S, Brattsand R. Budesonide fatty-acid esterification: a novel mechanism prolonging binding to airway tissue. Review of available data. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;88:609–16.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Miller-Larsson A, Mattsson H, Hjertberg E, Dahlback M, Tunek A, Brattsand R. Reversible fatty acid conjugation of budesonide. Novel mechanism for prolonged retention of topically applied steroid in airway tissue. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998;26:623–30.PubMed Miller-Larsson A, Mattsson H, Hjertberg E, Dahlback M, Tunek A, Brattsand R. Reversible fatty acid conjugation of budesonide. Novel mechanism for prolonged retention of topically applied steroid in airway tissue. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998;26:623–30.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Nave R, Meyer W, Fuhst R, Zech K. Formation of fatty acid conjugates of ciclesonide active metabolite in the rat lung after 4-week inhalation of ciclesonide. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2005;18:390–6.PubMedCrossRef Nave R, Meyer W, Fuhst R, Zech K. Formation of fatty acid conjugates of ciclesonide active metabolite in the rat lung after 4-week inhalation of ciclesonide. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2005;18:390–6.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Mukker JK, Singh RSP, Derendorf H. Ciclesonide: a pro-soft drug approach for mitigation of side effects of inhaled corticosteroids. J Pharm Sci. 2016;105:2509–14.PubMedCrossRef Mukker JK, Singh RSP, Derendorf H. Ciclesonide: a pro-soft drug approach for mitigation of side effects of inhaled corticosteroids. J Pharm Sci. 2016;105:2509–14.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Szefler SJ, Martin RJ, King TS, et al. Significant variability in response to inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(3):410–8.PubMedCrossRef Szefler SJ, Martin RJ, King TS, et al. Significant variability in response to inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(3):410–8.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Wells KE, Peterson EL, Ahmedani BK, Williams LK. Real world effects of once vs. greater daily inhaled corticosteroid dosing on medication adherence. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013;111(3):216–20.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wells KE, Peterson EL, Ahmedani BK, Williams LK. Real world effects of once vs. greater daily inhaled corticosteroid dosing on medication adherence. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013;111(3):216–20.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Williams LK, Peterson EL, Wells K, et al. Quantifying the proportion of severe asthma exacerbations attributable to inhaled corticosteroid nonadherence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(6):1185–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Williams LK, Peterson EL, Wells K, et al. Quantifying the proportion of severe asthma exacerbations attributable to inhaled corticosteroid nonadherence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(6):1185–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ducharme FM. Intermittent versus daily inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012:CD009611. doi:10.1002/14651858CD009611.pub2. Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ducharme FM. Intermittent versus daily inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012:CD009611. doi:10.1002/14651858CD009611.pub2.
38.
go back to reference Dolovich MA, MacIntyre NR, Dhand R, Gross NJ, Hess, Pierson DJ. Consensus conference on aerosols and delivery devices. Respir Care. 2000;45:588–776. Dolovich MA, MacIntyre NR, Dhand R, Gross NJ, Hess, Pierson DJ. Consensus conference on aerosols and delivery devices. Respir Care. 2000;45:588–776.
39.
go back to reference Dekhuijzen PNR, Lavorini F, Usmani OS. Patients’ perspectives and preferences in the choice of inhalers: the case for Respimat ® or HandiHaler®. Dovepress. 2016;10:1561–72. Dekhuijzen PNR, Lavorini F, Usmani OS. Patients’ perspectives and preferences in the choice of inhalers: the case for Respimat ® or HandiHaler®. Dovepress. 2016;10:1561–72.
40.
41.
go back to reference Lavorini F, Fontana GA, Usmani OS. New inhaler devices—the good, the bad and the ugly. Respiration. 2014;88(1):3–15.PubMedCrossRef Lavorini F, Fontana GA, Usmani OS. New inhaler devices—the good, the bad and the ugly. Respiration. 2014;88(1):3–15.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Bousquet J, Ben-Joseph R, Messonnier M, Alemao E, Gould AL. A meta-analysis of the dose–response relationship of inhaled corticosteroids in adolescents and adults with mild to moderate persistent asthma. Clin Ther. 2002;24:1–20.PubMedCrossRef Bousquet J, Ben-Joseph R, Messonnier M, Alemao E, Gould AL. A meta-analysis of the dose–response relationship of inhaled corticosteroids in adolescents and adults with mild to moderate persistent asthma. Clin Ther. 2002;24:1–20.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Dahl R, Lundback B, Malo JL, International Study Group, et al. A dose-ranging study of fluticasone propionate in adult patients with moderate asthma. Chest. 1993;104:1352–8.PubMedCrossRef Dahl R, Lundback B, Malo JL, International Study Group, et al. A dose-ranging study of fluticasone propionate in adult patients with moderate asthma. Chest. 1993;104:1352–8.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Gaddie J, Reid IW, Skinner C, Petrie GR, Sinclair DJ, Palmer KN. Aerosol beclomethasone dipropionate: a dose–response study in chronic bronchial asthma. Lancet. 1973;ii:280–1.CrossRef Gaddie J, Reid IW, Skinner C, Petrie GR, Sinclair DJ, Palmer KN. Aerosol beclomethasone dipropionate: a dose–response study in chronic bronchial asthma. Lancet. 1973;ii:280–1.CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Welch M, Bernstein D, Gross G, Kane RE, Banerji D, Azmacort HFA Study Group. A controlled trial of chlorofluorocarbon-free triamcinolone acetonide inhalation aerosol in the treatment of adult patients with persistent asthma. Chest. 1999;116:1304–12.PubMedCrossRef Welch M, Bernstein D, Gross G, Kane RE, Banerji D, Azmacort HFA Study Group. A controlled trial of chlorofluorocarbon-free triamcinolone acetonide inhalation aerosol in the treatment of adult patients with persistent asthma. Chest. 1999;116:1304–12.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Kemp JP, Berkowitz RB, Miller SD, Murray JJ, Nolop K, Harrison JE. Mometasone furoate administered once daily is as effective as twice-daily administration for treatment of mild-to-moderate persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:485–92.PubMedCrossRef Kemp JP, Berkowitz RB, Miller SD, Murray JJ, Nolop K, Harrison JE. Mometasone furoate administered once daily is as effective as twice-daily administration for treatment of mild-to-moderate persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:485–92.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Busse WW, Chervinsky P, Condemi J, et al. Budesonide delivered by Turbuhaler is effective in a dose-dependent fashion when used in the treatment of adult patients with chronic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101(4 Pt 1):457–63.PubMedCrossRef Busse WW, Chervinsky P, Condemi J, et al. Budesonide delivered by Turbuhaler is effective in a dose-dependent fashion when used in the treatment of adult patients with chronic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101(4 Pt 1):457–63.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Currie GP, Fowler SJ, Lipworth BJ. Dose response of inhaled corticosteroids on bronchial hyperresponsiveness: a meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;90:194–8.PubMedCrossRef Currie GP, Fowler SJ, Lipworth BJ. Dose response of inhaled corticosteroids on bronchial hyperresponsiveness: a meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;90:194–8.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Gibson PG, Saltos N, Borgas T. Airway mast cells and eosinophils correlate with clinical severity and airway hyperresponsiveness in corticosteroid-treated asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105:752–9.PubMedCrossRef Gibson PG, Saltos N, Borgas T. Airway mast cells and eosinophils correlate with clinical severity and airway hyperresponsiveness in corticosteroid-treated asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105:752–9.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Jatakanon A, Lim S, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. An inhaled steroid improves markers of airway inflammation in patients with mild asthma. Eur Respir J. 1998;12:1084–8.PubMedCrossRef Jatakanon A, Lim S, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. An inhaled steroid improves markers of airway inflammation in patients with mild asthma. Eur Respir J. 1998;12:1084–8.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Hojo M, Kudo K. Dose–response relationship for inhaled corticosteroids and the add-on effect of long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonists in adult chronic asthmatics. Allergol Int. 2004;43:291–9.CrossRef Hojo M, Kudo K. Dose–response relationship for inhaled corticosteroids and the add-on effect of long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonists in adult chronic asthmatics. Allergol Int. 2004;43:291–9.CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Pedersen S, O’Byrne P. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Allergy. 1997;52(Suppl):1–34.PubMedCrossRef Pedersen S, O’Byrne P. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Allergy. 1997;52(Suppl):1–34.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Kelly HW. Potential adverse effects of the inhaled corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:469–78.PubMedCrossRef Kelly HW. Potential adverse effects of the inhaled corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:469–78.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Postma DS, Formoterol and Corticosteroids Establishing Therapy (FACET) International Study Group et al. Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. N Engl J Med. 1997;337-1405-11. Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Postma DS, Formoterol and Corticosteroids Establishing Therapy (FACET) International Study Group et al. Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. N Engl J Med. 1997;337-1405-11.
55.
go back to reference Rank MA, Peters SP. The risks, benefits, and uncertainties of stepping down asthma medications. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014;2(5):503–9.PubMedCrossRef Rank MA, Peters SP. The risks, benefits, and uncertainties of stepping down asthma medications. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014;2(5):503–9.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Morgan WJ, et al. Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:650–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Morgan WJ, et al. Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:650–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Juniper EF, Kline PA, Vanzieleghem MA, Hargreave FE. Reduction of budesonide after a year of increased use: a randomized controlled trial to evaluate whether improvements in airway responsiveness and clinical asthma are maintained. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1991;87:483–9.PubMedCrossRef Juniper EF, Kline PA, Vanzieleghem MA, Hargreave FE. Reduction of budesonide after a year of increased use: a randomized controlled trial to evaluate whether improvements in airway responsiveness and clinical asthma are maintained. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1991;87:483–9.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference ZuWallack RL, Rosen JP, Cohen L, et al. The effectiveness of once-daily dosing of inhaled flunisolide in maintaining asthma control. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:278–85.PubMedCrossRef ZuWallack RL, Rosen JP, Cohen L, et al. The effectiveness of once-daily dosing of inhaled flunisolide in maintaining asthma control. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:278–85.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Visser ML, Postma DS, Arends LR, de Vries TW, Duiverman EJ, Brand PL. One-year treatment with different dosing schedules of fluticasone propionate in childhood asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:2073–7.PubMedCrossRef Visser ML, Postma DS, Arends LR, de Vries TW, Duiverman EJ, Brand PL. One-year treatment with different dosing schedules of fluticasone propionate in childhood asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:2073–7.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Hawkins G, McMahon AD, Twaddle S, Wood SF, Ford I, Thomson NC. Stepping down inhaled corticosteroids in asthma: a randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;326:1115.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hawkins G, McMahon AD, Twaddle S, Wood SF, Ford I, Thomson NC. Stepping down inhaled corticosteroids in asthma: a randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;326:1115.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Papi A, Canonica GW, Maestrelli P, et al. Rescue use of beclomethasone and albuterol in a single inhaler for mild asthma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2040–52.PubMedCrossRef Papi A, Canonica GW, Maestrelli P, et al. Rescue use of beclomethasone and albuterol in a single inhaler for mild asthma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2040–52.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference American Lung Association Asthma Clinical Research Network. Randomized comparison of strategies for reducing treatment in mild persistent asthma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2027–39.CrossRef American Lung Association Asthma Clinical Research Network. Randomized comparison of strategies for reducing treatment in mild persistent asthma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2027–39.CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Tonelli M, Bacci E, Dente FL, et al. Predictors of symptom recurrence after lose-dose inhaled corticosteroid cessation in mild persistent asthma. Respir Med. 2006;100:622–9.PubMedCrossRef Tonelli M, Bacci E, Dente FL, et al. Predictors of symptom recurrence after lose-dose inhaled corticosteroid cessation in mild persistent asthma. Respir Med. 2006;100:622–9.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Leuppi JD, Salome CM, Jenkins CR, Anderson SD, Xuan W, Marks GB, Koskela H, Brannan JD, Freed R, Andersson M, Chan HK, Woolcock AJ. Predictive markers of asthma exacerbation during stepwise dose reduction of inhaled corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:406–12.PubMedCrossRef Leuppi JD, Salome CM, Jenkins CR, Anderson SD, Xuan W, Marks GB, Koskela H, Brannan JD, Freed R, Andersson M, Chan HK, Woolcock AJ. Predictive markers of asthma exacerbation during stepwise dose reduction of inhaled corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:406–12.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Belda J, Parameswaran K, Lemiere C, Kamada D, O’Byrne PM, Hargreave FE. Predictors of loss of asthma control induced by corticosteroid withdrawal. Can Resp J. 2006;13:129–33. Belda J, Parameswaran K, Lemiere C, Kamada D, O’Byrne PM, Hargreave FE. Predictors of loss of asthma control induced by corticosteroid withdrawal. Can Resp J. 2006;13:129–33.
67.
go back to reference Tsurikisawa N, Oshikata C, Tsuburai T, et al. Markers for step-down of inhaled corticosteroid therapy in adult asthmatics. Allergol Int. 2012;61:419–29.PubMedCrossRef Tsurikisawa N, Oshikata C, Tsuburai T, et al. Markers for step-down of inhaled corticosteroid therapy in adult asthmatics. Allergol Int. 2012;61:419–29.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Rank MA, Branda ME, McWilliams DB, et al. Outcomes of stepping down asthma medications in a guideline-based pediatric asthma management program. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013;110:354–8.PubMedCrossRef Rank MA, Branda ME, McWilliams DB, et al. Outcomes of stepping down asthma medications in a guideline-based pediatric asthma management program. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013;110:354–8.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Zacharasiewicz A, Wilson N, Lex C, et al. Clinical use of noninvasive measurements of airway inflammation in steroid reduction in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:1077–82.PubMedCrossRef Zacharasiewicz A, Wilson N, Lex C, et al. Clinical use of noninvasive measurements of airway inflammation in steroid reduction in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:1077–82.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Hoffmann HJ, Nielsen LP, Harving H, Heinig JH, Dahl R. Asthmatics able to step down from inhaled corticosteroid treatment without loss of asthma control have low serum eotaxin/CCL11. Clin Respir J. 2008;2:149–57.PubMedCrossRef Hoffmann HJ, Nielsen LP, Harving H, Heinig JH, Dahl R. Asthmatics able to step down from inhaled corticosteroid treatment without loss of asthma control have low serum eotaxin/CCL11. Clin Respir J. 2008;2:149–57.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Baba K, Sakakibara A, Yagi T, Niwa S, Wakayama H, Takagi K. Long-term observations of the clinical course after step down of corticosteroid inhalation therapy in adult chronic asthmatics: correlation with serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein. Respirology. 2002;7:255–66.PubMedCrossRef Baba K, Sakakibara A, Yagi T, Niwa S, Wakayama H, Takagi K. Long-term observations of the clinical course after step down of corticosteroid inhalation therapy in adult chronic asthmatics: correlation with serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein. Respirology. 2002;7:255–66.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Jatakanon A, Lim S, Kharitonov SA, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. Correlation between exhaled nitric oxide, sputum eosinophils, and methacholine responsiveness in patients with mild asthma. Thorax. 1998;53:91–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jatakanon A, Lim S, Kharitonov SA, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. Correlation between exhaled nitric oxide, sputum eosinophils, and methacholine responsiveness in patients with mild asthma. Thorax. 1998;53:91–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Berlyne GS, Parameswaran K, Kamada D, Efthimiadis A, Hargreave FE. A comparison of exhaled nitric oxide and induced sputum as markers of airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:638–44.PubMedCrossRef Berlyne GS, Parameswaran K, Kamada D, Efthimiadis A, Hargreave FE. A comparison of exhaled nitric oxide and induced sputum as markers of airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:638–44.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Mehta V, Stokes JR, Berro A, Romero FA, Casale TB. Time-dependent effects of inhaled corticosteroids on lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation in asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009;103:31–7.PubMedCrossRef Mehta V, Stokes JR, Berro A, Romero FA, Casale TB. Time-dependent effects of inhaled corticosteroids on lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation in asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009;103:31–7.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Smith AD, Cowan JO, Brassett KP, Herbison GP, Taylor DR. Use of exhaled nitric oxide measurements to guide treatment in chronic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2163–73.PubMedCrossRef Smith AD, Cowan JO, Brassett KP, Herbison GP, Taylor DR. Use of exhaled nitric oxide measurements to guide treatment in chronic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2163–73.PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Greening AP, Ind PW, Northfield M, Shaw G, Allen & Hanburys Limited UK Study Group. Added salmeterol versus higher-dose corticosteroid in asthma patients with symptoms on existing inhaled corticosteroid. Lancet. 1994;344:219–24.PubMedCrossRef Greening AP, Ind PW, Northfield M, Shaw G, Allen & Hanburys Limited UK Study Group. Added salmeterol versus higher-dose corticosteroid in asthma patients with symptoms on existing inhaled corticosteroid. Lancet. 1994;344:219–24.PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Shrewsbury S, Pyke S, Britton M. Meta-analysis of increased dose of inhaled steroid or addition of salmeterol in symptomatic asthma (MIASMA). BMJ. 2000;320:1368–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shrewsbury S, Pyke S, Britton M. Meta-analysis of increased dose of inhaled steroid or addition of salmeterol in symptomatic asthma (MIASMA). BMJ. 2000;320:1368–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Peters SP, Bleecker ER, Canonica GW, et al. Serious asthma events with budesonide plus formoterol vs. budesonide alone. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(9):850–60.PubMedCrossRef Peters SP, Bleecker ER, Canonica GW, et al. Serious asthma events with budesonide plus formoterol vs. budesonide alone. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(9):850–60.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Stempel DA, Raphiou IH, Kral KM, et al. Serious asthma events with fluticasone plus salmeterol versus fluticasone alone. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(19):1822–30.PubMedCrossRef Stempel DA, Raphiou IH, Kral KM, et al. Serious asthma events with fluticasone plus salmeterol versus fluticasone alone. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(19):1822–30.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Castle W, Fuller R, Hall J, Palmer J. Serevent Nationwide Surveillance Study: comparison of salmeterol with salbutamol in asthmatic patients who require regular bronchodilator treatment. BMJ. 1993;306:1034–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Castle W, Fuller R, Hall J, Palmer J. Serevent Nationwide Surveillance Study: comparison of salmeterol with salbutamol in asthmatic patients who require regular bronchodilator treatment. BMJ. 1993;306:1034–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Nelson HS, Weiss ST, Bleecker ER, Yancey SW, Dorinsky PM. The Salmeterol Multicenter Asthma Research Trial: a comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol. Chest. 2006;129:15–26.PubMedCrossRef Nelson HS, Weiss ST, Bleecker ER, Yancey SW, Dorinsky PM. The Salmeterol Multicenter Asthma Research Trial: a comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol. Chest. 2006;129:15–26.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Bateman ED, Boushey HA, Bousquet J, Busse WW, Clark TJH, et al. Can guideline-defined asthma control be achieved? The gaining optimal asthma control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:836–44.PubMedCrossRef Bateman ED, Boushey HA, Bousquet J, Busse WW, Clark TJH, et al. Can guideline-defined asthma control be achieved? The gaining optimal asthma control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:836–44.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference O’Byrne PM, Barnes PJ, Rodriguez-Roisin R, et al. Low dose inhaled budesonide and formoterol in mild persistent asthma: the OPTIMA randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(8 Pt 1):1392–7.PubMedCrossRef O’Byrne PM, Barnes PJ, Rodriguez-Roisin R, et al. Low dose inhaled budesonide and formoterol in mild persistent asthma: the OPTIMA randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(8 Pt 1):1392–7.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference O’Byrne PM, Bisgaard H, Godard PP, et al. Budesonide/formoterol combination therapy as both maintenance and reliever medication in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:129–36.PubMedCrossRef O’Byrne PM, Bisgaard H, Godard PP, et al. Budesonide/formoterol combination therapy as both maintenance and reliever medication in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:129–36.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Rabe KF, Pizzichini E, Stallberg B, et al. Budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler for maintenance and relief in mild-to-moderate asthma: a randomized, double-blind trial. Chest. 2006;129:246–56.PubMedCrossRef Rabe KF, Pizzichini E, Stallberg B, et al. Budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler for maintenance and relief in mild-to-moderate asthma: a randomized, double-blind trial. Chest. 2006;129:246–56.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Scicchitano R, Aalbers R, Ukena D, et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol single inhaler therapy versus a higher dose of budesonide in moderate to severe asthma. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:1403–18.PubMedCrossRef Scicchitano R, Aalbers R, Ukena D, et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol single inhaler therapy versus a higher dose of budesonide in moderate to severe asthma. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:1403–18.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Mori K, Fujisawa T, Inui N, et al. Step-down treatment from medium-dosage of budesonide/formoterol in controlled asthma. Respir Med. 2016;119:1–6.PubMedCrossRef Mori K, Fujisawa T, Inui N, et al. Step-down treatment from medium-dosage of budesonide/formoterol in controlled asthma. Respir Med. 2016;119:1–6.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Bozek JL, Kraft M, Krishnan JA, et al. Long-acting beta-agonist step-off in patients with controlled asthma. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(18):1365–75.CrossRef Bozek JL, Kraft M, Krishnan JA, et al. Long-acting beta-agonist step-off in patients with controlled asthma. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(18):1365–75.CrossRef
91.
go back to reference Allen DB, Leonard B, Hartmut D, Robert D, Gene LC, Szefler SJ. Inhaled corticosteroids: past lessons and future issues. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112(3 Suppl):S1–40.PubMedCrossRef Allen DB, Leonard B, Hartmut D, Robert D, Gene LC, Szefler SJ. Inhaled corticosteroids: past lessons and future issues. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112(3 Suppl):S1–40.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Brutsche MH, Brutsche IC, Munawar M, et al. Comparison of pharmacokinetics and systemic effects of inhaled fluticasone propionate in patients with asthma and healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover study. Lancet. 2000;356:556–61.PubMedCrossRef Brutsche MH, Brutsche IC, Munawar M, et al. Comparison of pharmacokinetics and systemic effects of inhaled fluticasone propionate in patients with asthma and healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover study. Lancet. 2000;356:556–61.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Weiner P, Berar-Yanay N, Davidovich A, Magadle R. Nocturnal cortisol secretion in asthmatic patients after inhalation of fluticasone propionate. Chest. 1999;116:931–4.PubMedCrossRef Weiner P, Berar-Yanay N, Davidovich A, Magadle R. Nocturnal cortisol secretion in asthmatic patients after inhalation of fluticasone propionate. Chest. 1999;116:931–4.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Pedersen S, O’Byrne P. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Allergy. 1997;52(Suppl 39):1–34.PubMedCrossRef Pedersen S, O’Byrne P. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Allergy. 1997;52(Suppl 39):1–34.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Salvatoni A, Piantanida E, Nosetti L, Nespoli L. Inhaled corticosteroids in childhood asthma: long-term effects on growth and adrenocortical function. Paediatr Drugs. 2003;5:351–61.PubMedCrossRef Salvatoni A, Piantanida E, Nosetti L, Nespoli L. Inhaled corticosteroids in childhood asthma: long-term effects on growth and adrenocortical function. Paediatr Drugs. 2003;5:351–61.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Meibohm B, Hochhaus G, Rohatagi S, et al. Dependency of cortisol suppression on the administration time of inhaled corticosteroids [published correction appears in J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;37:1000]. J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;37:704–10.PubMedCrossRef Meibohm B, Hochhaus G, Rohatagi S, et al. Dependency of cortisol suppression on the administration time of inhaled corticosteroids [published correction appears in J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;37:1000]. J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;37:704–10.PubMedCrossRef
97.
98.
go back to reference Todd GR, Acerini CL, Ross-Russell R, Zahra S, Warner JT, McCance D. Survey of adrenal crisis associated with inhaled corticosteroids in the UK. Arch Dis Child. 2002;87:457–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Todd GR, Acerini CL, Ross-Russell R, Zahra S, Warner JT, McCance D. Survey of adrenal crisis associated with inhaled corticosteroids in the UK. Arch Dis Child. 2002;87:457–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Martin RJ, Szefler SJ, Chinchilli VM, et al. Systemic effect comparisons of six inhaled corticosteroid preparations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(10):1377–83.PubMedCrossRef Martin RJ, Szefler SJ, Chinchilli VM, et al. Systemic effect comparisons of six inhaled corticosteroid preparations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(10):1377–83.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Lipworth BJ. Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:941–55.PubMedCrossRef Lipworth BJ. Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:941–55.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Wolthers OB, Hansen M, Juul A, Nielsen NK, Pedersen S. Knemometry, urine cortisol excretion, and measures of the insulin-like growth factor axis and collagen turnover in children treated with inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Pediatr Res. 1997;41:44–50.PubMedCrossRef Wolthers OB, Hansen M, Juul A, Nielsen NK, Pedersen S. Knemometry, urine cortisol excretion, and measures of the insulin-like growth factor axis and collagen turnover in children treated with inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Pediatr Res. 1997;41:44–50.PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Kannisto S, Korppi M, Remes K, Voutilainen R. Adrenal suppression, evaluated by a low dose adrenocorticotropin test, and growth in asthmatic children treated with inhaled steroids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:652–7.PubMed Kannisto S, Korppi M, Remes K, Voutilainen R. Adrenal suppression, evaluated by a low dose adrenocorticotropin test, and growth in asthmatic children treated with inhaled steroids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:652–7.PubMed
103.
go back to reference Barnes NC, Hallett C, Harris TA. Clinical experience with fluticasone propionate in asthma: a meta-analysis of efficacy and systemic activity compared with budesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate at half the microgram dose or less. Respir Med. 1998;92:95–104.PubMedCrossRef Barnes NC, Hallett C, Harris TA. Clinical experience with fluticasone propionate in asthma: a meta-analysis of efficacy and systemic activity compared with budesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate at half the microgram dose or less. Respir Med. 1998;92:95–104.PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference The Childhood Asthma Management Program. (CAMP) Research Group. Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1054–63.CrossRef The Childhood Asthma Management Program. (CAMP) Research Group. Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1054–63.CrossRef
105.
go back to reference Silverstein MD, Yunginger JW, Reed CE, et al. Attained adult height after childhood asthma: effect of glucocorticoid therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:466–74.PubMedCrossRef Silverstein MD, Yunginger JW, Reed CE, et al. Attained adult height after childhood asthma: effect of glucocorticoid therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:466–74.PubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide on adult height in children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1064–9.PubMedCrossRef Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide on adult height in children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1064–9.PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Guilbert TW, Morgan WJ, Krawiec M, et al. The Prevention of Early Asthma in Kids study: design, rationale and methods for the Childhood Asthma Research and Education Network. Control Clin Trials. 2004;25(3):286–310.PubMedCrossRef Guilbert TW, Morgan WJ, Krawiec M, et al. The Prevention of Early Asthma in Kids study: design, rationale and methods for the Childhood Asthma Research and Education Network. Control Clin Trials. 2004;25(3):286–310.PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Hopp RJ, Degan JA, Phelan J, Lappe J, Gallagher GC. Cross-sectional study of bone density in asthmatic children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995;20:189–92.PubMedCrossRef Hopp RJ, Degan JA, Phelan J, Lappe J, Gallagher GC. Cross-sectional study of bone density in asthmatic children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995;20:189–92.PubMedCrossRef
111.
go back to reference Gregson RK, Rao R, Murrills AJ, Taylor PA, Warner JO. Effect of inhaled corticosteroids on bone mineral density in childhood asthma: comparison of fluticasone propionate with beclomethasone dipropionate. Osteoporos Int. 1998;8:418–22.PubMedCrossRef Gregson RK, Rao R, Murrills AJ, Taylor PA, Warner JO. Effect of inhaled corticosteroids on bone mineral density in childhood asthma: comparison of fluticasone propionate with beclomethasone dipropionate. Osteoporos Int. 1998;8:418–22.PubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Schlienger RG, Jick SS, Meier CR. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of fractures in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114(2):469–73.PubMedCrossRef Schlienger RG, Jick SS, Meier CR. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of fractures in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114(2):469–73.PubMedCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Monadi M, Javadian Y, Cheraghi M, Heidari B, Amiri M. Impact of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids on bone mineral density of patients with asthma: related with age. Osteoporos Int. 2015;262:2013–8.CrossRef Monadi M, Javadian Y, Cheraghi M, Heidari B, Amiri M. Impact of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids on bone mineral density of patients with asthma: related with age. Osteoporos Int. 2015;262:2013–8.CrossRef
114.
go back to reference Richy F, Bousquet J, Ehrlich GE, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids effects on bone in asthmatic and COPD patients: a quantitative systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(3):179–90 (Epub).PubMedCrossRef Richy F, Bousquet J, Ehrlich GE, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids effects on bone in asthmatic and COPD patients: a quantitative systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(3):179–90 (Epub).PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Laatikainen AK, Kroger HP, Tukiainen HO, Honkanen RJ, Saarikoski SV. Bone mineral density in perimenopausal women with asthma: a population-based cross-sectional study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(4 Pt 1):1179–85.PubMedCrossRef Laatikainen AK, Kroger HP, Tukiainen HO, Honkanen RJ, Saarikoski SV. Bone mineral density in perimenopausal women with asthma: a population-based cross-sectional study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(4 Pt 1):1179–85.PubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Ip M, Lam K, Yam L, Kung A, Ng M. Decreased bone mineral density in premenopausal asthma patients receiving long-term inhaled steroids. Chest. 1994;105(6):1722–7.PubMedCrossRef Ip M, Lam K, Yam L, Kung A, Ng M. Decreased bone mineral density in premenopausal asthma patients receiving long-term inhaled steroids. Chest. 1994;105(6):1722–7.PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference Wong CA, Walsh LJ, Smith CJP, Wisniewski AF, Lewis SA, Hubbard R, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid use and bone mineral density in patients with asthma. Lancet. 2000;355:1399–403.PubMedCrossRef Wong CA, Walsh LJ, Smith CJP, Wisniewski AF, Lewis SA, Hubbard R, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid use and bone mineral density in patients with asthma. Lancet. 2000;355:1399–403.PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Matsumoto H, Ishihara K, Hasegawa T, Umeda B, Niimi A, Hino M. Effects of inhaled corticosteroid and short courses of oral corticosteroids on bone mineral density in asthmatic patients: a 4-year longitudinal study. Chest. 2001;120(5):1468–73.PubMedCrossRef Matsumoto H, Ishihara K, Hasegawa T, Umeda B, Niimi A, Hino M. Effects of inhaled corticosteroid and short courses of oral corticosteroids on bone mineral density in asthmatic patients: a 4-year longitudinal study. Chest. 2001;120(5):1468–73.PubMedCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Wheelock C, St Anna L. Clinical inquiry. Do inhaled steroids reduce bone mineral density and increase fracture risk? J Fam Pract. 2012;61(8):493–508.PubMed Wheelock C, St Anna L. Clinical inquiry. Do inhaled steroids reduce bone mineral density and increase fracture risk? J Fam Pract. 2012;61(8):493–508.PubMed
121.
go back to reference Tattersfield AE, Town GI, Johnell O, et al. Bone mineral density in subjects with mild asthma randomized to treatment inhaled corticosteroids or non-corticosteroid treatment for two years. Thorax. 2001;56(4):272–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tattersfield AE, Town GI, Johnell O, et al. Bone mineral density in subjects with mild asthma randomized to treatment inhaled corticosteroids or non-corticosteroid treatment for two years. Thorax. 2001;56(4):272–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
122.
go back to reference Jones A, Fay JK, Burr M, Stone M, Hood K, Roberts G. Inhaled corticosteroid effects on bone metabolism in asthma and mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;1:CD003537. Jones A, Fay JK, Burr M, Stone M, Hood K, Roberts G. Inhaled corticosteroid effects on bone metabolism in asthma and mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;1:CD003537.
124.
go back to reference Bahceciler NN, Nuhoglu Y, Nursoy MA, Kodalli N, Barlan IB, Basaran MM. Inhaled corticosteroid therapy is safe in tuberculin-positive asthmatic children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:215–8.PubMedCrossRef Bahceciler NN, Nuhoglu Y, Nursoy MA, Kodalli N, Barlan IB, Basaran MM. Inhaled corticosteroid therapy is safe in tuberculin-positive asthmatic children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:215–8.PubMedCrossRef
125.
go back to reference Singh S, Amin AV, Loke YK. Long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:219–29.PubMedCrossRef Singh S, Amin AV, Loke YK. Long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:219–29.PubMedCrossRef
126.
go back to reference Singh S, Loke YK. An overview of the benefits and drawbacks of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2010;5:189–95.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Singh S, Loke YK. An overview of the benefits and drawbacks of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2010;5:189–95.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
128.
go back to reference Eurich DT, Lee C, Marrie TJ, Majumdar SR. Inhaled corticosteroids and risk of recurrent pneumonia: a population-based, nested case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1138–44.PubMedCrossRef Eurich DT, Lee C, Marrie TJ, Majumdar SR. Inhaled corticosteroids and risk of recurrent pneumonia: a population-based, nested case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1138–44.PubMedCrossRef
129.
go back to reference McKeever T, Harrison TW, Hubbard R, Shaw D. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of pneumonia in people with asthma: a case–control study. Chest. 2013;144:1788–94.PubMedCrossRef McKeever T, Harrison TW, Hubbard R, Shaw D. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of pneumonia in people with asthma: a case–control study. Chest. 2013;144:1788–94.PubMedCrossRef
130.
go back to reference Weatherall M, James K, Clay J, et al. Dose–response relationship for risk of non-vertebral fracture with inhaled corticosteroids. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38:1451–8.PubMedCrossRef Weatherall M, James K, Clay J, et al. Dose–response relationship for risk of non-vertebral fracture with inhaled corticosteroids. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38:1451–8.PubMedCrossRef
131.
go back to reference Garbe E, LeLorier J, Boivin JF, Suissa S. Inhaled and nasal glucocorticoids and the risk of ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. JAMA. 1997;277:722–7.PubMedCrossRef Garbe E, LeLorier J, Boivin JF, Suissa S. Inhaled and nasal glucocorticoids and the risk of ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. JAMA. 1997;277:722–7.PubMedCrossRef
132.
go back to reference Samily N, Walton DS, Dreyer EB. Inhaled steroids: effect on intraocular pressure in patients without glaucoma. Can J Ophthalmol. 1996;31(3):120–3. Samily N, Walton DS, Dreyer EB. Inhaled steroids: effect on intraocular pressure in patients without glaucoma. Can J Ophthalmol. 1996;31(3):120–3.
133.
go back to reference Pelkonen A, Kari O, Selroos O, Nikander K, Haahtela T, Turpeinen M. Ophthalmologic findings in children with asthma receiving inhaled budesonide. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(4):832–4.PubMedCrossRef Pelkonen A, Kari O, Selroos O, Nikander K, Haahtela T, Turpeinen M. Ophthalmologic findings in children with asthma receiving inhaled budesonide. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(4):832–4.PubMedCrossRef
134.
go back to reference Capewell S, Reynolds S, Shuttleworth D, Edwards C, Finlay AY. Purpura and dermal thinning associated with high dose inhaled corticosteroids. BMJ. 1990;300:1548–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Capewell S, Reynolds S, Shuttleworth D, Edwards C, Finlay AY. Purpura and dermal thinning associated with high dose inhaled corticosteroids. BMJ. 1990;300:1548–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
135.
go back to reference Mak VHF, Melchor R, Spiro SG. Easy bruising as a side-effect of inhaled corticosteroids. Eur Resp J. 1992;5:1066–74. Mak VHF, Melchor R, Spiro SG. Easy bruising as a side-effect of inhaled corticosteroids. Eur Resp J. 1992;5:1066–74.
136.
go back to reference Roy A, Leblanc C, Paquette L, Ghezzo H, Cote J, Cartier A, et al. Skin bruising in asthmatic subjects treated with high doses of inhaled steroids: frequency an association with adrenal function. Eur Respir J. 1996;9:226–31.PubMedCrossRef Roy A, Leblanc C, Paquette L, Ghezzo H, Cote J, Cartier A, et al. Skin bruising in asthmatic subjects treated with high doses of inhaled steroids: frequency an association with adrenal function. Eur Respir J. 1996;9:226–31.PubMedCrossRef
137.
go back to reference Autio P, Karjalainen J, Risteli L, Kiistala U, Oikarinen A. Effects of an inhaled steroid (budesonide) on skin collagen synthesis of asthma patients in vivo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153:1172–5.PubMedCrossRef Autio P, Karjalainen J, Risteli L, Kiistala U, Oikarinen A. Effects of an inhaled steroid (budesonide) on skin collagen synthesis of asthma patients in vivo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153:1172–5.PubMedCrossRef
138.
go back to reference Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Laitinen LA, et al. Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1948–53.PubMedCrossRef Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Laitinen LA, et al. Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1948–53.PubMedCrossRef
139.
go back to reference Tashkin DP, Murray HE, Skeans M, Murray RP. Skin manifestations of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD patients: results from Lung Health Study II. Chest. 2004;126:1123–33.PubMedCrossRef Tashkin DP, Murray HE, Skeans M, Murray RP. Skin manifestations of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD patients: results from Lung Health Study II. Chest. 2004;126:1123–33.PubMedCrossRef
140.
go back to reference Daley-Yates PT. Pharmacological aspects of glucocorticoid therapy. In: Wolthers OD, editor. Exogenous glucocorticoids in paediatric asthma. Kerala: Transworld Research Network; 2007. p. 1–18. Daley-Yates PT. Pharmacological aspects of glucocorticoid therapy. In: Wolthers OD, editor. Exogenous glucocorticoids in paediatric asthma. Kerala: Transworld Research Network; 2007. p. 1–18.
141.
go back to reference Daley-Yates PT, Harker AJ, Taylor S, Daniel MJ. Plasma protein binding of inhaled corticosteroids: reappraisal of its significance in systemic pharmacological activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:S4.CrossRef Daley-Yates PT, Harker AJ, Taylor S, Daniel MJ. Plasma protein binding of inhaled corticosteroids: reappraisal of its significance in systemic pharmacological activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:S4.CrossRef
142.
go back to reference Wolthers OD, Daley-Yates PT. Exogenous glucocorticoids in Paediatric asthma. In: Wolthers OD, editor. Inhaled glucocorticoids and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function. Kerala: Transworld Research Network; 2007. p. 19–34. Wolthers OD, Daley-Yates PT. Exogenous glucocorticoids in Paediatric asthma. In: Wolthers OD, editor. Inhaled glucocorticoids and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function. Kerala: Transworld Research Network; 2007. p. 19–34.
143.
go back to reference Daley-Yates PT, Pierre LN. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model predicting cortisol suppression for inhaled corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:A518. Daley-Yates PT, Pierre LN. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model predicting cortisol suppression for inhaled corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:A518.
144.
go back to reference Crim C, Pierre LN, Daley-Yates PT. A review of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of fluticasone propionate and mometosone furoate. Clin Ther. 2001;23:1339–54.PubMedCrossRef Crim C, Pierre LN, Daley-Yates PT. A review of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of fluticasone propionate and mometosone furoate. Clin Ther. 2001;23:1339–54.PubMedCrossRef
145.
go back to reference Daley-Yates PT, Derks MGM, Weeks AT, Mehta RS, Beerahee M, Sousa A. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fluticasone propionate and mometasone furoate dry powder inhalers in healthy and asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;2:A354. Daley-Yates PT, Derks MGM, Weeks AT, Mehta RS, Beerahee M, Sousa A. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fluticasone propionate and mometasone furoate dry powder inhalers in healthy and asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;2:A354.
147.
go back to reference Hogger P, Rohdewald P. Glucocorticoid receptors and fluticasone propionate. Rev Contemp Pharmacother. 1998;9:501–22. Hogger P, Rohdewald P. Glucocorticoid receptors and fluticasone propionate. Rev Contemp Pharmacother. 1998;9:501–22.
148.
go back to reference Daley-Yates PT, Kunka RL, Shen YY, Andrews SM, Callejas S, Ng C. Bioavailability of fluticasone propionate and mometasone furoate aqueous nasal sprays. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;60:265–8.PubMedCrossRef Daley-Yates PT, Kunka RL, Shen YY, Andrews SM, Callejas S, Ng C. Bioavailability of fluticasone propionate and mometasone furoate aqueous nasal sprays. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;60:265–8.PubMedCrossRef
149.
go back to reference Falcoz C, Oliver R, McDowall J, Ventresca GP, Bye A, Daley-Yates PT. Bioavailability of orally administered micronised fluticasone propionate. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000;39(Suppl. 1):9–15.PubMedCrossRef Falcoz C, Oliver R, McDowall J, Ventresca GP, Bye A, Daley-Yates PT. Bioavailability of orally administered micronised fluticasone propionate. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000;39(Suppl. 1):9–15.PubMedCrossRef
150.
go back to reference Taylor S, Harker A. Modification of the ultrafiltration technique to overcome solubility and non-specific binding challenges associated with the measurement of plasma protein binding of corticosteroids. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006;41:299–303.PubMedCrossRef Taylor S, Harker A. Modification of the ultrafiltration technique to overcome solubility and non-specific binding challenges associated with the measurement of plasma protein binding of corticosteroids. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006;41:299–303.PubMedCrossRef
151.
go back to reference Derendorf H, Hochhaus G, Meibohm B, Mollmann H, Bart J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101:S440–6.PubMedCrossRef Derendorf H, Hochhaus G, Meibohm B, Mollmann H, Bart J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101:S440–6.PubMedCrossRef
152.
go back to reference Kaliner MA. Pharmacologic characteristics and adrenal suppression with newer inhaled corticosteroids: a comparison of ciclesonide and fluticasone propionate. Clin Ther. 2006;28:319–31.PubMedCrossRef Kaliner MA. Pharmacologic characteristics and adrenal suppression with newer inhaled corticosteroids: a comparison of ciclesonide and fluticasone propionate. Clin Ther. 2006;28:319–31.PubMedCrossRef
153.
go back to reference Mager DE, Jusko WJ. Quantitative structure–pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships of corticosteroids in man. J Pharm Sci. 2001;91:2442–51. Mager DE, Jusko WJ. Quantitative structure–pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships of corticosteroids in man. J Pharm Sci. 2001;91:2442–51.
154.
go back to reference Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Lung deposition and systemic bioavailability of fluticasone Diskus and budesonide Turbuhaler. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168:779–82.PubMedCrossRef Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Lung deposition and systemic bioavailability of fluticasone Diskus and budesonide Turbuhaler. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168:779–82.PubMedCrossRef
155.
go back to reference Mackie AE, McDowall JE, Falcoz C, Ventresca GP, Bye A, Daley-Yates PT. Pharmacokinetics of fluticasone propionate inhaled via the Diskhaler and Diskus powder devices in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000;39(1):23–30.PubMedCrossRef Mackie AE, McDowall JE, Falcoz C, Ventresca GP, Bye A, Daley-Yates PT. Pharmacokinetics of fluticasone propionate inhaled via the Diskhaler and Diskus powder devices in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000;39(1):23–30.PubMedCrossRef
156.
go back to reference Thorsson L, Edsbacker S, Conradson TB. Lung deposition from Turbuhaler is twice that from a pressurised metered dose inhaler P-MDI. Eur Respir J. 1994;7:1839–44.PubMedCrossRef Thorsson L, Edsbacker S, Conradson TB. Lung deposition from Turbuhaler is twice that from a pressurised metered dose inhaler P-MDI. Eur Respir J. 1994;7:1839–44.PubMedCrossRef
157.
go back to reference Agertoft L, Andersen A, Weibull E, Pedersen S. Systemic availability and pharmacokinetics of nebulized budesonide in pre-school children with asthma. Arch Dis Child. 1999;80:241–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Agertoft L, Andersen A, Weibull E, Pedersen S. Systemic availability and pharmacokinetics of nebulized budesonide in pre-school children with asthma. Arch Dis Child. 1999;80:241–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
158.
go back to reference Jeal W, Faulds D. Triamcinolone acetonide. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of allergic rhinitis. Drugs. 1997;53:257–80.PubMedCrossRef Jeal W, Faulds D. Triamcinolone acetonide. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of allergic rhinitis. Drugs. 1997;53:257–80.PubMedCrossRef
159.
go back to reference Derendorf H, Hochhaus G, Rohatagi S, Möllmann H, Barth J, Sourgens H, Erdmann M. Pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide after intravenous, oral, and inhaled administration. J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;35:302–5.PubMedCrossRef Derendorf H, Hochhaus G, Rohatagi S, Möllmann H, Barth J, Sourgens H, Erdmann M. Pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide after intravenous, oral, and inhaled administration. J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;35:302–5.PubMedCrossRef
160.
go back to reference Barth J, Damoiseaux M, Möllmann H, Brandis KH, Hochhaus G, Derendorf H. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prednisolone after intravenous and oral administration. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1992;30:317–24.PubMed Barth J, Damoiseaux M, Möllmann H, Brandis KH, Hochhaus G, Derendorf H. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prednisolone after intravenous and oral administration. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1992;30:317–24.PubMed
162.
go back to reference Winkler J, Hochhaus G, Derendorf H. How the lung handles drugs: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled corticosteroids. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2004;1:356–63.PubMedCrossRef Winkler J, Hochhaus G, Derendorf H. How the lung handles drugs: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled corticosteroids. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2004;1:356–63.PubMedCrossRef
163.
go back to reference Hübner M, Hochhaus G, Derendorf H. Comparative pharmacology, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2005;25:469–88.CrossRef Hübner M, Hochhaus G, Derendorf H. Comparative pharmacology, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2005;25:469–88.CrossRef
164.
go back to reference Derendorf H, Nave R, Drollman A, Cerasoli F, Wurst W. Relevance of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled corticosteroids to asthma. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:1042–50.PubMedCrossRef Derendorf H, Nave R, Drollman A, Cerasoli F, Wurst W. Relevance of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled corticosteroids to asthma. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:1042–50.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
A Review on the Safety and Efficacy of Inhaled Corticosteroids in the Management of Asthma
Authors
Qian Ye
Xiao-Ou He
Anthony D’Urzo
Publication date
01-06-2017
Publisher
Springer Healthcare
Published in
Pulmonary Therapy / Issue 1/2017
Print ISSN: 2364-1754
Electronic ISSN: 2364-1746
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41030-017-0043-5

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Pulmonary Therapy 1/2017 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine