Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Women's Health 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Research article

A qualitative study of developing beliefs about health, illness and healthcare in migrant African women with gestational diabetes living in Sweden

Authors: Katarina Hjelm, Karin Bard, Jan Apelqvist

Published in: BMC Women's Health | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Gestational diabetes (GDM) is associated with health risks for both mother and child, and is particularly relevant to migrant women and women of African origin. With today’s extensive global migration, contact with the new society and health system confronts the migrant’s culture of origin with the culture of the host country. The question is whether immigrants’ patterns of beliefs about health, illness, and health-related behaviour change over time, as no previous studies have been found on this topic. The purpose was to explore development over time, during and after pregnancy, of beliefs about health, illness and healthcare in migrant women with GDM born in Africa living in Sweden, and study the influence on self-care and care seeking.

Methods

Qualitative prospective study. Semi-structured interviews, with 9 women (23–40 years), on three different occasions: during pregnancy (gestational weeks 34–38), and 3 and 14 months after delivery managed at an in-hospital diabetes specialist clinic in Sweden.

Results

Beliefs were rather stable over time and mainly related to individual and social factors. GDM was perceived as a transient condition as health professionals had informed about it, which made them calm. None, except one, expressed worries about relapse and the health of the baby. Instead women worried about being unable to live an ordinary life and being bound to lifestyle changes, particularly diet, developing diabetes and needing insulin injections. Over time knowledge of appropriate diet improved, although no advice was experienced given by the clinic after delivery. The healthcare model was perceived as well functioning with easy access but regular follow-ups were requested as many (decreasing over time) were unsure whether they still had GDM and lacked information about GDM and diet. During pregnancy information was also requested about the healthcare system before/after delivery.

Conclusions

Beliefs changed to a limited extent prospectively, indicated low risk awareness, limited knowledge of GDM, irrelevant worries about future health, and being unable to live a normal life, associated with problematic lifestyle changes. Beliefs about the seriousness of GDM in health professionals influenced patients’ beliefs and health-related behaviour. The healthcare organisation urgently needs to be improved to deliver appropriate and timely information through competent staff.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Footnotes
1
Numbers 1, 2, 3 in the ‘Findings’ section refer to interview number 1 during pregnancy (antenatal), number 2 three months after delivery, and number 3 fourteen months after delivery.
 
Literature
2.
go back to reference Berry JW. Acculturation: living successfully in two cultures. Int J Intercult Relat. 2005;29:697–712.CrossRef Berry JW. Acculturation: living successfully in two cultures. Int J Intercult Relat. 2005;29:697–712.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373:1773–9.CrossRefPubMed Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373:1773–9.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Ben-Haroush A, Yogev Y, Hod M. Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2003;21:103–13.CrossRef Ben-Haroush A, Yogev Y, Hod M. Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2003;21:103–13.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Rao AK, Daniels K, El-Sayed YY, Moshesh MK, Caughey AB. Perinatal outcomes among Asian American and Pacific Islander women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(3):834–8.CrossRefPubMed Rao AK, Daniels K, El-Sayed YY, Moshesh MK, Caughey AB. Perinatal outcomes among Asian American and Pacific Islander women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(3):834–8.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Dornhorst A, Paerson CM, Nicholls JS, Wadsworth J, Chiu DC, Elkeles RS, Johnston DG, Beard RW. High prevalence of gestational diabetes in women from ethnic minority groups. Diabet Med. 1992;9:820–5.CrossRefPubMed Dornhorst A, Paerson CM, Nicholls JS, Wadsworth J, Chiu DC, Elkeles RS, Johnston DG, Beard RW. High prevalence of gestational diabetes in women from ethnic minority groups. Diabet Med. 1992;9:820–5.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Shaat N, Ekelund M, Lernmark IS, Nilsson A, Perfekt R, Berntorp K, Groop L. Genotypic and phenotypic differences between Arabian and Scandinavian women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2004;47:878–84.CrossRefPubMed Shaat N, Ekelund M, Lernmark IS, Nilsson A, Perfekt R, Berntorp K, Groop L. Genotypic and phenotypic differences between Arabian and Scandinavian women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2004;47:878–84.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Jovanovic L. American Diabetes Association’s fourth international workshopconference on gestational diabetes mellitus: summary and discussion. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(suppl 2):B131–6.PubMed Jovanovic L. American Diabetes Association’s fourth international workshopconference on gestational diabetes mellitus: summary and discussion. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(suppl 2):B131–6.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, De Leiva A, Dunger DB, Hadden DR, Hod M, Kitzmiller JL, Kjos SL, Oats J, Pettitt DJ, Sacks DA, Zoupas C. Summary and recommendations of the fifth international work-shop conference on gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(Suppl 2):S251–60. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-s225.CrossRefPubMed Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, De Leiva A, Dunger DB, Hadden DR, Hod M, Kitzmiller JL, Kjos SL, Oats J, Pettitt DJ, Sacks DA, Zoupas C. Summary and recommendations of the fifth international work-shop conference on gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(Suppl 2):S251–60. https://​doi.​org/​10.​2337/​dc07-s225.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Lundgren I, Wahlberg V. The experience of pregnancy. J Perinat Educ. 1999;8:13–20.CrossRef Lundgren I, Wahlberg V. The experience of pregnancy. J Perinat Educ. 1999;8:13–20.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Trad PV. Adaptation to developmental transformations during various phases of motherhood. J Am Acad Psychoanal. 1991;19:403–21.CrossRefPubMed Trad PV. Adaptation to developmental transformations during various phases of motherhood. J Am Acad Psychoanal. 1991;19:403–21.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Lawson EJ, Rajaram S. A transformed pregnancy: the psychosocial consequences of gestational diabetes. Sociol Health Illn. 1994;16:536–62.CrossRef Lawson EJ, Rajaram S. A transformed pregnancy: the psychosocial consequences of gestational diabetes. Sociol Health Illn. 1994;16:536–62.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Jirojwong S, Brownhill S, Daheln HG, Johnson M, Schmied V. Going up, going down: the experience, control and management of gestational diabetes mellitus among Southeast Asian migrant women living in urban Australia. Health Promot J Austr. 2017;28(2):123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/HE15130CrossRefPubMed Jirojwong S, Brownhill S, Daheln HG, Johnson M, Schmied V. Going up, going down: the experience, control and management of gestational diabetes mellitus among Southeast Asian migrant women living in urban Australia. Health Promot J Austr. 2017;28(2):123–31. http://​dx.​doi.​org/​10.​1071/​HE15130CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Paulweber B, Valensi P, Lindström J, Lalic NM, Greaves CJ, McKee M, KissimovaSkarbek K, Liatis S, Cosson E, Szendroedi J, Sheppard KE, Charlesworth K, Felton AM, Hall M, Rissanen A, Tuomilehto J, Schwarz PE, Roden M, Paulweber M, Stadlmayr A, Kedenko L, Katsilambros N, Makrilakis K, Kamenov Z, Evans P, Gilis-Januszewska A, Lalic K, Jotic A, Djordevic P, Dimitrijevic-Sreckovic V, Hühmer U, Kulzer B, Puhl S, Lee-Barkey YH, AlKerwi A, Abraham C, Hardeman W, Acosta T, Adler M, AlKerwi A, Barengo N, Barengo R, Boavida JM, Charlesworth K, Christov V, Claussen B, Cos X, Cosson E, Deceukelier S, Dimitrijevic-Sreckovic V, Djordjevic P, Evans P, Felton AM, Fischer M, Gabriel-Sanchez R, Gilis-Januszewska A, Goldfracht M, Gomez JL, Greaves CJ, Hall M, Handke U, Hauner H, Herbst J, Hermanns N, Herrebrugh L, Huber C, Hühmer U, Huttunen J, Jotic A, Kamenov Z, Karadeniz S, Katsilambros N, Khalangot M, Kissimova-Skarbek K, Köhler D, Kopp V, Kronsbein P, Kulzer B, Kyne-Grzebalski D, Lalic K, Lalic N, Landgraf R, LeeBarkey YH, Liatis S, Lindström J, Makrilakis K, McIntosh C, McKee M, Mesquita AC, Misina D, Muylle F, Neumann A, Paiva AC, Pajunen P, Paulweber B, Peltonen M, Perrenoud L, Pfeiffer A, Pölönen A, Puhl S, Raposo F, Reinehr T, Rissanen A, Robinson C, Roden M, Rothe U, Saaristo T, Scholl J, Schwarz PE, Sheppard KE, Spiers S, Stemper T, Stratmann B, Szendroedi J, Szybinski Z, Tankova T, Telle-Hjellset V, Terry G, Tolks D, Toti F, Tuomilehto J, Undeutsch A, Valadas C, Valensi P, Velickiene D, Vermunt P, Weiss R, Wens J, Yilmaz T. A European evidence-based guideline for the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Horm Metab Res. 2010;42(Suppl 1):S3–36. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1240928.CrossRefPubMed Paulweber B, Valensi P, Lindström J, Lalic NM, Greaves CJ, McKee M, KissimovaSkarbek K, Liatis S, Cosson E, Szendroedi J, Sheppard KE, Charlesworth K, Felton AM, Hall M, Rissanen A, Tuomilehto J, Schwarz PE, Roden M, Paulweber M, Stadlmayr A, Kedenko L, Katsilambros N, Makrilakis K, Kamenov Z, Evans P, Gilis-Januszewska A, Lalic K, Jotic A, Djordevic P, Dimitrijevic-Sreckovic V, Hühmer U, Kulzer B, Puhl S, Lee-Barkey YH, AlKerwi A, Abraham C, Hardeman W, Acosta T, Adler M, AlKerwi A, Barengo N, Barengo R, Boavida JM, Charlesworth K, Christov V, Claussen B, Cos X, Cosson E, Deceukelier S, Dimitrijevic-Sreckovic V, Djordjevic P, Evans P, Felton AM, Fischer M, Gabriel-Sanchez R, Gilis-Januszewska A, Goldfracht M, Gomez JL, Greaves CJ, Hall M, Handke U, Hauner H, Herbst J, Hermanns N, Herrebrugh L, Huber C, Hühmer U, Huttunen J, Jotic A, Kamenov Z, Karadeniz S, Katsilambros N, Khalangot M, Kissimova-Skarbek K, Köhler D, Kopp V, Kronsbein P, Kulzer B, Kyne-Grzebalski D, Lalic K, Lalic N, Landgraf R, LeeBarkey YH, Liatis S, Lindström J, Makrilakis K, McIntosh C, McKee M, Mesquita AC, Misina D, Muylle F, Neumann A, Paiva AC, Pajunen P, Paulweber B, Peltonen M, Perrenoud L, Pfeiffer A, Pölönen A, Puhl S, Raposo F, Reinehr T, Rissanen A, Robinson C, Roden M, Rothe U, Saaristo T, Scholl J, Schwarz PE, Sheppard KE, Spiers S, Stemper T, Stratmann B, Szendroedi J, Szybinski Z, Tankova T, Telle-Hjellset V, Terry G, Tolks D, Toti F, Tuomilehto J, Undeutsch A, Valadas C, Valensi P, Velickiene D, Vermunt P, Weiss R, Wens J, Yilmaz T. A European evidence-based guideline for the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Horm Metab Res. 2010;42(Suppl 1):S3–36. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1055/​s-0029-1240928.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Dechamp-Le-Roux C, Valensi P, Assad N, Sislian P, Attali JR. Croyances des diabétiques sur l’étiologie de leur maladie. Influence de l’éthnie. Etiological beliefs in diabetic patients. Influences of ethnic origin. Diabete Metab. 1990;16:207–12.PubMed Dechamp-Le-Roux C, Valensi P, Assad N, Sislian P, Attali JR. Croyances des diabétiques sur l’étiologie de leur maladie. Influence de l’éthnie. Etiological beliefs in diabetic patients. Influences of ethnic origin. Diabete Metab. 1990;16:207–12.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Hjelm K, Nyberg P, Apelqvist J. Beliefs about health and illness essential for selfcare practice: a comparison of migrant Yugoslavian and Swedish diabetic females. J Adv Nurs. 1999;30:1147–59.CrossRefPubMed Hjelm K, Nyberg P, Apelqvist J. Beliefs about health and illness essential for selfcare practice: a comparison of migrant Yugoslavian and Swedish diabetic females. J Adv Nurs. 1999;30:1147–59.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Hjelm K, Bard K, Nyberg P, Apelqvist J. Religious and cultural distance in beliefs about health and illness in women with diabetes mellitus of different origin living in Sweden. Int J Nurs Stud. 2003;40:627–43.CrossRefPubMed Hjelm K, Bard K, Nyberg P, Apelqvist J. Religious and cultural distance in beliefs about health and illness in women with diabetes mellitus of different origin living in Sweden. Int J Nurs Stud. 2003;40:627–43.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Hjelm K, Bard K, Nyberg P, Apelqvist J. Swedish and Middle-Eastern-born women’s beliefs about gestational diabetes. Midwifery. 2005;21:44–60.CrossRefPubMed Hjelm K, Bard K, Nyberg P, Apelqvist J. Swedish and Middle-Eastern-born women’s beliefs about gestational diabetes. Midwifery. 2005;21:44–60.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Kulwicki A. An ethnographic study of illness perceptions and practices of Yemeni Arabs in Michigan. J Cult Divers. 1996;3:80–9.PubMed Kulwicki A. An ethnographic study of illness perceptions and practices of Yemeni Arabs in Michigan. J Cult Divers. 1996;3:80–9.PubMed
28.
go back to reference SCB. Statistiska Centralbyrån. Från Finland till Afghanistan – invandring och utvandring för födda i olika länder sedan 1970. Demografiska Rapporter. Rapport; 2016. p. 1. (Statistics Sweden (SCB). From Finland to Afghanistan – immigration and emigration for persons born in different countries since 1970. Demographic Reports. 2016 SCB. Statistiska Centralbyrån. Från Finland till Afghanistan – invandring och utvandring för födda i olika länder sedan 1970. Demografiska Rapporter. Rapport; 2016. p. 1. (Statistics Sweden (SCB). From Finland to Afghanistan – immigration and emigration for persons born in different countries since 1970. Demographic Reports. 2016
29.
go back to reference Svanberg I, Tydén M. Tusen år av invandring (a thousand years of immigration). Stockholm: Dialogos; 2005. Svanberg I, Tydén M. Tusen år av invandring (a thousand years of immigration). Stockholm: Dialogos; 2005.
31.
go back to reference Socialstyrelsen. Hälsoundersökningar inom barnhälsovården. Allmänna råd från Socialstyrelsen; 1991. p. 8. Socialstyrelsen: 1991. (National Board of Health and Welfare. Health investigations in child health care. General recommendations from the National Board of Health and Welfare). Socialstyrelsen. Hälsoundersökningar inom barnhälsovården. Allmänna råd från Socialstyrelsen; 1991. p. 8. Socialstyrelsen: 1991. (National Board of Health and Welfare. Health investigations in child health care. General recommendations from the National Board of Health and Welfare).
32.
go back to reference Rosenstock IM, Strecher VJ, Becker MH. Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Educ Q. 1988;11:403–18. Rosenstock IM, Strecher VJ, Becker MH. Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Educ Q. 1988;11:403–18.
33.
go back to reference Helman C. Culture, health and illness. London: Butterworth & Co (Publishers), Ltd; 2007. Helman C. Culture, health and illness. London: Butterworth & Co (Publishers), Ltd; 2007.
34.
go back to reference Kleinman A. Patients and healers in the context of culture. London: University of California Press; 1980. Kleinman A. Patients and healers in the context of culture. London: University of California Press; 1980.
35.
go back to reference Rotter JB. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychol Monogr. 1966;80 (Whole No. 609):1.CrossRefPubMed Rotter JB. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychol Monogr. 1966;80 (Whole No. 609):1.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Berger P, Luckmann T. The social construction of reality. A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. London: Penguin Books; 1991. Berger P, Luckmann T. The social construction of reality. A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. London: Penguin Books; 1991.
37.
go back to reference Glanz K, Rimer B, Lewis F. Health behaviour and health education. Theory, research, and practice. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2002. Glanz K, Rimer B, Lewis F. Health behaviour and health education. Theory, research, and practice. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2002.
38.
go back to reference Gray L, Harding S, Reid A. Evidence of divergence with duration of residence in circulatory disease mortality in migrants to Australia. Eur J Pub Health. 2007;17:550–4.CrossRef Gray L, Harding S, Reid A. Evidence of divergence with duration of residence in circulatory disease mortality in migrants to Australia. Eur J Pub Health. 2007;17:550–4.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Hofstede G. Culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviours, institutions, and organisations across nations. 2nd ed. London: Sage Publications; 2001. Hofstede G. Culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviours, institutions, and organisations across nations. 2nd ed. London: Sage Publications; 2001.
40.
go back to reference Bandura A. Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies. In: Bandura A, editor. Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1995. p. 1–45.CrossRef Bandura A. Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies. In: Bandura A, editor. Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1995. p. 1–45.CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Jerusalem M, Mittag W. Self-efficacy in stressful life transitions. In: Bandura A, editor. Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1995. p. 177–201.CrossRef Jerusalem M, Mittag W. Self-efficacy in stressful life transitions. In: Bandura A, editor. Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1995. p. 177–201.CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Oettingen G. Cross-cultural perspectives on self-efficacy. In: Bandura A, editor. SelfEfficacy in changing societies, vol. 1995. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1995. p. 149–76.CrossRef Oettingen G. Cross-cultural perspectives on self-efficacy. In: Bandura A, editor. SelfEfficacy in changing societies, vol. 1995. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1995. p. 149–76.CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Flick U. An introduction to qualitative research. 5th ed. London: Sage Publications Ltd; 2014. Flick U. An introduction to qualitative research. 5th ed. London: Sage Publications Ltd; 2014.
44.
go back to reference Hjelm K, Isacsson Å, Apelqvist J. Health care professionals’ perceptions of beliefs about health and illness in migrants with diabetes mellitus. Pract Diabetes Int. 1998;15:233–7.CrossRef Hjelm K, Isacsson Å, Apelqvist J. Health care professionals’ perceptions of beliefs about health and illness in migrants with diabetes mellitus. Pract Diabetes Int. 1998;15:233–7.CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Hjelm K, Nyberg P, Apelqvist J. The diabetic foot – multidisciplinary management from the patient’s perspective. Clin Eff Nurs. 2002;6:66–77.CrossRef Hjelm K, Nyberg P, Apelqvist J. The diabetic foot – multidisciplinary management from the patient’s perspective. Clin Eff Nurs. 2002;6:66–77.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Geertz C. The interpretation of cultures: selected essays. Glasgow: Harper Collins; 1993. Geertz C. The interpretation of cultures: selected essays. Glasgow: Harper Collins; 1993.
48.
go back to reference Krippendorff K. Content analysis. An introduction to its methodology. London: Sage Publications; 2013. Krippendorff K. Content analysis. An introduction to its methodology. London: Sage Publications; 2013.
49.
go back to reference Patton MQ. Qualitative research & evaluation methods. 3rd ed. London: Sage; 2015. Patton MQ. Qualitative research & evaluation methods. 3rd ed. London: Sage; 2015.
50.
go back to reference Granot M, Spitzer A, Aroian K, Ravid C, Tamir B, Noam R. Pregnancy and delivery practices and beliefs of Ethiopian immigrant women in Israel. West J Nurs Res. 1996;18:299–313.CrossRefPubMed Granot M, Spitzer A, Aroian K, Ravid C, Tamir B, Noam R. Pregnancy and delivery practices and beliefs of Ethiopian immigrant women in Israel. West J Nurs Res. 1996;18:299–313.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Bondas T. Att vara med barn. En vårdvetenskaplig studie av kvinnors upplevelser under perinatal tid. (Expecting a baby. A nursing science study of women’s perinatal experiences) Samhälls- och vårdvetenskapliga fakulteten vid Åbo Akademi. Åbo: Åbo Akademi University Press; 2000. (Doctoral dissertation) Bondas T. Att vara med barn. En vårdvetenskaplig studie av kvinnors upplevelser under perinatal tid. (Expecting a baby. A nursing science study of women’s perinatal experiences) Samhälls- och vårdvetenskapliga fakulteten vid Åbo Akademi. Åbo: Åbo Akademi University Press; 2000. (Doctoral dissertation)
52.
go back to reference Dunning T, Martin M. Health professionals’ perceptions of the seriousness of diabetes. Pract Diabetes Int. 1999;16:73–7.CrossRef Dunning T, Martin M. Health professionals’ perceptions of the seriousness of diabetes. Pract Diabetes Int. 1999;16:73–7.CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Hjelm K, Berntorp K, Frid A, Aberg A, Apelqvist J. Beliefs about health and illness in women managed for gestational diabetes in two organisations. Midwifery. 2008;24:168–82.CrossRefPubMed Hjelm K, Berntorp K, Frid A, Aberg A, Apelqvist J. Beliefs about health and illness in women managed for gestational diabetes in two organisations. Midwifery. 2008;24:168–82.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Beck U. Risk society: towards a new modernity. London: Sage; 1992. Beck U. Risk society: towards a new modernity. London: Sage; 1992.
55.
go back to reference Höijer B. Från medborgarnas synvinkel: Vardagstänkande och massmediernas krisdiskurs. (from the citizens’ point of view: everyday thinking and the mass media’s crisis discourse). In: Lidskog R, Nohrstedt S-A, Warg L-E, editors. Risker, kommunikation och medier: en forskarantologi (risks, communication and media: a research anthology). Lund: Studentlitteratur; 2000. p. 68–84. Höijer B. Från medborgarnas synvinkel: Vardagstänkande och massmediernas krisdiskurs. (from the citizens’ point of view: everyday thinking and the mass media’s crisis discourse). In: Lidskog R, Nohrstedt S-A, Warg L-E, editors. Risker, kommunikation och medier: en forskarantologi (risks, communication and media: a research anthology). Lund: Studentlitteratur; 2000. p. 68–84.
57.
go back to reference Leung Hui A, Sevenhuysen G, Harvey D, Salamon E. Stress and anxiety in women with gestational diabetes during dietary management. Diabetes Educ. 2024;40:668–77. Leung Hui A, Sevenhuysen G, Harvey D, Salamon E. Stress and anxiety in women with gestational diabetes during dietary management. Diabetes Educ. 2024;40:668–77.
58.
go back to reference Wallin A, Löfvander M, Ahlström G. Diabetes: a cross-cultural interview study of immigrants from Somalia. J Nurs Healthc Chronic Illn. 2007;16(3):305–14. Wallin A, Löfvander M, Ahlström G. Diabetes: a cross-cultural interview study of immigrants from Somalia. J Nurs Healthc Chronic Illn. 2007;16(3):305–14.
59.
go back to reference Jonsson M, Hallberg L, Gustafsson I-B. Cultural foodways in Sweden: repeated focus group interviews with Somalian women. Int J Consum Stud. 2002;26:328–39.CrossRef Jonsson M, Hallberg L, Gustafsson I-B. Cultural foodways in Sweden: repeated focus group interviews with Somalian women. Int J Consum Stud. 2002;26:328–39.CrossRef
60.
63.
go back to reference Lindmark A, Smide B, Leksell J. Perception of healthy lifestyle information in women with gestational diabetes. A pilot study before and after delivery. Eur Diabetes Nurs. 2010;7:16–20.CrossRef Lindmark A, Smide B, Leksell J. Perception of healthy lifestyle information in women with gestational diabetes. A pilot study before and after delivery. Eur Diabetes Nurs. 2010;7:16–20.CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Draffin C, Alderdice F, McCance D, Maresh M, McSorley O. Exploring the needs, concerns and knowledge of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes. A qualitative study. Midwifery. 2016;40:141–7.CrossRefPubMed Draffin C, Alderdice F, McCance D, Maresh M, McSorley O. Exploring the needs, concerns and knowledge of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes. A qualitative study. Midwifery. 2016;40:141–7.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
A qualitative study of developing beliefs about health, illness and healthcare in migrant African women with gestational diabetes living in Sweden
Authors
Katarina Hjelm
Karin Bard
Jan Apelqvist
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Women's Health / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6874
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0518-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

BMC Women's Health 1/2018 Go to the issue