Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2024

Open Access 01-12-2024 | Research

A great way to bring up health behaviour topics at playgroup: a qualitative evaluation of the Healthy Conversations @ Playgroup program

Authors: Georgia Middleton, Brittany J. Johnson, Dimity Dutch, Stewart G. Trost, Rebecca Byrne, Hayley E. Christian, Anna Henry, Caroline O. Terranova, Kate E. Williams, Li Kheng Chai, Denise S. K. Brookes, Kate Simon, Rebecca K. Golley

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2024

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The early years is a critical stage to establish optimal nutrition and movement behaviours. Community playgroups are a relaxed environment for parents with a focus on social connection and supporting parents in their role as ‘First Teachers’. Playgroups are therefore an opportunistic setting to promote health behaviours in the early years. To support parents with young children around healthy lifestyle behaviours, the Healthy Conversations @ Playgroup program was delivered in urban and regional areas, across three Australian jurisdictions between 2021–2023.

Objective

This qualitative evaluation aimed to understand how the Healthy Conversations @ Playgroup program was experienced by parents, playgroup coordinators and peer facilitators.

Design

Semi-structured virtual interviews and focus groups were conducted with parents, playgroup coordinators (i.e., person responsible for coordinating the playgroup) and peer facilitators (i.e., trained facilitator for the program) that participated in the Healthy Conversations @ Playgroup study. Transcripts were analysed following a thematic analysis approach.

Results

Twenty-eight playgroup parents, coordinators or peer facilitators participated in one of 8 focus groups or 5 interviews. Four themes were developed: Program strengths and challenges; Setting strengths and challenges; Factors that impact program delivery; Participant’s suggestions for future program delivery.

Conclusions

The Healthy Conversations @ Playgroup program was valued by parents, providing validation and normalisation of parenting practices, and fostering a shared experience of parenting. Playgroups are a convenient setting for families to attend. The dynamic and distracting nature of the playgroup setting were carefully considered when designing the program. Strategies to further enhance program engagement could include use of coordinator or parent champions, tailored delivery, and extending the reach to other family members.

Trial registration

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12621000055808, registered 22 January 2021, https://​www.​anzctr.​org.​au/​Trial/​Registration/​TrialReview.​aspx?​id=​380890
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Kuzik N, Poitras VJ, Tremblay MS, Lee EY, Hunter S, Carson V. Systematic review of the relationships between combinations of movement behaviours and health indicators in the early years (0–4 years). BMC Public Health. 2017;17(Suppl 5):849.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kuzik N, Poitras VJ, Tremblay MS, Lee EY, Hunter S, Carson V. Systematic review of the relationships between combinations of movement behaviours and health indicators in the early years (0–4 years). BMC Public Health. 2017;17(Suppl 5):849.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
go back to reference Birch L, Fisher J. Development of eating behaviors among children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 1998;101(2):539–49.CrossRefPubMed Birch L, Fisher J. Development of eating behaviors among children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 1998;101(2):539–49.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Physical activity across the life stages. Canberra: AIHW; 2018. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Physical activity across the life stages. Canberra: AIHW; 2018.
5.
go back to reference Craigie AM, Lake AA, Kelly SA, Adamson AJ, Mathers JC. Tracking of obesity-related behaviours from childhood to adulthood: A systematic review. Maturitas. 2011;70(3):266–84.CrossRefPubMed Craigie AM, Lake AA, Kelly SA, Adamson AJ, Mathers JC. Tracking of obesity-related behaviours from childhood to adulthood: A systematic review. Maturitas. 2011;70(3):266–84.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Campbell KJ, Hesketh KD. Strategies which aim to positively impact on weight, physical activity, diet and sedentary behaviours in children from zero to five years. A systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2007;8(4):327–38. Campbell KJ, Hesketh KD. Strategies which aim to positively impact on weight, physical activity, diet and sedentary behaviours in children from zero to five years. A systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2007;8(4):327–38.
8.
go back to reference Kaikkonen JE, Mikkilä V, Magnussen CG, Juonala M, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT. Does childhood nutrition influence adult cardiovascular disease risk? - Insights from the Young Finns Study. Ann Med. 2013;45(2):120–8.CrossRefPubMed Kaikkonen JE, Mikkilä V, Magnussen CG, Juonala M, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT. Does childhood nutrition influence adult cardiovascular disease risk? - Insights from the Young Finns Study. Ann Med. 2013;45(2):120–8.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Ness AR, Maynard M, Frankel S, Smith GD, Frobisher C, Leary SD, et al. Diet in childhood and adult cardiovascular and all cause mortality: the Boyd Orr cohort. Heart. 2005;91(7):894–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ness AR, Maynard M, Frankel S, Smith GD, Frobisher C, Leary SD, et al. Diet in childhood and adult cardiovascular and all cause mortality: the Boyd Orr cohort. Heart. 2005;91(7):894–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
go back to reference Hardy L, King L, Hector D, Lloyd B. Weight status and weight-related behaviors of children commencing school. Prev Med. 2012;55(5):433–7.CrossRefPubMed Hardy L, King L, Hector D, Lloyd B. Weight status and weight-related behaviors of children commencing school. Prev Med. 2012;55(5):433–7.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R, IASO International Obesity TaskForce. Obesity in children and young people: A crisis in public health. Obesity Reviews. 2004;5:4–85. Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R, IASO International Obesity TaskForce. Obesity in children and young people: A crisis in public health. Obesity Reviews. 2004;5:4–85.
12.
go back to reference Lindsay AS, KM, Kim J, Gortmaker S. The role of parents in preventing childhood obesity. Future Child. 2006;16(1):169–86. Lindsay AS, KM, Kim J, Gortmaker S. The role of parents in preventing childhood obesity. Future Child. 2006;16(1):169–86.
13.
go back to reference Yee A, Lwin M, Ho S. The influence of parental practices on child promotive and preventive food consumption behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):47.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Yee A, Lwin M, Ho S. The influence of parental practices on child promotive and preventive food consumption behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):47.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
go back to reference Xu H, Wen LM, Rissel C. Associations of parental influences with physical activity and screen time among young children: a systematic review. J Obes. 2015;2015: 546925.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Xu H, Wen LM, Rissel C. Associations of parental influences with physical activity and screen time among young children: a systematic review. J Obes. 2015;2015: 546925.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
15.
go back to reference Power TG, Sleddens EF, Berge J, Connell L, Govig B, Hennessy E, et al. Contemporary research on parenting: conceptual, methodological, and translational issues. Child Obes. 2013;9(Suppl 1):S87–94. Power TG, Sleddens EF, Berge J, Connell L, Govig B, Hennessy E, et al. Contemporary research on parenting: conceptual, methodological, and translational issues. Child Obes. 2013;9(Suppl 1):S87–94.
16.
go back to reference Golley RK, Perry RA, Magarey A, Daniels L. Family-focused weight management program for five- to nine-year-olds incorporating parenting skills training with healthy lifestyle information to support behaviour modification. Nutr Diet. 2007;64(3):144–50.CrossRef Golley RK, Perry RA, Magarey A, Daniels L. Family-focused weight management program for five- to nine-year-olds incorporating parenting skills training with healthy lifestyle information to support behaviour modification. Nutr Diet. 2007;64(3):144–50.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Jungert T, Landry R, Joussemet M, Mageau G, Gingras I, Koestner R. Autonomous and controlled motivation for parenting: associations with parent and child outcomes. J Child Fam Stud. 2015;24(7):1932–42.CrossRef Jungert T, Landry R, Joussemet M, Mageau G, Gingras I, Koestner R. Autonomous and controlled motivation for parenting: associations with parent and child outcomes. J Child Fam Stud. 2015;24(7):1932–42.CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Côté-Lecaldare M, Joussemet M, Dufour S. How to support toddlers’ autonomy: a qualitative study with child care educators. Early Educ Dev. 2016;27(6):822–40.CrossRef Côté-Lecaldare M, Joussemet M, Dufour S. How to support toddlers’ autonomy: a qualitative study with child care educators. Early Educ Dev. 2016;27(6):822–40.CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Paes VM, Ong KK, Lakshman R. Factors influencing obesogenic dietary intake in young children (0–6 years): systematic review of qualitative evidence. BMJ Open. 2015;5(9): e007396.CrossRef Paes VM, Ong KK, Lakshman R. Factors influencing obesogenic dietary intake in young children (0–6 years): systematic review of qualitative evidence. BMJ Open. 2015;5(9): e007396.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Mehdizadeh A, Nematy M, Vatanparast H, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Emadzadeh M. Impact of parent engagement in childhood obesity prevention interventions on anthropometric indices among preschool children: A systematic review. Child Obes. 2020;16(1):3–19.CrossRefPubMed Mehdizadeh A, Nematy M, Vatanparast H, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Emadzadeh M. Impact of parent engagement in childhood obesity prevention interventions on anthropometric indices among preschool children: A systematic review. Child Obes. 2020;16(1):3–19.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Morris H, Skouteris H, Edwards S, Rutherford L. Obesity prevention interventions in early childhood education and care settings with parental involvement: a systematic review. Early Child Dev Care. 2014;185(8):1283–313.CrossRef Morris H, Skouteris H, Edwards S, Rutherford L. Obesity prevention interventions in early childhood education and care settings with parental involvement: a systematic review. Early Child Dev Care. 2014;185(8):1283–313.CrossRef
22.
go back to reference van de Kolk I, Verjans-Janssen SRB, Gubbels JS, Kremers SPJ, Gerards S. Systematic review of interventions in the childcare setting with direct parental involvement: effectiveness on child weight status and energy balance-related behaviours. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019;16(1):110.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral van de Kolk I, Verjans-Janssen SRB, Gubbels JS, Kremers SPJ, Gerards S. Systematic review of interventions in the childcare setting with direct parental involvement: effectiveness on child weight status and energy balance-related behaviours. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019;16(1):110.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
go back to reference Bell L, Golley R. Interventions for improving young children’s dietary intake through early childhood settings: A systematic review. Int J Child Health Nutr. 2015;4(1):14–32.CrossRef Bell L, Golley R. Interventions for improving young children’s dietary intake through early childhood settings: A systematic review. Int J Child Health Nutr. 2015;4(1):14–32.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Hesketh KD, Campbell KJ. Interventions to prevent obesity in 0–5 year olds: an updated systematic review of the literature. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18(Suppl 1):S27-35.PubMed Hesketh KD, Campbell KJ. Interventions to prevent obesity in 0–5 year olds: an updated systematic review of the literature. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18(Suppl 1):S27-35.PubMed
25.
go back to reference Strange C, Fisher C, Howat P, Wood L. Fostering supportive community connections through mothers’ groups and playgroups. J Adv Nurs. 2014;70(12):2835–46.CrossRefPubMed Strange C, Fisher C, Howat P, Wood L. Fostering supportive community connections through mothers’ groups and playgroups. J Adv Nurs. 2014;70(12):2835–46.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Trost SG, Byrne R, Williams KE, Johnson BJ, Bird A, Simon K, et al. Study protocol for Healthy Conversations @ Playgroup: a multi-site cluster randomized controlled trial of an intervention to promote healthy lifestyle behaviours in young children attending community playgroups. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1757.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Trost SG, Byrne R, Williams KE, Johnson BJ, Bird A, Simon K, et al. Study protocol for Healthy Conversations @ Playgroup: a multi-site cluster randomized controlled trial of an intervention to promote healthy lifestyle behaviours in young children attending community playgroups. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1757.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
go back to reference Brown T, Moore TH, Hooper L, Gao Y, Zayegh A, Ijaz S, et al. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;7(7):CD001871. Brown T, Moore TH, Hooper L, Gao Y, Zayegh A, Ijaz S, et al. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;7(7):CD001871.
28.
go back to reference Fuller AB, Byrne RA, Golley RK, Trost SG. Supporting healthy lifestyle behaviours in families attending community playgroups: parents’ perceptions of facilitators and barriers. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1740.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Fuller AB, Byrne RA, Golley RK, Trost SG. Supporting healthy lifestyle behaviours in families attending community playgroups: parents’ perceptions of facilitators and barriers. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1740.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
go back to reference Gerards SM, Sleddens EF, Dagnelie PC, de Vries NK, Kremers SP. Interventions addressing general parenting to prevent or treat childhood obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6(2–2):e28-45.CrossRefPubMed Gerards SM, Sleddens EF, Dagnelie PC, de Vries NK, Kremers SP. Interventions addressing general parenting to prevent or treat childhood obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6(2–2):e28-45.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Magarey AM, Perry RA, Baur LA, Steinbeck KS, Sawyer M, Hills AP, et al. A parent-led family-focused treatment program for overweight children aged 5 to 9 years: the PEACH RCT. Pediatrics. 2011;127(2):214–22.CrossRefPubMed Magarey AM, Perry RA, Baur LA, Steinbeck KS, Sawyer M, Hills AP, et al. A parent-led family-focused treatment program for overweight children aged 5 to 9 years: the PEACH RCT. Pediatrics. 2011;127(2):214–22.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Johnson BJ, Zarnowiecki D, Hendrie GA, Mauch CE, Golley RK. How to reduce parental provision of unhealthy foods to 3- to 8-year-old children in the home environment? A systematic review utilizing the Behaviour Change Wheel framework. Obes Rev. 2018;19(10):1359–70.CrossRefPubMed Johnson BJ, Zarnowiecki D, Hendrie GA, Mauch CE, Golley RK. How to reduce parental provision of unhealthy foods to 3- to 8-year-old children in the home environment? A systematic review utilizing the Behaviour Change Wheel framework. Obes Rev. 2018;19(10):1359–70.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Golley R, Hendrie G, Slater A, Corsini N. Interventions that involve parents to improve children’s weight-related nutrition intake and activity patterns - What nutrition and activity targets and behaviour change techniques are associated with intervention effectiveness? Obes Rev. 2011;12(2):114–30.CrossRefPubMed Golley R, Hendrie G, Slater A, Corsini N. Interventions that involve parents to improve children’s weight-related nutrition intake and activity patterns - What nutrition and activity targets and behaviour change techniques are associated with intervention effectiveness? Obes Rev. 2011;12(2):114–30.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Ltd; 2022.CrossRef Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Ltd; 2022.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 2006;3(2). Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 2006;3(2).
35.
go back to reference Litterbach EK, Russell CG, Taki S, Denney-Wilson E, Campbell KJ, Laws RA. Factors influencing engagement and behavioral determinants of infant feeding in an mhealth program: qualitative evaluation of the growing healthy program. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2017;5(12): e196.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Litterbach EK, Russell CG, Taki S, Denney-Wilson E, Campbell KJ, Laws RA. Factors influencing engagement and behavioral determinants of infant feeding in an mhealth program: qualitative evaluation of the growing healthy program. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2017;5(12): e196.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
go back to reference Russell CG, Taki S, Azadi L, Campbell KJ, Laws R, Elliott R, et al. A qualitative study of the infant feeding beliefs and behaviours of mothers with low educational attainment. BMC Pediatr. 2016;16:69.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Russell CG, Taki S, Azadi L, Campbell KJ, Laws R, Elliott R, et al. A qualitative study of the infant feeding beliefs and behaviours of mothers with low educational attainment. BMC Pediatr. 2016;16:69.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
go back to reference Liamputtong P. Qualitative research methods. 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2013. Liamputtong P. Qualitative research methods. 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2013.
39.
go back to reference Kitson A, Feo R, Lawless M, Arciuli J, Clark R, Golley RK, et al. Towards a unifying caring life-course theory for better self-care and caring solutions: A discussion paper. J Adv Nurs. 2021;78:e6–20.PubMedPubMedCentral Kitson A, Feo R, Lawless M, Arciuli J, Clark R, Golley RK, et al. Towards a unifying caring life-course theory for better self-care and caring solutions: A discussion paper. J Adv Nurs. 2021;78:e6–20.PubMedPubMedCentral
40.
go back to reference Bäckström C, Larsson T, Wahlgren E, Golsäter M, Mårtensson LB, Thorstensson S. ‘It makes you feel like you are not alone’: Expectant first-time mothers’ experiences of social support within the social network, when preparing for childbirth and parenting. Sex Reproduct Healthcare. 2017;12:51–7.CrossRef Bäckström C, Larsson T, Wahlgren E, Golsäter M, Mårtensson LB, Thorstensson S. ‘It makes you feel like you are not alone’: Expectant first-time mothers’ experiences of social support within the social network, when preparing for childbirth and parenting. Sex Reproduct Healthcare. 2017;12:51–7.CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Campbell K, Hesketh K, Crawford D, Salmon J, Ball K, McCallum Z. The Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial (INFANT) an early intervention to prevent childhood obesity: Cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2008;8(1):103.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Campbell K, Hesketh K, Crawford D, Salmon J, Ball K, McCallum Z. The Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial (INFANT) an early intervention to prevent childhood obesity: Cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2008;8(1):103.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
go back to reference Maher J, Fraser S, Wright J. Framing the mother: childhood obesity, maternal responsibility and care. J Gend Stud. 2010;19(3):233–47.CrossRef Maher J, Fraser S, Wright J. Framing the mother: childhood obesity, maternal responsibility and care. J Gend Stud. 2010;19(3):233–47.CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Liss M, Schiffrin HH, Rizzo KM. Maternal Guilt and Shame: The Role of Self-discrepancy and Fear of Negative Evaluation. J Child Fam Stud. 2013;22(8):1112–9.CrossRef Liss M, Schiffrin HH, Rizzo KM. Maternal Guilt and Shame: The Role of Self-discrepancy and Fear of Negative Evaluation. J Child Fam Stud. 2013;22(8):1112–9.CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Hancock K, Cunningham N, Lawrence D, Zarb D, Zubrick S. Playgroup participation and social support outcomes for mothers of young children: a longitudinal cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7): e0133007.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hancock K, Cunningham N, Lawrence D, Zarb D, Zubrick S. Playgroup participation and social support outcomes for mothers of young children: a longitudinal cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7): e0133007.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
go back to reference Harman B, Guilfoyle A, O’Connor M. Why mothers attend playgroup. Australas J Early Childhood. 2014;39(4):131–7.CrossRef Harman B, Guilfoyle A, O’Connor M. Why mothers attend playgroup. Australas J Early Childhood. 2014;39(4):131–7.CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Ash T, Agaronov A, Young T, Aftosmes-Tobio A, Davison KK. Family-based childhood obesity prevention interventions: a systematic review and quantitative content analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):113.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ash T, Agaronov A, Young T, Aftosmes-Tobio A, Davison KK. Family-based childhood obesity prevention interventions: a systematic review and quantitative content analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):113.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
go back to reference Harvey G, Kitson A. PARIHS re-visited: introducing the i-PARIHS framework. Implementing Evidence-Based Practice in Healthcare: A Facilitation Guide. 1st edition ed. United Kingdom: Routledge; 2015: 22–46. Harvey G, Kitson A. PARIHS re-visited: introducing the i-PARIHS framework. Implementing Evidence-Based Practice in Healthcare: A Facilitation Guide. 1st edition ed. United Kingdom: Routledge; 2015: 22–46.
48.
go back to reference Johnson B, Bell L, Zarnowiecki D, Rangan A, Golley R. Contrbition of discretionary foods and drinks to Australian Children’s intake of energy, saturated fat, Added Sugars and Salt. Children. 2017;4(12):104.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Johnson B, Bell L, Zarnowiecki D, Rangan A, Golley R. Contrbition of discretionary foods and drinks to Australian Children’s intake of energy, saturated fat, Added Sugars and Salt. Children. 2017;4(12):104.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
49.
go back to reference Armstrong G, Maitland C, Lester L, Trost S, Trapp G, Boruff B, et al. Associations between the home yard and preschoolers’ outdoor play and physical activity. Public Health Res Pract. 2019;29(1): e2911907.CrossRef Armstrong G, Maitland C, Lester L, Trost S, Trapp G, Boruff B, et al. Associations between the home yard and preschoolers’ outdoor play and physical activity. Public Health Res Pract. 2019;29(1): e2911907.CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Active Healthy Kids Australia. Reboot! Reimagining Physically Active Lives: 2022 Australian Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Young People. Melbourne, Victoria; 2022. Active Healthy Kids Australia. Reboot! Reimagining Physically Active Lives: 2022 Australian Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Young People. Melbourne, Victoria; 2022.
Metadata
Title
A great way to bring up health behaviour topics at playgroup: a qualitative evaluation of the Healthy Conversations @ Playgroup program
Authors
Georgia Middleton
Brittany J. Johnson
Dimity Dutch
Stewart G. Trost
Rebecca Byrne
Hayley E. Christian
Anna Henry
Caroline O. Terranova
Kate E. Williams
Li Kheng Chai
Denise S. K. Brookes
Kate Simon
Rebecca K. Golley
Publication date
01-12-2024
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2024
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-17703-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2024

BMC Public Health 1/2024 Go to the issue