Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of NeuroVirology 3/2018

01-06-2018 | Review

Zika virus outbreak: a review of neurological complications, diagnosis, and treatment options

Authors: Veerendra Koppolu, T. Shantha Raju

Published in: Journal of NeuroVirology | Issue 3/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted mainly by mosquitos of Aedes species. The virus has emerged in recent years and spread throughout North and South Americas. The recent outbreak of ZIKV started in Brazil (2015) has resulted in infections surpassing a million mark. Contrary to the previous beliefs that Zika causes mildly symptomatic infections fever, headache, rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis, the recent outbreak associated ZIKV to serious neurological complications such as microcephaly, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and eye infections. The recent outbreak has resulted in an astonishing number of microcephaly cases in fetus and infants. Consequently, numerous studies were conducted using in vitro cell and in vivo animal models. These studies showed clear links between ZIKV infections and neurological abnormalities. Diagnosis methods based on nucleic acid and serological detection facilitated rapid and accurate identification of ZIKV infections. New transmission modalities such as sexual and transplacental transmission were uncovered. Given the seriousness of ZIKV infections, WHO declared the development of safe and effective vaccines and new antiviral drugs as an urgent global health priority. Rapid work in this direction has led to the identification of several vaccine and antiviral drug candidates. Here, we review the remarkable progress made in understanding the molecular links between ZIKV infections and neurological irregularities, new diagnosis methods, potential targets for antiviral drugs, and the current state of vaccine development.
Literature
go back to reference Abbasi J (2016) Zika vaccine enters clinical trials. JAMA 316:1249–1249PubMed Abbasi J (2016) Zika vaccine enters clinical trials. JAMA 316:1249–1249PubMed
go back to reference Abbink P, Larocca RA, De La Barrera RA, Bricault CA, Moseley ET, Boyd M, Kirilova M, Li Z, Ng'ang'a D, Nanayakkara O, Nityanandam R, Mercado NB, Borducchi EN, Agarwal A, Brinkman AL, Cabral C, Chandrashekar A, Giglio PB, Jetton D, Jimenez J, Lee BC, Mojta S, Molloy K, Shetty M, Neubauer GH, Stephenson KE, Peron JP, Zanotto PM, Misamore J, Finneyfrock B, Lewis MG, Alter G, Modjarrad K, Jarman RG, Eckels KH, Michael NL, Thomas SJ, Barouch DH (2016) Protective efficacy of multiple vaccine platforms against Zika virus challenge in rhesus monkeys. Science 353(6304):1129–1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah6157 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Abbink P, Larocca RA, De La Barrera RA, Bricault CA, Moseley ET, Boyd M, Kirilova M, Li Z, Ng'ang'a D, Nanayakkara O, Nityanandam R, Mercado NB, Borducchi EN, Agarwal A, Brinkman AL, Cabral C, Chandrashekar A, Giglio PB, Jetton D, Jimenez J, Lee BC, Mojta S, Molloy K, Shetty M, Neubauer GH, Stephenson KE, Peron JP, Zanotto PM, Misamore J, Finneyfrock B, Lewis MG, Alter G, Modjarrad K, Jarman RG, Eckels KH, Michael NL, Thomas SJ, Barouch DH (2016) Protective efficacy of multiple vaccine platforms against Zika virus challenge in rhesus monkeys. Science 353(6304):1129–1132. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1126/​science.​aah6157 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Adams L, Bello-Pagan M, Lozier M, Ryff KR, Espinet C, Torres J, Perez-Padilla J, Febo MF, Dirlikov E, Martinez A, Munoz-Jordan J, Garcia M, Segarra MO, Malave G, Rivera A, Shapiro-Mendoza C, Rosinger A, Kuehnert MJ, Chung KW, Pate LL, Harris A, Hemme RR, Lenhart A, Aquino G, Zaki S, Read JS, Waterman SH, Alvarado LI, Alvarado-Ramy F, Valencia-Prado M, Thomas D, Sharp TM, Rivera-Garcia B (2016) Update: ongoing Zika virus transmission—Puerto Rico, November 1, 2015-July 7, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65(30):774–779. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6530e1 PubMedCrossRef Adams L, Bello-Pagan M, Lozier M, Ryff KR, Espinet C, Torres J, Perez-Padilla J, Febo MF, Dirlikov E, Martinez A, Munoz-Jordan J, Garcia M, Segarra MO, Malave G, Rivera A, Shapiro-Mendoza C, Rosinger A, Kuehnert MJ, Chung KW, Pate LL, Harris A, Hemme RR, Lenhart A, Aquino G, Zaki S, Read JS, Waterman SH, Alvarado LI, Alvarado-Ramy F, Valencia-Prado M, Thomas D, Sharp TM, Rivera-Garcia B (2016) Update: ongoing Zika virus transmission—Puerto Rico, November 1, 2015-July 7, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65(30):774–779. https://​doi.​org/​10.​15585/​mmwr.​mm6530e1 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bahia SDS, Bahia PN (2015) Dengue, Chikungunya e Zika. 6 deJulho de 2015 Bahia SDS, Bahia PN (2015) Dengue, Chikungunya e Zika. 6 deJulho de 2015
go back to reference Barzon L, Trevisan M, Sinigaglia A, Lavezzo E, Palu G (2016) Zika virus: from pathogenesis to disease control. FEMS Microbiol Lett 363 Barzon L, Trevisan M, Sinigaglia A, Lavezzo E, Palu G (2016) Zika virus: from pathogenesis to disease control. FEMS Microbiol Lett 363
go back to reference Benzekri R, Belfort R, Jr, Ventura CV, de Paula Freitas B, Maia M, Leite M, Labetoulle M, Rousseau A (2017) Ocular manifestations of Zika virus: what we do and do not know. J Fr Ophtalmol Benzekri R, Belfort R, Jr, Ventura CV, de Paula Freitas B, Maia M, Leite M, Labetoulle M, Rousseau A (2017) Ocular manifestations of Zika virus: what we do and do not know. J Fr Ophtalmol
go back to reference Besnard M, Lastere S, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau V, Musso D (2014) Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro Surveill 19 Besnard M, Lastere S, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau V, Musso D (2014) Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro Surveill 19
go back to reference Brasil P, Calvet GA, Siqueira AM, Wakimoto M, de Sequeira PC, Nobre A, Quintana Mde S, Mendonca MC, Lupi O, de Souza RV, Romero C, Zogbi H, Bressan Cda S, Alves SS, Lourenco-de-Oliveira R, Nogueira RM, Carvalho MS, de Filippis AM, Jaenisch T (2016a) Zika virus outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: clinical characterization, epidemiological and virological aspects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(4):e0004636. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004636 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Brasil P, Calvet GA, Siqueira AM, Wakimoto M, de Sequeira PC, Nobre A, Quintana Mde S, Mendonca MC, Lupi O, de Souza RV, Romero C, Zogbi H, Bressan Cda S, Alves SS, Lourenco-de-Oliveira R, Nogueira RM, Carvalho MS, de Filippis AM, Jaenisch T (2016a) Zika virus outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: clinical characterization, epidemiological and virological aspects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(4):e0004636. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1371/​journal.​pntd.​0004636 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Brasil P, Pereira JP Jr, Moreira ME, Ribeiro Nogueira RM, Damasceno L, Wakimoto M, Rabello RS, Valderramos SG, Halai UA, Salles TS, Zin AA, Horovitz D, Daltro P, Boechat M, Raja Gabaglia C, Carvalho de Sequeira P, Pilotto JH, Medialdea-Carrera R, Cotrim da Cunha D, Abreu de Carvalho LM, Pone M, Machado Siqueira A, Calvet GA, Rodrigues Baiao AE, Neves ES, Nassar de Carvalho PR, Hasue RH, Marschik PB, Einspieler C, Janzen C, Cherry JD, Bispo de Filippis AM, Nielsen-Saines K (2016b) Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro. N Engl J Med 375(24):2321–2334. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1602412 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Brasil P, Pereira JP Jr, Moreira ME, Ribeiro Nogueira RM, Damasceno L, Wakimoto M, Rabello RS, Valderramos SG, Halai UA, Salles TS, Zin AA, Horovitz D, Daltro P, Boechat M, Raja Gabaglia C, Carvalho de Sequeira P, Pilotto JH, Medialdea-Carrera R, Cotrim da Cunha D, Abreu de Carvalho LM, Pone M, Machado Siqueira A, Calvet GA, Rodrigues Baiao AE, Neves ES, Nassar de Carvalho PR, Hasue RH, Marschik PB, Einspieler C, Janzen C, Cherry JD, Bispo de Filippis AM, Nielsen-Saines K (2016b) Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro. N Engl J Med 375(24):2321–2334. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1056/​NEJMoa1602412 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Calvet G, Aguiar RS, Melo AS, Sampaio SA, de Filippis I, Fabri A, Araujo ES, de Sequeira PC, de Mendonca MC, de Oliveira L, Tschoeke DA, Schrago CG, Thompson FL, Brasil P, Dos Santos FB, Nogueira RM, Tanuri A, de Filippis AM (2016a) Detection and sequencing of Zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in Brazil: a case study. Lancet Infect Dis 16(6):653–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00095-5 PubMedCrossRef Calvet G, Aguiar RS, Melo AS, Sampaio SA, de Filippis I, Fabri A, Araujo ES, de Sequeira PC, de Mendonca MC, de Oliveira L, Tschoeke DA, Schrago CG, Thompson FL, Brasil P, Dos Santos FB, Nogueira RM, Tanuri A, de Filippis AM (2016a) Detection and sequencing of Zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in Brazil: a case study. Lancet Infect Dis 16(6):653–660. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S1473-3099(16)00095-5 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Calvet G, Aguiar RS, Melo ASO, Sampaio SA, de Filippis I, Fabri A, Araujo ESM, de Sequeira PC, de Mendonca MCL, de Oliveira L, Tschoeke DA, Schrago CG, Thompson FL, Brasil P, Dos Santos FB, Nogueira RMR, Tanuri A, de Filippis AMB (2016b) Detection and sequencing of Zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in Brazil: a case study. Lancet Infect Dis 16(6):653–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00095-5 PubMedCrossRef Calvet G, Aguiar RS, Melo ASO, Sampaio SA, de Filippis I, Fabri A, Araujo ESM, de Sequeira PC, de Mendonca MCL, de Oliveira L, Tschoeke DA, Schrago CG, Thompson FL, Brasil P, Dos Santos FB, Nogueira RMR, Tanuri A, de Filippis AMB (2016b) Detection and sequencing of Zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in Brazil: a case study. Lancet Infect Dis 16(6):653–660. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S1473-3099(16)00095-5 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cao-Lormeau VM, Blake A, Mons S, Lastere S, Roche C, Vanhomwegen J, Dub T, Baudouin L, Teissier A, Larre P, Vial AL, Decam C, Choumet V, Halstead SK, Willison HJ, Musset L, Manuguerra JC, Despres P, Fournier E, Mallet HP, Musso D, Fontanet A, Neil J, Ghawche F (2016) Guillain-Barre syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study. Lancet 387(10027):1531–1539. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00562-6 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cao-Lormeau VM, Blake A, Mons S, Lastere S, Roche C, Vanhomwegen J, Dub T, Baudouin L, Teissier A, Larre P, Vial AL, Decam C, Choumet V, Halstead SK, Willison HJ, Musset L, Manuguerra JC, Despres P, Fournier E, Mallet HP, Musso D, Fontanet A, Neil J, Ghawche F (2016) Guillain-Barre syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study. Lancet 387(10027):1531–1539. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S0140-6736(16)00562-6 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Castanha PM, Nascimento EJ, Cynthia B, Cordeiro MT, de Carvalho OV, de Mendonca LR, Azevedo EA, Franca RF, Rafael D, Marques ET, Jr (2016) Dengue virus (DENV)-specific antibodies enhance Brazilian Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. J Infect Dis Castanha PM, Nascimento EJ, Cynthia B, Cordeiro MT, de Carvalho OV, de Mendonca LR, Azevedo EA, Franca RF, Rafael D, Marques ET, Jr (2016) Dengue virus (DENV)-specific antibodies enhance Brazilian Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. J Infect Dis
go back to reference Cavalcanti MG, Cabral-Castro MJ, Goncalves JL, Santana LS, Pimenta ES, Peralta JM (2017) Zika virus shedding in human milk during lactation. An unlikely source of infecton? Int J Infect Dis Cavalcanti MG, Cabral-Castro MJ, Goncalves JL, Santana LS, Pimenta ES, Peralta JM (2017) Zika virus shedding in human milk during lactation. An unlikely source of infecton? Int J Infect Dis
go back to reference Chan JF, Yip CC, Tsang JO, Tee KM, Cai JP, Chik KK, Zhu Z, Chan CC, Choi GK, Sridhar S, Zhang AJ, Lu G, Chiu K, Lo AC, Tsao SW, Kok KH, Jin DY, Chan KH, Yuen KY (2016) Differential cell line susceptibility to the emerging Zika virus: implications for disease pathogenesis, non-vector-borne human transmission and animal reservoirs. Emerg Microbes Infect 5(8):e93. https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2016.99 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chan JF, Yip CC, Tsang JO, Tee KM, Cai JP, Chik KK, Zhu Z, Chan CC, Choi GK, Sridhar S, Zhang AJ, Lu G, Chiu K, Lo AC, Tsao SW, Kok KH, Jin DY, Chan KH, Yuen KY (2016) Differential cell line susceptibility to the emerging Zika virus: implications for disease pathogenesis, non-vector-borne human transmission and animal reservoirs. Emerg Microbes Infect 5(8):e93. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​emi.​2016.​99 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Chan JF, Chik KK, Yuan S, Yip CC, Zhu Z, Tee KM, Tsang JO, Chan CC, Poon VK, Lu G, Zhang AJ, Lai KK, Chan KH, Kao RY, Yuen KY (2017) Novel antiviral activity and mechanism of bromocriptine as a Zika virus NS2B-NS3 protease inhibitor. Antiviral Res Chan JF, Chik KK, Yuan S, Yip CC, Zhu Z, Tee KM, Tsang JO, Chan CC, Poon VK, Lu G, Zhang AJ, Lai KK, Chan KH, Kao RY, Yuen KY (2017) Novel antiviral activity and mechanism of bromocriptine as a Zika virus NS2B-NS3 protease inhibitor. Antiviral Res
go back to reference Corman VM, Rasche A, Baronti C, Aldabbagh S, Cadar D, Reusken CBEM, Pas SD, Goorhuis A, Schinkel J, Molenkamp R, Kümmerer BM, Bleicker T, Brünink S, Eschbach-Bludau M, Eis-Hübinger AM, Koopmans MP, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Grobusch MP, de Lamballerie X, Drosten C, Drexler JF (2016) Clinical comparison, standardization and optimization of Zika virus molecular detection [submitted]. Bull World Health Organ 94(12):880–892. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.16.175950 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Corman VM, Rasche A, Baronti C, Aldabbagh S, Cadar D, Reusken CBEM, Pas SD, Goorhuis A, Schinkel J, Molenkamp R, Kümmerer BM, Bleicker T, Brünink S, Eschbach-Bludau M, Eis-Hübinger AM, Koopmans MP, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Grobusch MP, de Lamballerie X, Drosten C, Drexler JF (2016) Clinical comparison, standardization and optimization of Zika virus molecular detection [submitted]. Bull World Health Organ 94(12):880–892. https://​doi.​org/​10.​2471/​BLT.​16.​175950 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Cugola FR, Fernandes IR, Russo FB, Freitas BC, Dias JL, Guimaraes KP, Benazzato C, Almeida N, Pignatari GC, Romero S, Polonio CM, Cunha I, Freitas CL, Brandao WN, Rossato C, Andrade DG, Faria Dde P, Garcez AT, Buchpigel CA, Braconi CT, Mendes E, Sall AA, Zanotto PM, Peron JP, Muotri AR, Beltrao-Braga PC (2016) The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models. Nature 534(7606):267–271. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18296 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cugola FR, Fernandes IR, Russo FB, Freitas BC, Dias JL, Guimaraes KP, Benazzato C, Almeida N, Pignatari GC, Romero S, Polonio CM, Cunha I, Freitas CL, Brandao WN, Rossato C, Andrade DG, Faria Dde P, Garcez AT, Buchpigel CA, Braconi CT, Mendes E, Sall AA, Zanotto PM, Peron JP, Muotri AR, Beltrao-Braga PC (2016) The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models. Nature 534(7606):267–271. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​nature18296 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference De Clercq E, Neyts J (2009) Antiviral agents acting as DNA or RNA chain terminators. Handb Exp Pharmacol 53–84 De Clercq E, Neyts J (2009) Antiviral agents acting as DNA or RNA chain terminators. Handb Exp Pharmacol 53–84
go back to reference Duarte G, Moron AF, Timerman A, Fernandes CE, Mariani Neto C, Almeida Filho GL, Werner Junior H, Espirito Santo H, Steibel JAP, Bortoletti Filho J, Andrade JBB, Burla M, Silva de Sa MF, Busso NE, Giraldo PC, Moreira de Sa RA, Passini Junior R, Mattar R, Francisco RPV (2017) Zika virus infection in pregnant women and microcephaly. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 39(5):235–248. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1603450 PubMedCrossRef Duarte G, Moron AF, Timerman A, Fernandes CE, Mariani Neto C, Almeida Filho GL, Werner Junior H, Espirito Santo H, Steibel JAP, Bortoletti Filho J, Andrade JBB, Burla M, Silva de Sa MF, Busso NE, Giraldo PC, Moreira de Sa RA, Passini Junior R, Mattar R, Francisco RPV (2017) Zika virus infection in pregnant women and microcephaly. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 39(5):235–248. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1055/​s-0037-1603450 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, Powers AM, Kool JL, Lanciotti RS, Pretrick M, Marfel M, Holzbauer S, Dubray C, Guillaumot L, Griggs A, Bel M, Lambert AJ, Laven J, Kosoy O, Panella A, Biggerstaff BJ, Fischer M, Hayes EB (2009) Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med 360(24):2536–2543. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0805715 PubMedCrossRef Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, Powers AM, Kool JL, Lanciotti RS, Pretrick M, Marfel M, Holzbauer S, Dubray C, Guillaumot L, Griggs A, Bel M, Lambert AJ, Laven J, Kosoy O, Panella A, Biggerstaff BJ, Fischer M, Hayes EB (2009) Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med 360(24):2536–2543. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1056/​NEJMoa0805715 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2016) Zika virus disease epidemic. Rapid risk assessment. Seventh update. 8 July 2016. ECDC European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2016) Zika virus disease epidemic. Rapid risk assessment. Seventh update. 8 July 2016. ECDC
go back to reference Faria NR, Azevedo Rdo S, Kraemer MU, Souza R, Cunha MS, Hill SC, Theze J, Bonsall MB, Bowden TA, Rissanen I, Rocco IM, Nogueira JS, Maeda AY, Vasami FG, Macedo FL, Suzuki A, Rodrigues SG, Cruz AC, Nunes BT, Medeiros DB, Rodrigues DS, Nunes Queiroz AL, da Silva EV, Henriques DF, Travassos da Rosa ES, de Oliveira CS, Martins LC, Vasconcelos HB, Casseb LM, Simith Dde B, Messina JP, Abade L, Lourenco J, Carlos Junior Alcantara L, de Lima MM, Giovanetti M, Hay SI, de Oliveira RS, Lemos Pda S, de Oliveira LF, de Lima CP, da Silva SP, de Vasconcelos JM, Franco L, Cardoso JF, Vianez-Junior JL, Mir D, Bello G, Delatorre E, Khan K, Creatore M, Coelho GE, de Oliveira WK, Tesh R, Pybus OG, Nunes MR, Vasconcelos PF (2016) Zika virus in the Americas: early epidemiological and genetic findings. Science 352(6283):345–349. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf5036 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Faria NR, Azevedo Rdo S, Kraemer MU, Souza R, Cunha MS, Hill SC, Theze J, Bonsall MB, Bowden TA, Rissanen I, Rocco IM, Nogueira JS, Maeda AY, Vasami FG, Macedo FL, Suzuki A, Rodrigues SG, Cruz AC, Nunes BT, Medeiros DB, Rodrigues DS, Nunes Queiroz AL, da Silva EV, Henriques DF, Travassos da Rosa ES, de Oliveira CS, Martins LC, Vasconcelos HB, Casseb LM, Simith Dde B, Messina JP, Abade L, Lourenco J, Carlos Junior Alcantara L, de Lima MM, Giovanetti M, Hay SI, de Oliveira RS, Lemos Pda S, de Oliveira LF, de Lima CP, da Silva SP, de Vasconcelos JM, Franco L, Cardoso JF, Vianez-Junior JL, Mir D, Bello G, Delatorre E, Khan K, Creatore M, Coelho GE, de Oliveira WK, Tesh R, Pybus OG, Nunes MR, Vasconcelos PF (2016) Zika virus in the Americas: early epidemiological and genetic findings. Science 352(6283):345–349. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1126/​science.​aaf5036 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Fernandes NC, Nogueira JS, Ressio RA, Cirqueira CS, Kimura LM, Fernandes KR, Cunha MS, Souza RP, Guerra JM (2016) Experimental Zika virus infection induces spinal cord injury and encephalitis in newborn Swiss mice. Exp Toxicol Pathol Fernandes NC, Nogueira JS, Ressio RA, Cirqueira CS, Kimura LM, Fernandes KR, Cunha MS, Souza RP, Guerra JM (2016) Experimental Zika virus infection induces spinal cord injury and encephalitis in newborn Swiss mice. Exp Toxicol Pathol
go back to reference Huzly D, Hanselmann I, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Panning M (2016) High specificity of a novel Zika virus ELISA in European patients after exposure to different flaviviruses. Euro Surveill 21 Huzly D, Hanselmann I, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Panning M (2016) High specificity of a novel Zika virus ELISA in European patients after exposure to different flaviviruses. Euro Surveill 21
go back to reference Johansen LM, DeWald LE, Shoemaker CJ, Hoffstrom BG, Lear-Rooney CM, Stossel A, Nelson E, Delos SE, Simmons JA, Grenier JM, Pierce LT, Pajouhesh H, Lehar J, Hensley LE, Glass PJ, White JM, Olinger GG (2015) A screen of approved drugs and molecular probes identifies therapeutics with anti-Ebola virus activity. Sci Transl Med 7(290):290ra89. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa5597 PubMedCrossRef Johansen LM, DeWald LE, Shoemaker CJ, Hoffstrom BG, Lear-Rooney CM, Stossel A, Nelson E, Delos SE, Simmons JA, Grenier JM, Pierce LT, Pajouhesh H, Lehar J, Hensley LE, Glass PJ, White JM, Olinger GG (2015) A screen of approved drugs and molecular probes identifies therapeutics with anti-Ebola virus activity. Sci Transl Med 7(290):290ra89. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1126/​scitranslmed.​aaa5597 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kim SY, Zhao J, Liu X, Fraser K, Lin L, Zhang X, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ (2017) Interaction of zika virus envelope protein with glycosaminoglycans. Biochemistry Kim SY, Zhao J, Liu X, Fraser K, Lin L, Zhang X, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ (2017) Interaction of zika virus envelope protein with glycosaminoglycans. Biochemistry
go back to reference Larocca RA, Abbink P, Peron JP, Zanotto PM, Iampietro MJ, Badamchi-Zadeh A, Boyd M, Ng'ang'a D, Kirilova M, Nityanandam R, Mercado NB, Li Z, Moseley ET, Bricault CA, Borducchi EN, Giglio PB, Jetton D, Neubauer G, Nkolola JP, Maxfield LF, De La Barrera RA, Jarman RG, Eckels KH, Michael NL, Thomas SJ, Barouch DH (2016) Vaccine protection against Zika virus from Brazil. Nature 536(7617):474–478. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18952 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Larocca RA, Abbink P, Peron JP, Zanotto PM, Iampietro MJ, Badamchi-Zadeh A, Boyd M, Ng'ang'a D, Kirilova M, Nityanandam R, Mercado NB, Li Z, Moseley ET, Bricault CA, Borducchi EN, Giglio PB, Jetton D, Neubauer G, Nkolola JP, Maxfield LF, De La Barrera RA, Jarman RG, Eckels KH, Michael NL, Thomas SJ, Barouch DH (2016) Vaccine protection against Zika virus from Brazil. Nature 536(7617):474–478. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​nature18952 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Ledgerwood JE, Pierson TC, Hubka SA, Desai N, Rucker S, Gordon IJ, Enama ME, Nelson S, Nason M, Gu W, Bundrant N, Koup RA, Bailer RT, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Graham BS, Team VRCS (2011) A West Nile virus DNA vaccine utilizing a modified promoter induces neutralizing antibody in younger and older healthy adults in a phase I clinical trial. J Infect Dis 203(10):1396–1404. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir054 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ledgerwood JE, Pierson TC, Hubka SA, Desai N, Rucker S, Gordon IJ, Enama ME, Nelson S, Nason M, Gu W, Bundrant N, Koup RA, Bailer RT, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Graham BS, Team VRCS (2011) A West Nile virus DNA vaccine utilizing a modified promoter induces neutralizing antibody in younger and older healthy adults in a phase I clinical trial. J Infect Dis 203(10):1396–1404. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​infdis/​jir054 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Lu G, Bluemling GR, Collop P, Hager M, Kuiper D, Gurale BP, Painter GR, De La Rosa A, Kolykhalov AA (2016) Analysis of ribonucleotide 5′-triphosphate analogs as potential inhibitors of zika virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase using non-radioactive polymerase assays. Antimicrob Agents Chemother Lu G, Bluemling GR, Collop P, Hager M, Kuiper D, Gurale BP, Painter GR, De La Rosa A, Kolykhalov AA (2016) Analysis of ribonucleotide 5′-triphosphate analogs as potential inhibitors of zika virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase using non-radioactive polymerase assays. Antimicrob Agents Chemother
go back to reference Mallet H, Vial A, Musso D (2015) Bilan de l'épidémie à virus Zika en Polynésie Française 2013–2014. Bull Inf Sanit Épidémiol Stat 2015 Mallet H, Vial A, Musso D (2015) Bilan de l'épidémie à virus Zika en Polynésie Française 2013–2014. Bull Inf Sanit Épidémiol Stat 2015
go back to reference McCarthy M (2016b) Microcephaly risk with Zika infection is 1-13% in first trimester, study shows. BMJ 353:i3048CrossRef McCarthy M (2016b) Microcephaly risk with Zika infection is 1-13% in first trimester, study shows. BMJ 353:i3048CrossRef
go back to reference Meertens L, Labeau A, Dejarnac O, Cipriani S, Sinigaglia L, Bonnet-Madin L, Le Charpentier T, Hafirassou ML, Zamborlini A, Cao-Lormeau VM, Coulpier M, Misse D, Jouvenet N, Tabibiazar R, Gressens P, Schwartz O, Amara A (2017) Axl mediates ZIKA virus entry in human glial cells and modulates innate immune responses. Cell Rep 18(2):324–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.045 PubMedCrossRef Meertens L, Labeau A, Dejarnac O, Cipriani S, Sinigaglia L, Bonnet-Madin L, Le Charpentier T, Hafirassou ML, Zamborlini A, Cao-Lormeau VM, Coulpier M, Misse D, Jouvenet N, Tabibiazar R, Gressens P, Schwartz O, Amara A (2017) Axl mediates ZIKA virus entry in human glial cells and modulates innate immune responses. Cell Rep 18(2):324–333. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​celrep.​2016.​12.​045 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Moreira J, Peixoto TM, Machado de Siqueira A, Lamas CC (2017) Sexually acquired Zika virus: a systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect Moreira J, Peixoto TM, Machado de Siqueira A, Lamas CC (2017) Sexually acquired Zika virus: a systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect
go back to reference Motta IJ, Spencer BR, Cordeiro da Silva SG, Arruda MB, Dobbin JA, Gonzaga YB, Arcuri IP, Tavares RC, Atta EH, Fernandes RF, Costa DA, Ribeiro LJ, Limonte F, Higa LM, Voloch CM, Brindeiro RM, Tanuri A, Ferreira OC Jr (2016) Evidence for transmission of Zika virus by platelet transfusion. N Engl J Med 375(11):1101–1103. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1607262 PubMedCrossRef Motta IJ, Spencer BR, Cordeiro da Silva SG, Arruda MB, Dobbin JA, Gonzaga YB, Arcuri IP, Tavares RC, Atta EH, Fernandes RF, Costa DA, Ribeiro LJ, Limonte F, Higa LM, Voloch CM, Brindeiro RM, Tanuri A, Ferreira OC Jr (2016) Evidence for transmission of Zika virus by platelet transfusion. N Engl J Med 375(11):1101–1103. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1056/​NEJMc1607262 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Musso D, Nhan T, Robin E, Roche C, Bierlaire D, Zisou K, Shan Yan A, Cao-Lormeau VM, Broult J (2014a) Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014. Euro Surveill 19 Musso D, Nhan T, Robin E, Roche C, Bierlaire D, Zisou K, Shan Yan A, Cao-Lormeau VM, Broult J (2014a) Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014. Euro Surveill 19
go back to reference Muthumani K, Griffin BD, Agarwal S, Kudchodkar SB, Reuschel EL, Choi H, Kraynyak KA, Duperret EK, Keaton AA, Chung C, Kim YK, Booth SA, Racine T, Yan J, Morrow MP, Jiang J, Lee B, Ramos S, Broderick KE, Reed CC, Khan AS, Humeau L, Ugen KE, Park YK, Maslow JN, Sardesai NY, Joseph Kim J, Kobinger GP, Weiner DB (2016) In vivo protection against ZIKV infection and pathogenesis through passive antibody transfer and active immunisation with a prMEnv DNA vaccine. Npj Vaccines 1(1):16021. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjvaccines.2016.21 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Muthumani K, Griffin BD, Agarwal S, Kudchodkar SB, Reuschel EL, Choi H, Kraynyak KA, Duperret EK, Keaton AA, Chung C, Kim YK, Booth SA, Racine T, Yan J, Morrow MP, Jiang J, Lee B, Ramos S, Broderick KE, Reed CC, Khan AS, Humeau L, Ugen KE, Park YK, Maslow JN, Sardesai NY, Joseph Kim J, Kobinger GP, Weiner DB (2016) In vivo protection against ZIKV infection and pathogenesis through passive antibody transfer and active immunisation with a prMEnv DNA vaccine. Npj Vaccines 1(1):16021. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​npjvaccines.​2016.​21 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference de Paula Freitas B, de Oliveira Dias JR, Prazeres J, Sacramento GA, Ko AI, Maia M, Belfort R, Jr (2016) Ocular findings in infants with microcephaly associated with presumed zika virus congenital infection in Salvador, Brazil. JAMA Ophthalmol de Paula Freitas B, de Oliveira Dias JR, Prazeres J, Sacramento GA, Ko AI, Maia M, Belfort R, Jr (2016) Ocular findings in infants with microcephaly associated with presumed zika virus congenital infection in Salvador, Brazil. JAMA Ophthalmol
go back to reference Petersen EE, Polen KN, Meaney-Delman D, Ellington SR, Oduyebo T, Cohn A, Oster AM, Russell K, Kawwass JF, Karwowski MP, Powers AM, Bertolli J, Brooks JT, Kissin D, Villanueva J, Munoz-Jordan J, Kuehnert M, Olson CK, Honein MA, Rivera M, Jamieson DJ, Rasmussen SA (2016a) Update: interim guidance for health care providers caring for women of reproductive age with possible Zika virus exposure—United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65(12):315–322. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6512e2 PubMedCrossRef Petersen EE, Polen KN, Meaney-Delman D, Ellington SR, Oduyebo T, Cohn A, Oster AM, Russell K, Kawwass JF, Karwowski MP, Powers AM, Bertolli J, Brooks JT, Kissin D, Villanueva J, Munoz-Jordan J, Kuehnert M, Olson CK, Honein MA, Rivera M, Jamieson DJ, Rasmussen SA (2016a) Update: interim guidance for health care providers caring for women of reproductive age with possible Zika virus exposure—United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65(12):315–322. https://​doi.​org/​10.​15585/​mmwr.​mm6512e2 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pyke AT, Daly MT, Cameron JN, Moore PR, Taylor CT, Hewitson GR, Humphreys JL, Gair R (2014) Imported zika virus infection from the cook islands into australia, 2014. PLoS Curr 6 Pyke AT, Daly MT, Cameron JN, Moore PR, Taylor CT, Hewitson GR, Humphreys JL, Gair R (2014) Imported zika virus infection from the cook islands into australia, 2014. PLoS Curr 6
go back to reference Qian X, Nguyen HN, Song MM, Hadiono C, Ogden SC, Hammack C, Yao B, Hamersky GR, Jacob F, Zhong C, Yoon KJ, Jeang W, Lin L, Li Y, Thakor J, Berg DA, Zhang C, Kang E, Chickering M, Nauen D, Ho CY, Wen Z, Christian KM, Shi PY, Maher BJ, Wu H, Jin P, Tang H, Song H, Ming GL (2016) Brain-region-specific organoids using mini-bioreactors for modeling ZIKV exposure. Cell 165(5):1238–1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.032 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Qian X, Nguyen HN, Song MM, Hadiono C, Ogden SC, Hammack C, Yao B, Hamersky GR, Jacob F, Zhong C, Yoon KJ, Jeang W, Lin L, Li Y, Thakor J, Berg DA, Zhang C, Kang E, Chickering M, Nauen D, Ho CY, Wen Z, Christian KM, Shi PY, Maher BJ, Wu H, Jin P, Tang H, Song H, Ming GL (2016) Brain-region-specific organoids using mini-bioreactors for modeling ZIKV exposure. Cell 165(5):1238–1254. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​cell.​2016.​04.​032 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Sacramento CQ, de Melo GR, Rocha N, Hoelz LVB, Mesquita M, de Freitas CS, Fintelman-Rodrigues N, Marttorelli A, Ferreira AC, Barbosa-Lima G, Bastos MM, de Mello Volotao E, Tschoeke DA, Leomil L, Bozza FA, Bozza PT, Boechat N, Thompson FL, de Filippis AM, Bruning K, Souza T (2016) The clinically approved antiviral drug sofosbuvir impairs Brazilian zika virus replication. bioRxiv:061671 Sacramento CQ, de Melo GR, Rocha N, Hoelz LVB, Mesquita M, de Freitas CS, Fintelman-Rodrigues N, Marttorelli A, Ferreira AC, Barbosa-Lima G, Bastos MM, de Mello Volotao E, Tschoeke DA, Leomil L, Bozza FA, Bozza PT, Boechat N, Thompson FL, de Filippis AM, Bruning K, Souza T (2016) The clinically approved antiviral drug sofosbuvir impairs Brazilian zika virus replication. bioRxiv:061671
go back to reference Saiz JC, Vazquez-Calvo A, Blazquez AB, Merino-Ramos T, Escribano-Romero E, Martin-Acebes MA (2016) Zika virus: the latest newcomer. Front Microbiol 7:496PubMedPubMedCentral Saiz JC, Vazquez-Calvo A, Blazquez AB, Merino-Ramos T, Escribano-Romero E, Martin-Acebes MA (2016) Zika virus: the latest newcomer. Front Microbiol 7:496PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Schuler-Faccini L, Ribeiro EM, Feitosa IM, Horovitz DD, Cavalcanti DP, Pessoa A, Doriqui MJ, Neri JI, Neto JM, Wanderley HY, Cernach M, El-Husny AS, Pone MV, Serao CL, Sanseverino MT, Brazilian Medical Genetics Society-Zika Embryopathy Task F (2016) Possible association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly—Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65(3):59–62. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6503e2 PubMedCrossRef Schuler-Faccini L, Ribeiro EM, Feitosa IM, Horovitz DD, Cavalcanti DP, Pessoa A, Doriqui MJ, Neri JI, Neto JM, Wanderley HY, Cernach M, El-Husny AS, Pone MV, Serao CL, Sanseverino MT, Brazilian Medical Genetics Society-Zika Embryopathy Task F (2016) Possible association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly—Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65(3):59–62. https://​doi.​org/​10.​15585/​mmwr.​mm6503e2 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Singh MV, Weber EA, Singh VB, Stirpe NE, Maggirwar SB (2017) Preventive and therapeutic challenges in combating Zika virus infection: are we getting any closer? J Neurovirol Singh MV, Weber EA, Singh VB, Stirpe NE, Maggirwar SB (2017) Preventive and therapeutic challenges in combating Zika virus infection: are we getting any closer? J Neurovirol
go back to reference Slavov SN, Otaguiri KK, Kashima S, Covas DT (2016) Overview of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in regards to the Brazilian epidemic. Braz J Med Biol Res 49:e5420PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Slavov SN, Otaguiri KK, Kashima S, Covas DT (2016) Overview of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in regards to the Brazilian epidemic. Braz J Med Biol Res 49:e5420PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Stettler K, Beltramello M, Espinosa DA, Graham V, Cassotta A, Bianchi S, Vanzetta F, Minola A, Jaconi S, Mele F, Foglierini M, Pedotti M, Simonelli L, Dowall S, Atkinson B, Percivalle E, Simmons CP, Varani L, Blum J, Baldanti F, Cameroni E, Hewson R, Harris E, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F, Corti D (2016) Specificity, cross-reactivity, and function of antibodies elicited by Zika virus infection. Science 353(6301):823–826. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8505 PubMedCrossRef Stettler K, Beltramello M, Espinosa DA, Graham V, Cassotta A, Bianchi S, Vanzetta F, Minola A, Jaconi S, Mele F, Foglierini M, Pedotti M, Simonelli L, Dowall S, Atkinson B, Percivalle E, Simmons CP, Varani L, Blum J, Baldanti F, Cameroni E, Hewson R, Harris E, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F, Corti D (2016) Specificity, cross-reactivity, and function of antibodies elicited by Zika virus infection. Science 353(6301):823–826. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1126/​science.​aaf8505 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sun W, Tanaka TQ, Magle CT, Huang W, Southall N, Huang R, Dehdashti SJ, McKew JC, Williamson KC, Zheng W (2014) Chemical signatures and new drug targets for gametocytocidal drug development. Sci Rep 4:3743PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sun W, Tanaka TQ, Magle CT, Huang W, Southall N, Huang R, Dehdashti SJ, McKew JC, Williamson KC, Zheng W (2014) Chemical signatures and new drug targets for gametocytocidal drug development. Sci Rep 4:3743PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Tappe D, Rissland J, Gabriel M, Emmerich P, Gunther S, Held G, Smola S, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2014) First case of laboratory-confirmed Zika virus infection imported into Europe, November 2013. Euro Surveill 19 Tappe D, Rissland J, Gabriel M, Emmerich P, Gunther S, Held G, Smola S, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2014) First case of laboratory-confirmed Zika virus infection imported into Europe, November 2013. Euro Surveill 19
go back to reference Venturi G, Zammarchi L, Fortuna C, Remoli ME, Benedetti E, Fiorentini C, Trotta M, Rizzo C, Mantella A, Rezza G, Bartoloni A (2016) An autochthonous case of Zika due to possible sexual transmission, Florence, Italy, 2014. Euro Surveill 21 Venturi G, Zammarchi L, Fortuna C, Remoli ME, Benedetti E, Fiorentini C, Trotta M, Rizzo C, Mantella A, Rezza G, Bartoloni A (2016) An autochthonous case of Zika due to possible sexual transmission, Florence, Italy, 2014. Euro Surveill 21
go back to reference WHO (2016a) Disease outbreak news: Zika virus infection-Dominican Republic. 27 January 2016 [Internet]. Geneve: WHO; 2016 WHO (2016a) Disease outbreak news: Zika virus infection-Dominican Republic. 27 January 2016 [Internet]. Geneve: WHO; 2016
go back to reference WHO (2016e) Situation report. Zika virus, Microcephaly, Guillain Barré Syndrome, May 26 WHO (2016e) Situation report. Zika virus, Microcephaly, Guillain Barré Syndrome, May 26
go back to reference Xie X, Yang Y, Muruato AE, Zou J, Shan C, Nunes BT, Medeiros DB, Vasconcelos PF, Weaver SC, Rossi SL, Shi PY (2017) Understanding Zika virus stability and developing a chimeric vaccine through functional analysis. MBio 8 Xie X, Yang Y, Muruato AE, Zou J, Shan C, Nunes BT, Medeiros DB, Vasconcelos PF, Weaver SC, Rossi SL, Shi PY (2017) Understanding Zika virus stability and developing a chimeric vaccine through functional analysis. MBio 8
go back to reference Xu M, Lee EM, Wen Z, Cheng Y, Huang WK, Qian X, Tcw J, Kouznetsova J, Ogden SC, Hammack C, Jacob F, Nguyen HN, Itkin M, Hanna C, Shinn P, Allen C, Michael SG, Simeonov A, Huang W, Christian KM, Goate A, Brennand KJ, Huang R, Xia M, Ming GL, Zheng W, Song H, Tang H (2016) Identification of small-molecule inhibitors of Zika virus infection and induced neural cell death via a drug repurposing screen. Nat Med 22(10):1101–1107. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4184 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Xu M, Lee EM, Wen Z, Cheng Y, Huang WK, Qian X, Tcw J, Kouznetsova J, Ogden SC, Hammack C, Jacob F, Nguyen HN, Itkin M, Hanna C, Shinn P, Allen C, Michael SG, Simeonov A, Huang W, Christian KM, Goate A, Brennand KJ, Huang R, Xia M, Ming GL, Zheng W, Song H, Tang H (2016) Identification of small-molecule inhibitors of Zika virus infection and induced neural cell death via a drug repurposing screen. Nat Med 22(10):1101–1107. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​nm.​4184 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Zammarchi L, Spinicci M, Bartoloni A (2016) Zika virus: a review from the virus basics to proposed management strategies. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 8:e2016056PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zammarchi L, Spinicci M, Bartoloni A (2016) Zika virus: a review from the virus basics to proposed management strategies. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 8:e2016056PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Zhou K, Wang L, Yu D, Huang H, Ji H, Mo X (2017) Molecular and cellular insights into Zika virus-related neuropathies. J Neuro-Oncol 23:341–346 Zhou K, Wang L, Yu D, Huang H, Ji H, Mo X (2017) Molecular and cellular insights into Zika virus-related neuropathies. J Neuro-Oncol 23:341–346
Metadata
Title
Zika virus outbreak: a review of neurological complications, diagnosis, and treatment options
Authors
Veerendra Koppolu
T. Shantha Raju
Publication date
01-06-2018
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Journal of NeuroVirology / Issue 3/2018
Print ISSN: 1355-0284
Electronic ISSN: 1538-2443
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-018-0614-8

Other articles of this Issue 3/2018

Journal of NeuroVirology 3/2018 Go to the issue