Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Cardiology and Therapy 2/2021

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Warfarin | Review

Thrombosis Prevention and Anticoagulation Management in the Pediatric Patient with Congenital Heart Disease

Authors: Eman Abdelghani, Clifford L. Cua, Jean Giver, Vilmarie Rodriguez

Published in: Cardiology and Therapy | Issue 2/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Thrombosis is one of the most frequent complications affecting children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Palliative and reparative cardiac surgeries are some of the main players contributing to the thrombosis risk in this patient population. Additional risk factors related to the CHD itself (e.g., cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, and polycythemia in cyanotic cardiac disorders) can contribute to thrombogenicity alone or combined with other factors. Thrombotic complications have been recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in this patient population. Here, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology and risk factors for thrombosis as well as the indications for and use of different anticoagulation, antiplatelet, and thrombolytic agents. In addition, we describe some of most common thrombotic complications and their management in the pediatric CHD population.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Best KE, Rankin J. Long-term survival of individuals born with congenital heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e002846.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Best KE, Rankin J. Long-term survival of individuals born with congenital heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e002846.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Petrini JR, Broussard CS, Gilboa SM, Lee KA, Oster M, Honein MA. Racial differences by gestational age in neonatal deaths attributable to congenital heart defects—United States, 2003–2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:1208–11. Petrini JR, Broussard CS, Gilboa SM, Lee KA, Oster M, Honein MA. Racial differences by gestational age in neonatal deaths attributable to congenital heart defects—United States, 2003–2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:1208–11.
3.
go back to reference Oster ME, Lee KA, Honein MA, Riehle-Colarusso T, Shin M, Correa A. Temporal trends in survival among infants with critical congenital heart defects. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e1502–8.PubMedCrossRef Oster ME, Lee KA, Honein MA, Riehle-Colarusso T, Shin M, Correa A. Temporal trends in survival among infants with critical congenital heart defects. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e1502–8.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Giglia TM, Witmer C, Procaccini DE, Byrnes JW. Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society 2014 consensus statement: pharmacotherapies in cardiac critical care anticoagulation and thrombolysis. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016;17:S77–88.PubMedCrossRef Giglia TM, Witmer C, Procaccini DE, Byrnes JW. Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society 2014 consensus statement: pharmacotherapies in cardiac critical care anticoagulation and thrombolysis. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016;17:S77–88.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Andrew M, David M, Adams M, et al. Venous thromboembolic complications (VTE) in children: first analyses of the Canadian Registry of VTE. Blood. 1994;83:1251–7.PubMedCrossRef Andrew M, David M, Adams M, et al. Venous thromboembolic complications (VTE) in children: first analyses of the Canadian Registry of VTE. Blood. 1994;83:1251–7.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference van Ommen CH, Heijboer H, Büller HR, Hirasing RA, Heijmans HSA, Peters M. Venous thromboembolism in childhood: a prospective two-year registry in The Netherlands. J Pediatr. 2001;139:676–81.PubMedCrossRef van Ommen CH, Heijboer H, Büller HR, Hirasing RA, Heijmans HSA, Peters M. Venous thromboembolism in childhood: a prospective two-year registry in The Netherlands. J Pediatr. 2001;139:676–81.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Monagle P, Adams M, Mahoney M, et al. Outcome of pediatric thromboembolic disease: a report from the Canadian Childhood Thrombophilia Registry. Pediatr Res. 2000;47:763–6.PubMedCrossRef Monagle P, Adams M, Mahoney M, et al. Outcome of pediatric thromboembolic disease: a report from the Canadian Childhood Thrombophilia Registry. Pediatr Res. 2000;47:763–6.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Kim S-J, Sabharwal S. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in hospitalized children and adolescents: A systemic review and pooled analysis. J Pediatr Orthop Part B. 2014;23:389–93.CrossRef Kim S-J, Sabharwal S. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in hospitalized children and adolescents: A systemic review and pooled analysis. J Pediatr Orthop Part B. 2014;23:389–93.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Ören H, Devecioğlu Ö, Kemahli S, et al. Analysis of pediatric thrombotic patients in Turkey. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2004;21:573–83.PubMedCrossRef Ören H, Devecioğlu Ö, Kemahli S, et al. Analysis of pediatric thrombotic patients in Turkey. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2004;21:573–83.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Manlhiot C, Menjak IB, Brandao LR, et al. Risk, clinical features, and outcomes of thrombosis associated with pediatric cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2011;124:1511–9.PubMedCrossRef Manlhiot C, Menjak IB, Brandao LR, et al. Risk, clinical features, and outcomes of thrombosis associated with pediatric cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2011;124:1511–9.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Silvey M, Hall M, Bilynsky E, Carpenter SL. Increasing rates of thrombosis in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery. Thromb Res. 2018;162:15–21.PubMedCrossRef Silvey M, Hall M, Bilynsky E, Carpenter SL. Increasing rates of thrombosis in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery. Thromb Res. 2018;162:15–21.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Gruenwald CE, Manlhiot C, Crawford-Lean L, et al. Management and monitoring of anticoagulation for children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2010;42:9.PubMedPubMedCentral Gruenwald CE, Manlhiot C, Crawford-Lean L, et al. Management and monitoring of anticoagulation for children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2010;42:9.PubMedPubMedCentral
13.
go back to reference Monagle P, Barnes C, Ignjatovic V, et al. Developmental haemostasis. Impact for clinical haemostasis laboratories. Thromb Haemost. 2006;95:362–72.PubMedCrossRef Monagle P, Barnes C, Ignjatovic V, et al. Developmental haemostasis. Impact for clinical haemostasis laboratories. Thromb Haemost. 2006;95:362–72.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Andrew M, Monagle PT, Brooker L. Thromboembolic complications during infancy and childhood. Shelton: PMPH USA; 2000. Andrew M, Monagle PT, Brooker L. Thromboembolic complications during infancy and childhood. Shelton: PMPH USA; 2000.
15.
go back to reference Alioglu B, Avci Z, Tokel K, Atac FB, Ozbek N. Thrombosis in children with cardiac pathology: analysis of acquired and inherited risk factors. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2008;19:294–304.PubMedCrossRef Alioglu B, Avci Z, Tokel K, Atac FB, Ozbek N. Thrombosis in children with cardiac pathology: analysis of acquired and inherited risk factors. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2008;19:294–304.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Coon PD, Rychik J, Novello RT, Ro PS, Gaynor JW, Spray TL. Thrombus formation after the Fontan operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71:1990–4.PubMedCrossRef Coon PD, Rychik J, Novello RT, Ro PS, Gaynor JW, Spray TL. Thrombus formation after the Fontan operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71:1990–4.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Ehrenforth S, Junker R, Koch HG, et al. Multicentre evaluation of combined prothrombotic defects associated with thrombophilia in childhood. Eur J Pediatr. 1999;158:S97–104.PubMedCrossRef Ehrenforth S, Junker R, Koch HG, et al. Multicentre evaluation of combined prothrombotic defects associated with thrombophilia in childhood. Eur J Pediatr. 1999;158:S97–104.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Ong BC, Zimmerman AA, Zappulla DC, Neufeld EJ, Burrows FA. Prevalence of factor V Leiden in a population of patients with congenital heart disease. Can J Anaesth. 1998;45:1176–80.PubMedCrossRef Ong BC, Zimmerman AA, Zappulla DC, Neufeld EJ, Burrows FA. Prevalence of factor V Leiden in a population of patients with congenital heart disease. Can J Anaesth. 1998;45:1176–80.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Linhardt RJ, Gunay NS. Production and chemical processing of low molecular weight heparins. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1999(Suppl 3);25:5–16.PubMed Linhardt RJ, Gunay NS. Production and chemical processing of low molecular weight heparins. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1999(Suppl 3);25:5–16.PubMed
20.
21.
go back to reference Rosenberg JS, McKenna PW, Rosenberg RD. Inhibition of human factor IXa by human antithrombin. J Biol Chem. 1975;250:8883–8.PubMedCrossRef Rosenberg JS, McKenna PW, Rosenberg RD. Inhibition of human factor IXa by human antithrombin. J Biol Chem. 1975;250:8883–8.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Monagle P, Chan AKC, Goldenberg NA, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed.: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e737S–801S.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Monagle P, Chan AKC, Goldenberg NA, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed.: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e737S–801S.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Liveris A, Bello RA, Friedmann P, et al. Anti-factor Xa assay is a superior correlate of heparin dose than activated partial thromboplastin time or activated clotting time in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014;15:e72–9.PubMedCrossRef Liveris A, Bello RA, Friedmann P, et al. Anti-factor Xa assay is a superior correlate of heparin dose than activated partial thromboplastin time or activated clotting time in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014;15:e72–9.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Samuel S, Allison TA, Sharaf S, et al. Antifactor Xa levels vs. activated partial thromboplastin time for monitoring unfractionated heparin. A pilot study. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2016;41:499–502.PubMedCrossRef Samuel S, Allison TA, Sharaf S, et al. Antifactor Xa levels vs. activated partial thromboplastin time for monitoring unfractionated heparin. A pilot study. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2016;41:499–502.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Chan AK, Black L, Ing C, Brandão LR, Williams S. Utility of aPTT in monitoring unfractionated heparin in children. Thromb Res. 2008;122:135–6.PubMedCrossRef Chan AK, Black L, Ing C, Brandão LR, Williams S. Utility of aPTT in monitoring unfractionated heparin in children. Thromb Res. 2008;122:135–6.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Newall F, Johnston L, Ignjatovic V, Monagle P. Unfractionated heparin therapy in infants and children. Pediatrics. 2009;123(3):e510–8.PubMedCrossRef Newall F, Johnston L, Ignjatovic V, Monagle P. Unfractionated heparin therapy in infants and children. Pediatrics. 2009;123(3):e510–8.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference McDonald MM, Jacobson LJ, Hay WW Jr, Hathaway WE. Heparin clearance in the newborn. Pediatr Res. 1981;15:1015–8.PubMedCrossRef McDonald MM, Jacobson LJ, Hay WW Jr, Hathaway WE. Heparin clearance in the newborn. Pediatr Res. 1981;15:1015–8.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Garcia DA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI, Samama MM. Parenteral anticoagulants: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e24S–43S.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Garcia DA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI, Samama MM. Parenteral anticoagulants: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e24S–43S.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Risch L, Huber AR, Schmugge M. Diagnosis and treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in neonates and children. Thromb Res. 2006;118:123–35.PubMedCrossRef Risch L, Huber AR, Schmugge M. Diagnosis and treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in neonates and children. Thromb Res. 2006;118:123–35.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Hirsh J, Raschke R, Warkentin TE, Dalen JE, Deykin D, Poller L. Heparin: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy, and safety. Chest. 1995;108:258s–75s.PubMedCrossRef Hirsh J, Raschke R, Warkentin TE, Dalen JE, Deykin D, Poller L. Heparin: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy, and safety. Chest. 1995;108:258s–75s.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Hirsh J, Levine MN. Low molecular weight heparin: laboratory properties and clinical evaluation. A review. Eur J Surg Suppl Acta Chir Suppl. 1994;571:9–22. Hirsh J, Levine MN. Low molecular weight heparin: laboratory properties and clinical evaluation. A review. Eur J Surg Suppl Acta Chir Suppl. 1994;571:9–22.
32.
go back to reference Royston D. 45—anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy. In: Hemmings HC, Egan TD, editors. Pharmacology and physiology for anesthesia (second edition). Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. p. 870–94.CrossRef Royston D. 45—anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy. In: Hemmings HC, Egan TD, editors. Pharmacology and physiology for anesthesia (second edition). Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. p. 870–94.CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Dix D, Andrew M, Marzinotto V, et al. The use of low molecular weight heparin in pediatric patients: a prospective cohort study. J Pediatr. 2000;136:439–45.PubMedCrossRef Dix D, Andrew M, Marzinotto V, et al. The use of low molecular weight heparin in pediatric patients: a prospective cohort study. J Pediatr. 2000;136:439–45.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Bauman ME, Belletrutti MJ, Bajzar L, et al. Evaluation of enoxaparin dosing requirements in infants and children. Better dosing to achieve therapeutic levels. Thromb Haemost. 2009;101:86–92.PubMedCrossRef Bauman ME, Belletrutti MJ, Bajzar L, et al. Evaluation of enoxaparin dosing requirements in infants and children. Better dosing to achieve therapeutic levels. Thromb Haemost. 2009;101:86–92.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Vakil NH, Kanaan AO, Donovan JL. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the pediatric population: a review of current literature. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2012;17:12–30.PubMedPubMedCentral Vakil NH, Kanaan AO, Donovan JL. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the pediatric population: a review of current literature. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2012;17:12–30.PubMedPubMedCentral
36.
go back to reference Warkentin TE, Levine MN, Hirsh J, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1330–5.PubMedCrossRef Warkentin TE, Levine MN, Hirsh J, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1330–5.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Young G, Yee DL, O'Brien SH, Khanna R, Barbour A, Nugent DJ. FondaKIDS: A prospective pharmacokinetic and safety study of fondaparinux in children between 1 and 18 years of age. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;57:1049–54.PubMedCrossRef Young G, Yee DL, O'Brien SH, Khanna R, Barbour A, Nugent DJ. FondaKIDS: A prospective pharmacokinetic and safety study of fondaparinux in children between 1 and 18 years of age. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;57:1049–54.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Paolucci F, Frasa H, Van Aarle F, et al. Two sensitive and rapid chromogenic assays of fondaparinux sodium (Arixtra) in human plasma and other biological matrices. Clin Lab. 2003;49:451–60.PubMed Paolucci F, Frasa H, Van Aarle F, et al. Two sensitive and rapid chromogenic assays of fondaparinux sodium (Arixtra) in human plasma and other biological matrices. Clin Lab. 2003;49:451–60.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Schindewolf M, Steindl J, Beyer-Westendorf J, et al. Frequent off-label use of fondaparinux in patients with suspected acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)–findings from the GerHIT multi-centre registry study. Thromb Res. 2014;134:29–35.PubMedCrossRef Schindewolf M, Steindl J, Beyer-Westendorf J, et al. Frequent off-label use of fondaparinux in patients with suspected acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)–findings from the GerHIT multi-centre registry study. Thromb Res. 2014;134:29–35.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Tokgoz H, Caliskan U, Demir M. Successful use of fondaparinux in a child with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2012;23:769–71.PubMedCrossRef Tokgoz H, Caliskan U, Demir M. Successful use of fondaparinux in a child with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2012;23:769–71.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Andrew M, Marzinotto V, Brooker LA, et al. Oral anticoagulation therapy in pediatric patients: a prospective study. Thromb Haemost. 1994;71:265–9.PubMedCrossRef Andrew M, Marzinotto V, Brooker LA, et al. Oral anticoagulation therapy in pediatric patients: a prospective study. Thromb Haemost. 1994;71:265–9.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, Jacobson A, Crowther M, Palareti G. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, 8th edn. Chest. 2008;133:160s–98s.PubMedCrossRef Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, Jacobson A, Crowther M, Palareti G. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, 8th edn. Chest. 2008;133:160s–98s.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Tran HA, Chunilal SD, Harper PL, Tran H, Wood EM, Gallus AS. An update of consensus guidelines for warfarin reversal. Med J Aust. 2013;198:198–9.PubMedCrossRef Tran HA, Chunilal SD, Harper PL, Tran H, Wood EM, Gallus AS. An update of consensus guidelines for warfarin reversal. Med J Aust. 2013;198:198–9.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Jansma B, Montgomery J, Dietrich S, Mixon MA, Peksa GD, Faine B. Emergent warfarin reversal with fixed-dose 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54:1090–5.PubMedCrossRef Jansma B, Montgomery J, Dietrich S, Mixon MA, Peksa GD, Faine B. Emergent warfarin reversal with fixed-dose 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54:1090–5.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Di Nisio M, Middeldorp S, Büller HR. Direct thrombin inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1028–40.PubMedCrossRef Di Nisio M, Middeldorp S, Büller HR. Direct thrombin inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1028–40.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Yarbrough PM, Varedi A, Walker A, Rondina MT. Argatroban dose reductions for suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia complicated by Child-Pugh class C liver disease. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46:e30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yarbrough PM, Varedi A, Walker A, Rondina MT. Argatroban dose reductions for suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia complicated by Child-Pugh class C liver disease. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46:e30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Oschman A. Survey results: characterization of direct thrombin inhibitor use in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2014;19(1):10–5.PubMedPubMedCentral Oschman A. Survey results: characterization of direct thrombin inhibitor use in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2014;19(1):10–5.PubMedPubMedCentral
48.
go back to reference Moffett BS, Teruya J. Trends in parenteral direct thrombin inhibitor use in pediatric patients: analysis of a large administrative database. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014;138:1229–32.PubMedCrossRef Moffett BS, Teruya J. Trends in parenteral direct thrombin inhibitor use in pediatric patients: analysis of a large administrative database. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014;138:1229–32.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Zaleski KL, DiNardo JA, Nasr VG. Bivalirudin for pediatric procedural anticoagulation: a narrative review. Anesth Analg. 2019;128:43–55.PubMedCrossRef Zaleski KL, DiNardo JA, Nasr VG. Bivalirudin for pediatric procedural anticoagulation: a narrative review. Anesth Analg. 2019;128:43–55.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Hursting MJ, Dubb J, Verme-Gibboney CN. Argatroban anticoagulation in pediatric patients: a literature analysis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006;28:4–10.PubMedCrossRef Hursting MJ, Dubb J, Verme-Gibboney CN. Argatroban anticoagulation in pediatric patients: a literature analysis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006;28:4–10.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Brandão LR, Albisetti M, Halton J, et al. Safety of dabigatran etexilate for the secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in children. Blood. 2020;135:491–504.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Brandão LR, Albisetti M, Halton J, et al. Safety of dabigatran etexilate for the secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in children. Blood. 2020;135:491–504.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Payne RM, Burns KM, Glatz AC, et al. A multi-national trial of a direct oral anticoagulant in children with cardiac disease: design and rationale of the Safety of ApiXaban On Pediatric Heart disease On the preventioN of Embolism (SAXOPHONE) study. Am Heart J. 2019;217:52–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Payne RM, Burns KM, Glatz AC, et al. A multi-national trial of a direct oral anticoagulant in children with cardiac disease: design and rationale of the Safety of ApiXaban On Pediatric Heart disease On the preventioN of Embolism (SAXOPHONE) study. Am Heart J. 2019;217:52–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1206–14.PubMedCrossRef Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1206–14.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Young G, Lensing AWA, Monagle P, et al. Rivaroxaban for treatment of pediatric venous thromboembolism. An Einstein-Jr phase 3 dose-exposure-response evaluation. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18:1672–85.PubMedCrossRef Young G, Lensing AWA, Monagle P, et al. Rivaroxaban for treatment of pediatric venous thromboembolism. An Einstein-Jr phase 3 dose-exposure-response evaluation. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18:1672–85.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Monagle P, Lensing AWA, Thelen K, et al. Bodyweight-adjusted rivaroxaban for children with venous thromboembolism (EINSTEIN-Jr): results from three multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 studies. Lancet Haematol. 2019;6:e500–9.PubMedCrossRef Monagle P, Lensing AWA, Thelen K, et al. Bodyweight-adjusted rivaroxaban for children with venous thromboembolism (EINSTEIN-Jr): results from three multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 studies. Lancet Haematol. 2019;6:e500–9.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Giglia TM, Massicotte MP, Tweddell JS, et al. Prevention and treatment of thrombosis in pediatric and congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2013;128:2622–703.PubMedCrossRef Giglia TM, Massicotte MP, Tweddell JS, et al. Prevention and treatment of thrombosis in pediatric and congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2013;128:2622–703.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Roach ES, Golomb MR, Adams R, et al. Management of stroke in infants and children: a scientific statement from a Special Writing Group of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Stroke. 2008;39:2644–91.PubMedCrossRef Roach ES, Golomb MR, Adams R, et al. Management of stroke in infants and children: a scientific statement from a Special Writing Group of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Stroke. 2008;39:2644–91.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Butler K, et al. Randomized double-blind assessment of the ONSET and OFFSET of the antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the ONSET/OFFSET study. Circulation. 2009;120:2577–85.PubMedCrossRef Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Butler K, et al. Randomized double-blind assessment of the ONSET and OFFSET of the antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the ONSET/OFFSET study. Circulation. 2009;120:2577–85.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Parodi G, Valenti R, Bellandi B, et al. Comparison of prasugrel and ticagrelor loading doses in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients: RAPID (Rapid Activity of Platelet Inhibitor Drugs) primary PCI study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:1601–6.PubMedCrossRef Parodi G, Valenti R, Bellandi B, et al. Comparison of prasugrel and ticagrelor loading doses in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients: RAPID (Rapid Activity of Platelet Inhibitor Drugs) primary PCI study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:1601–6.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Fox CK, Sidney S, Fullerton HJ. Community-based case–control study of childhood stroke risk associated with congenital heart disease. Stroke. 2015;46:336–40.PubMedCrossRef Fox CK, Sidney S, Fullerton HJ. Community-based case–control study of childhood stroke risk associated with congenital heart disease. Stroke. 2015;46:336–40.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Domi T, Edgell DS, McCrindle BW, et al. Frequency, predictors, and neurologic outcomes of vaso-occlusive strokes associated with cardiac surgery in children. Pediatrics. 2008;122:1292–8.PubMedCrossRef Domi T, Edgell DS, McCrindle BW, et al. Frequency, predictors, and neurologic outcomes of vaso-occlusive strokes associated with cardiac surgery in children. Pediatrics. 2008;122:1292–8.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Kumar K. Neurological complications of congenital heart disease. Indian J Pediatr. 2000;67:287–91.PubMedCrossRef Kumar K. Neurological complications of congenital heart disease. Indian J Pediatr. 2000;67:287–91.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Sun M-S, Jin H, Sun X, et al. Free radical damage in ischemia-reperfusion injury: an obstacle in acute ischemic stroke after revascularization therapy. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:3804979.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sun M-S, Jin H, Sun X, et al. Free radical damage in ischemia-reperfusion injury: an obstacle in acute ischemic stroke after revascularization therapy. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:3804979.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Jonas RA. Neurological protection during cardiopulmonary bypass/deep hypothermia. Pediatr Cardiol. 1998;19:321–30.PubMedCrossRef Jonas RA. Neurological protection during cardiopulmonary bypass/deep hypothermia. Pediatr Cardiol. 1998;19:321–30.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Mahle WT, Tavani F, Zimmerman RA, et al. An MRI study of neurological injury before and after congenital heart surgery. Circulation. 2002;106:I-109–14.CrossRef Mahle WT, Tavani F, Zimmerman RA, et al. An MRI study of neurological injury before and after congenital heart surgery. Circulation. 2002;106:I-109–14.CrossRef
68.
go back to reference Miller SP, McQuillen PS, Hamrick S, et al. Abnormal brain development in newborns with congenital heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1928–38.PubMedCrossRef Miller SP, McQuillen PS, Hamrick S, et al. Abnormal brain development in newborns with congenital heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1928–38.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Shah R, Nayyar M, Jovin IS, et al. Device closure versus medical therapy alone for patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168:335–42.PubMedCrossRef Shah R, Nayyar M, Jovin IS, et al. Device closure versus medical therapy alone for patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168:335–42.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Baumgartner H, De Backer J. The ESC Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Adult Congenital Heart Disease 2020. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:4153–4.PubMedCrossRef Baumgartner H, De Backer J. The ESC Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Adult Congenital Heart Disease 2020. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:4153–4.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Meier B, Blaauw Y, Khattab AA, et al. EHRA/EAPCI expert consensus statement on catheter-based left atrial appendage occlusion. EuroIntervention. 2015;10:1109–25.PubMedCrossRef Meier B, Blaauw Y, Khattab AA, et al. EHRA/EAPCI expert consensus statement on catheter-based left atrial appendage occlusion. EuroIntervention. 2015;10:1109–25.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Mehta R, Lee KJ, Chaturvedi R, Benson L. Complications of pediatric cardiac catheterization: a review in the current era. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;72:278–85.PubMedCrossRef Mehta R, Lee KJ, Chaturvedi R, Benson L. Complications of pediatric cardiac catheterization: a review in the current era. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;72:278–85.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Brotschi B, Hug MI, Kretschmar O, Rizzi M, Albisetti M. Incidence and predictors of cardiac catheterisation-related arterial thrombosis in children. Heart. 2015;101:948–53.PubMedCrossRef Brotschi B, Hug MI, Kretschmar O, Rizzi M, Albisetti M. Incidence and predictors of cardiac catheterisation-related arterial thrombosis in children. Heart. 2015;101:948–53.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Bratincsák A, Moore JW, El-Said HG. Low dose tissue plasminogen activator treatment for vascular thrombosis following cardiac catheterization in children: a single center experience. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;82:782–5.PubMedCrossRef Bratincsák A, Moore JW, El-Said HG. Low dose tissue plasminogen activator treatment for vascular thrombosis following cardiac catheterization in children: a single center experience. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;82:782–5.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Laurin S, Lundström NR. Venous thrombosis after cardiac catheterization in infants. Acta Radiol. 1987;28:241–6.PubMedCrossRef Laurin S, Lundström NR. Venous thrombosis after cardiac catheterization in infants. Acta Radiol. 1987;28:241–6.PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Ruud E, Natvig S, Holmstrøm H, Wesenberg F. Low prevalence of femoral venous thrombosis after cardiac catheterizations in children: a prospective study. Cardiol Young. 2002;12:513–8.PubMedCrossRef Ruud E, Natvig S, Holmstrøm H, Wesenberg F. Low prevalence of femoral venous thrombosis after cardiac catheterizations in children: a prospective study. Cardiol Young. 2002;12:513–8.PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Hanslik A, Kitzmüller E, Thom K, et al. Incidence of thrombotic and bleeding complications during cardiac catheterization in children: comparison of high-dose vs. low-dose heparin protocols. J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9:2353–60.PubMedCrossRef Hanslik A, Kitzmüller E, Thom K, et al. Incidence of thrombotic and bleeding complications during cardiac catheterization in children: comparison of high-dose vs. low-dose heparin protocols. J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9:2353–60.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Celermajer DS, Robinson J, Taylor J. Vascular access in previously catheterised children and adolescents: a prospective study of 131 consecutive cases. Heart. 1993;70:554–7.CrossRef Celermajer DS, Robinson J, Taylor J. Vascular access in previously catheterised children and adolescents: a prospective study of 131 consecutive cases. Heart. 1993;70:554–7.CrossRef
79.
go back to reference Monagle P, Cuello CA, Augustine C, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 Guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of pediatric venous thromboembolism. Blood Adv. 2018;2:3292–316.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Monagle P, Cuello CA, Augustine C, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 Guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of pediatric venous thromboembolism. Blood Adv. 2018;2:3292–316.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Massicotte MP, Dix D, Monagle P, Adams M, Andrew M. Central venous catheter related thrombosis in children: analysis of the Canadian Registry of Venous Thromboembolic Complications. J Pediatr. 1998;133:770–6.PubMedCrossRef Massicotte MP, Dix D, Monagle P, Adams M, Andrew M. Central venous catheter related thrombosis in children: analysis of the Canadian Registry of Venous Thromboembolic Complications. J Pediatr. 1998;133:770–6.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Streif W, Andrew ME. Venous thromboembolic events in pediatric patients: diagnosis and management. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1998;12:1283–312.PubMedCrossRef Streif W, Andrew ME. Venous thromboembolic events in pediatric patients: diagnosis and management. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1998;12:1283–312.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Wood KE. Major pulmonary embolism: review of a pathophysiologic approach to the golden hour of hemodynamically significant pulmonary embolism. Chest. 2002;121:877–905.PubMedCrossRef Wood KE. Major pulmonary embolism: review of a pathophysiologic approach to the golden hour of hemodynamically significant pulmonary embolism. Chest. 2002;121:877–905.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Yang JY, Williams S, Brandão LR, Chan AK. Neonatal and childhood right atrial thrombosis: recognition and a risk-stratified treatment approach. Blood Coag Fibrinol. 2010;21:301–7.CrossRef Yang JY, Williams S, Brandão LR, Chan AK. Neonatal and childhood right atrial thrombosis: recognition and a risk-stratified treatment approach. Blood Coag Fibrinol. 2010;21:301–7.CrossRef
84.
go back to reference Bendaly EA, Batra AS, Ebenroth ES, Hurwitz RA. Outcome of cardiac thrombi in infants. Pediatr Cardiol. 2008;29:95–101.PubMedCrossRef Bendaly EA, Batra AS, Ebenroth ES, Hurwitz RA. Outcome of cardiac thrombi in infants. Pediatr Cardiol. 2008;29:95–101.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Shaffer KM, Mullins CE, Grifka RG, et al. Intravascular stents in congenital heart disease: short- and long-term results from a large single-center experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:661–7.PubMedCrossRef Shaffer KM, Mullins CE, Grifka RG, et al. Intravascular stents in congenital heart disease: short- and long-term results from a large single-center experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:661–7.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Feltes TF, Bacha E, Beekman RH, 3rd, et al. Indications for cardiac catheterization and intervention in pediatric cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:2607–52.PubMedCrossRef Feltes TF, Bacha E, Beekman RH, 3rd, et al. Indications for cardiac catheterization and intervention in pediatric cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:2607–52.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Al Jubair KA, Al Fagih MR, Al Jarallah AS, et al. Results of 546 Blalock–Taussig shunts performed in 478 patients. Cardiol Young. 1998;8:486–90.PubMedCrossRef Al Jubair KA, Al Fagih MR, Al Jarallah AS, et al. Results of 546 Blalock–Taussig shunts performed in 478 patients. Cardiol Young. 1998;8:486–90.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Li JS, Yow E, Berezny KY, et al. Clinical outcomes of palliative surgery including a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt in infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease: does aspirin make a difference? Circulation. 2007;116:293–7.PubMedCrossRef Li JS, Yow E, Berezny KY, et al. Clinical outcomes of palliative surgery including a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt in infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease: does aspirin make a difference? Circulation. 2007;116:293–7.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Fenton KN, Siewers RD, Rebovich B, Pigula FA. Interim mortality in infants with systemic-to–pulmonary artery shunts. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:152–6.PubMedCrossRef Fenton KN, Siewers RD, Rebovich B, Pigula FA. Interim mortality in infants with systemic-to–pulmonary artery shunts. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:152–6.PubMedCrossRef
90.
91.
go back to reference Cáceres-Lóriga FM, Pérez-López H, Santos-Gracia J, Morlans-Hernandez K. Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Int J Cardiol. 2006;110:1–6.PubMedCrossRef Cáceres-Lóriga FM, Pérez-López H, Santos-Gracia J, Morlans-Hernandez K. Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Int J Cardiol. 2006;110:1–6.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Dangas GD, Weitz JI, Giustino G, Makkar R, Mehran R. Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:2670–89.PubMedCrossRef Dangas GD, Weitz JI, Giustino G, Makkar R, Mehran R. Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:2670–89.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Lengyel M, Fuster V, Keltai M, et al. Guidelines for management of left-sided prosthetic valve thrombosis: a role for thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1521–6.PubMedCrossRef Lengyel M, Fuster V, Keltai M, et al. Guidelines for management of left-sided prosthetic valve thrombosis: a role for thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1521–6.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Gürsoy MO, Kalçık, M, Yesin M, et al. A global perspective on mechanical prosthetic heart valve thrombosis: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Anatol J Cardiol. 2016;16:980.PubMedPubMedCentral Gürsoy MO, Kalçık, M, Yesin M, et al. A global perspective on mechanical prosthetic heart valve thrombosis: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Anatol J Cardiol. 2016;16:980.PubMedPubMedCentral
95.
go back to reference Gündüz S, Kalçık M, Gürsoy MO, Güner A, Özkan M. Diagnosis, treatment & management of prosthetic valve thrombosis: the key considerations. Expert Rev Med Dev. 2020;17:209–21.CrossRef Gündüz S, Kalçık M, Gürsoy MO, Güner A, Özkan M. Diagnosis, treatment & management of prosthetic valve thrombosis: the key considerations. Expert Rev Med Dev. 2020;17:209–21.CrossRef
96.
go back to reference Özkan M, Gündüz S, Gürsoy OM, et al. Ultraslow thrombolytic therapy: a novel strategy in the management of PROsthetic MEchanical valve Thrombosis and the prEdictors of outcomE: the Ultra-slow PROMETEE trial. Am Heart J. 2015;170:409–18.e1.PubMedCrossRef Özkan M, Gündüz S, Gürsoy OM, et al. Ultraslow thrombolytic therapy: a novel strategy in the management of PROsthetic MEchanical valve Thrombosis and the prEdictors of outcomE: the Ultra-slow PROMETEE trial. Am Heart J. 2015;170:409–18.e1.PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Khajali Z, Mohammadzadeh S, Maleki M, et al. Fibrinolytic therapy for mechanical pulmonary valve thrombosis. Pediatr Cardiol. 2015;36:171–6.PubMedCrossRef Khajali Z, Mohammadzadeh S, Maleki M, et al. Fibrinolytic therapy for mechanical pulmonary valve thrombosis. Pediatr Cardiol. 2015;36:171–6.PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Ramos AI, Ramos RF, Togna DJ, et al. Fibrinolytic therapy for thrombosis in cardiac valvular prosthesis short and long term results. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;81:393–8.PubMedCrossRef Ramos AI, Ramos RF, Togna DJ, et al. Fibrinolytic therapy for thrombosis in cardiac valvular prosthesis short and long term results. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;81:393–8.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135:e1159–95.PubMedCrossRef Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135:e1159–95.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference De Caterina R, Husted S, Wallentin L, et al. Parenteral anticoagulants in heart disease: current status and perspectives (Section II). Position paper of the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis–Task Force on Anticoagulants in Heart Disease. Thromb Haemost. 2013;109:769–86.PubMedCrossRef De Caterina R, Husted S, Wallentin L, et al. Parenteral anticoagulants in heart disease: current status and perspectives (Section II). Position paper of the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis–Task Force on Anticoagulants in Heart Disease. Thromb Haemost. 2013;109:769–86.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Whitlock RP, Sun JC, Fremes SE, Rubens FD, Teoh KH. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for valvular disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e576S–600S.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Whitlock RP, Sun JC, Fremes SE, Rubens FD, Teoh KH. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for valvular disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e576S–600S.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
102.
go back to reference RJ IJ, Slieker MG, Hazekamp MG, et al. Mitral valve replacement with the 15-mm mechanical valve: a 20-year multicenter experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 2020;110:956–61.CrossRef RJ IJ, Slieker MG, Hazekamp MG, et al. Mitral valve replacement with the 15-mm mechanical valve: a 20-year multicenter experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 2020;110:956–61.CrossRef
103.
go back to reference Kiper C, Cua CL, Baker P, 3rd, McConnell P. Mitral valve replacement in pediatrics using an extracellular matrix cylinder valve: a case series. Pediatr Cardiol. 2020;41:1458–65.PubMedCrossRef Kiper C, Cua CL, Baker P, 3rd, McConnell P. Mitral valve replacement in pediatrics using an extracellular matrix cylinder valve: a case series. Pediatr Cardiol. 2020;41:1458–65.PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Gillespie MJ, Benson LN, Bergersen L, et al. Patient selection process for the harmony transcatheter pulmonary valve early feasibility study. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120:1387–92.PubMedCrossRef Gillespie MJ, Benson LN, Bergersen L, et al. Patient selection process for the harmony transcatheter pulmonary valve early feasibility study. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120:1387–92.PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Quinonez LG, Breitbart R, Tworetsky W, Lock JE, Marshall AC, Emani SM. Stented bovine jugular vein graft (Melody valve) for surgical mitral valve replacement in infants and children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148:1443–9.PubMedCrossRef Quinonez LG, Breitbart R, Tworetsky W, Lock JE, Marshall AC, Emani SM. Stented bovine jugular vein graft (Melody valve) for surgical mitral valve replacement in infants and children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148:1443–9.PubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Manlhiot C, Brandao LR, Kwok J, et al. Thrombotic complications and thromboprophylaxis across all three stages of single ventricle heart palliation. J Pediatr. 2012;161:513–19 e3.PubMedCrossRef Manlhiot C, Brandao LR, Kwok J, et al. Thrombotic complications and thromboprophylaxis across all three stages of single ventricle heart palliation. J Pediatr. 2012;161:513–19 e3.PubMedCrossRef
107.
108.
go back to reference Monagle P, Chalmers E, Chan A, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2008;133:887S–968S.PubMedCrossRef Monagle P, Chalmers E, Chan A, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2008;133:887S–968S.PubMedCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Monagle P. Thrombosis in children with BT shunts, Glenns and Fontans. Prog Pediatr Cardiol. 2005;21:17–21.CrossRef Monagle P. Thrombosis in children with BT shunts, Glenns and Fontans. Prog Pediatr Cardiol. 2005;21:17–21.CrossRef
110.
go back to reference Wells WJ, Yu RJ, Batra AS, Monforte H, Sintek C, Starnes VA. Obstruction in modified Blalock shunts: a quantitative analysis with clinical correlation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:2072–6.PubMedCrossRef Wells WJ, Yu RJ, Batra AS, Monforte H, Sintek C, Starnes VA. Obstruction in modified Blalock shunts: a quantitative analysis with clinical correlation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:2072–6.PubMedCrossRef
111.
go back to reference Procelewska M, Kolcz J, Januszewska K, Mroczek T, Malec E. Coagulation abnormalities and liver function after hemi-Fontan and Fontan procedures—the importance of hemodynamics in the early postoperative period. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;31:866–72.PubMedCrossRef Procelewska M, Kolcz J, Januszewska K, Mroczek T, Malec E. Coagulation abnormalities and liver function after hemi-Fontan and Fontan procedures—the importance of hemodynamics in the early postoperative period. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;31:866–72.PubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Cheung EW, Chay GW, Ma ES, Cheung YF. Systemic oxygen saturation and coagulation factor abnormalities before and after the fontan procedure. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:1571–5.PubMedCrossRef Cheung EW, Chay GW, Ma ES, Cheung YF. Systemic oxygen saturation and coagulation factor abnormalities before and after the fontan procedure. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:1571–5.PubMedCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Odegard KC, McGowan FX Jr, Zurakowski D, et al. Coagulation factor abnormalities in patients with single-ventricle physiology immediately prior to the Fontan procedure. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:1770–7.PubMedCrossRef Odegard KC, McGowan FX Jr, Zurakowski D, et al. Coagulation factor abnormalities in patients with single-ventricle physiology immediately prior to the Fontan procedure. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:1770–7.PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference van Nieuwenhuizen RC, Peters M, Lubbers LJ, Trip MD, Tijssen JG, Mulder BJ. Abnormalities in liver function and coagulation profile following the Fontan procedure. Heart. 1999;82:40–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef van Nieuwenhuizen RC, Peters M, Lubbers LJ, Trip MD, Tijssen JG, Mulder BJ. Abnormalities in liver function and coagulation profile following the Fontan procedure. Heart. 1999;82:40–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Khairy P, Fernandes SM, Mayer JE, et al. Long-term survival, modes of death, and predictors of mortality in patients with Fontan surgery. Circulation. 2008;117:85.PubMedCrossRef Khairy P, Fernandes SM, Mayer JE, et al. Long-term survival, modes of death, and predictors of mortality in patients with Fontan surgery. Circulation. 2008;117:85.PubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Varma C, Warr MR, Hendler AL, Paul NS, Webb GD, Therrien J. Prevalence of “silent” pulmonary emboli in adults after the Fontan operation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:2252–8.PubMedCrossRef Varma C, Warr MR, Hendler AL, Paul NS, Webb GD, Therrien J. Prevalence of “silent” pulmonary emboli in adults after the Fontan operation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:2252–8.PubMedCrossRef
117.
go back to reference Deshaies C, Hamilton RM, Shohoudi A, et al. Thromboembolic risk after atriopulmonary, lateral tunnel, and extracardiac conduit Fontan surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:1071–81.PubMedCrossRef Deshaies C, Hamilton RM, Shohoudi A, et al. Thromboembolic risk after atriopulmonary, lateral tunnel, and extracardiac conduit Fontan surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:1071–81.PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference Egbe AC, Connolly HM, McLeod CJ, et al. Thrombotic and embolic complications associated with atrial arrhythmia after Fontan operation: role of prophylactic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:1312–9.PubMedCrossRef Egbe AC, Connolly HM, McLeod CJ, et al. Thrombotic and embolic complications associated with atrial arrhythmia after Fontan operation: role of prophylactic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:1312–9.PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Kawamatsu N, Ishizu T, Machino-Ohtsuka T, et al. Direct oral anticoagulant use and outcomes in adult patients with Fontan circulation: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Int J Cardiol. 2021;327:74–9.PubMedCrossRef Kawamatsu N, Ishizu T, Machino-Ohtsuka T, et al. Direct oral anticoagulant use and outcomes in adult patients with Fontan circulation: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Int J Cardiol. 2021;327:74–9.PubMedCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Al-Jazairi AS, Al Alshaykh HA, Di Salvo G, De Vol EB, Alhalees ZY. Assessment of late thromboembolic complications post-Fontan procedure in relation to different antithrombotic regimens: 30-years’ follow-up experience. Ann Pharmacother. 2019;53:786–93.PubMedCrossRef Al-Jazairi AS, Al Alshaykh HA, Di Salvo G, De Vol EB, Alhalees ZY. Assessment of late thromboembolic complications post-Fontan procedure in relation to different antithrombotic regimens: 30-years’ follow-up experience. Ann Pharmacother. 2019;53:786–93.PubMedCrossRef
121.
go back to reference Iyengar AJ, Winlaw DS, Galati JC, et al. No difference between aspirin and warfarin after extracardiac Fontan in a propensity score analysis of 475 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;50:980–7.PubMedCrossRef Iyengar AJ, Winlaw DS, Galati JC, et al. No difference between aspirin and warfarin after extracardiac Fontan in a propensity score analysis of 475 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;50:980–7.PubMedCrossRef
123.
go back to reference Michelson AD, Bhatt DL. How I use laboratory monitoring of antiplatelet therapy. Blood. 2017;130:713–21.PubMedCrossRef Michelson AD, Bhatt DL. How I use laboratory monitoring of antiplatelet therapy. Blood. 2017;130:713–21.PubMedCrossRef
124.
go back to reference Li JS, Yow E, Berezny KY, et al. Dosing of clopidogrel for platelet inhibition in infants and young children. Circulation. 2008;117:553–9.PubMedCrossRef Li JS, Yow E, Berezny KY, et al. Dosing of clopidogrel for platelet inhibition in infants and young children. Circulation. 2008;117:553–9.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Thrombosis Prevention and Anticoagulation Management in the Pediatric Patient with Congenital Heart Disease
Authors
Eman Abdelghani
Clifford L. Cua
Jean Giver
Vilmarie Rodriguez
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
Springer Healthcare
Published in
Cardiology and Therapy / Issue 2/2021
Print ISSN: 2193-8261
Electronic ISSN: 2193-6544
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40119-021-00228-4

Other articles of this Issue 2/2021

Cardiology and Therapy 2/2021 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine