Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Psychiatry
Published in: BMC Psychiatry 1/2009

Open Access 01-12-2009 | Study protocol

Violence and post-traumatic stress disorder in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: the protocol for an epidemiological and genetic survey

Authors: Sérgio Baxter Andreoli, Wagner Silva Ribeiro, Maria Ines Quintana, Camila Guindalini, Gerome Breen, Sergio Luis Blay, Evandro SF Coutinho, Trudy Harpham, Miguel Roberto Jorge, Diogo Rizzato Lara, Tais S Moriyama, Lucas C Quarantini, Ary Gadelha, Liliane Maria Pereira Vilete, Mary SL Yeh, Martin Prince, Ivan Figueira, Rodrigo A Bressan, Marcelo F Mello, Michael E Dewey, Cleusa P Ferri, Jair de Jesus Mari

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2009

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

violence is a public health major concern, and it is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric outcomes. Brazil is one of the most violent countries in the world, and has an extreme social inequality. Research on the association between violence and mental health may support public health policy and thus reduce the burden of disease attributable to violence. The main objectives of this project were: to study the association between violence and mental disorders in the Brazilian population; to estimate the prevalence rates of exposure to violence, post-traumatic stress disorder, common metal disorder, and alcohol hazardous use and dependence: and to identify contextual and individual factors, including genetic factors, associated with the outcomes.

Methods/design

one phase cross-sectional survey carried out in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A multistage probability to size sampling scheme was performed in order to select the participants (3000 and 1500 respectively). The cities were stratified according to homicide rates, and in Sao Paulo the three most violent strata were oversampled. The measurements included exposure to traumatic events, psychiatric diagnoses (CIDI 2.1), contextual (homicide rates and social indicators), and individual factors, such as demographics, social capital, resilience, help seeking behaviours. The interviews were carried between June/2007 February/2008, by a team of lay interviewers. The statistical analyses will be weight-adjusted in order to take account of the design effects. Standardization will be used in order to compare the results between the two centres. Whole genome association analysis will be performed on the 1 million SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) arrays, and additional association analysis will be performed on additional phenotypes. The Ethical Committee of the Federal University of Sao Paulo approved the study, and participants who matched diagnostic criteria have been offered a referral to outpatient clinics at the Federal University of Sao Paulo and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
Literature
1.
2.
Krug EG, Dahlberg LL, Mercy JA, Zwi AB, Lozano R: World report on violence and health. 2002, Geneva: World Health Organization
3.
Rutherford A, Zwi AB, Grove NJ, Butchart A: Violence: a priority for public health? (part 2). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007, 61 (9): 764-70. 10.1136/jech.2006.049072.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
PAHO: Health situation in the americas: basic indicators. 2005, Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization
5.
6.
Caetano R, Cunradi C: Intimate partner violence and depression among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. Annals of Epidemiology. 2003, 13 (10): 661-5. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.09.002.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoat HD, Schultz LR, Davis GC, Andreski P: Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1998, 55 (7): 626-32. 10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE: Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005, 62 (6): 593-602. 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.CrossRefPubMed
9.
de Jong JT, Komproe IH, Van OM, El MM, Araya M, Khaled N, Put van de W, Somasundaram D: Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings. JAMA. 2001, 286 (5): 555-62. 10.1001/jama.286.5.555.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Yehuda R: Resilience and vulnerability factors in the course of adaptation to trauma. National Center PTSD Clin Quart. 1998, 8 (1): 1-5.
11.
Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB: Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1995, 52 (12): 1048-60.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Frans O, Rimmo PA, Aber L, Fredrikson M: Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2005, 111 (4): 291-299. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00463.x.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Medina-Mora Icaza ME, Borges-Guimaraes G, Lara C, Ramos-Lira L, Zambrano J, Fleiz-Bautista C: [Prevalence of violent events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the Mexican population]. Salud Publica de Mexico. 2005, 47 (1): 8-22.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Norris FH, Murphy AD, Baker CK, Perilla JL, Rodriguez FG, Rodriguez JdJG: Epidemiology of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in Mexico. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2003, 112 (4): 646-56. 10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.646.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Perkonigg A, Kessler RC, Storz S, Wittchen HU: Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2000, 101 (1): 46-59. 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101001046.x.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Rosenman S: Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in Australia: findings in the population sample of the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002, 36 (4): 515-20. 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01039.x.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zlotnick C, Johnson J, Kohn R, Vicente B, Rioseco P, Saldivia S: Epidemiology of trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and co-morbid disorders in Chile. Psychological Medicine. 2006, 36 (11): 1523-33. 10.1017/S0033291706008282.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Tolin DF, Foa EB: Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: a quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Bulletin. 2006, 132 (6): 959-92. 10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Araya R, Lewis G, Rojas G, Fritsch R: Education and income: which is more important for mental health?. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003, 57 (7): 501-5. 10.1136/jech.57.7.501. 2003 July 1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Patel V, Kleinman A: Poverty and common mental disorders in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2003, 81: 609-15.PubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Bryant RA, Panasetis P: The role of panic in acute dissociative reactions following trauma. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2005, 44 (Pt 4): 489-94. 10.1348/014466505X28766.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Sack WH, Clarke GN, Seeley J: Posttraumatic stress disorder across two generations of Cambodian refugees. JAmAcadChild AdolescPsychiatry. 1995, 34 (9): 1160-6.
23.
True WR, Rice J, Eisen SA, Heath AC, Goldberg J, Lyons MJ, Nowak J: A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993, 50 (4): 257-264.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Radant A, Tsuang D, Peskind ER, McFall M, Raskind W: Biological markers and diagnostic accuracy in the genetics of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2001, 102 (3): 203-15. 10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00252-9.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Deutch AY, Ongur D, Duman RS: Antipsychotic drugs induce Fos protein in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus: a novel locus of antipsychotic drug action. Neuroscience. 1995, 66 (2): 337-46. 10.1016/0306-4522(94)00571-L.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Kilpatrick DG, Koenen KC, Ruggiero KJ, Acierno R, Galea S, Resnick HS, Boyle J, Gelernter J: The Serotonin Transporter Genotype and Social Support and Moderation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Hurricane-Exposed Adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2007, 164 (11): 1693-9. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06122007. 2007 November 1,CrossRefPubMed
27.
Comings DE, Muhleman D, Gysin R: Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene and susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder: a study and replication. Biol Psychiatry. 1996, 40 (5): 368-372. 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00519-6.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Segman RH, Cooper-Kazaz R, Macciardi F, Goltser T, Halfon Y, Dobroborski T, Shalev AY: Association between the dopamine transporter gene and posttraumatic stress disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2002, 7 (8): 903-907. 10.1038/sj.mp.4001085.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt TE, Mill J, Martin J, Craig IW, Taylor A, Poulton R: Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science. 2002, 297 (5582): 851-4. 10.1126/science.1072290.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Hariri AR, Mattay VS, Tessitore A, Fera F, Smith WG, Weinberger DR: Dextroamphetamine modulates the response of the human amygdala. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002, 27 (6): 1036-40. 10.1016/S0893-133X(02)00373-1.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Hariri AR, Mattay VS, Tessitore A, Kolachana B, Fera F, Goldman D, Egan MF, Weinberg DR: Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science. 2002, 297 (5580): 400-3. 10.1126/science.1071829.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Hariri AR, Tessitore A, Mattay VS, Fera F, Weinberger DR: The amygdala response to emotional stimuli: a comparison of faces and scenes. Neuroimage. 2002, 17 (1): 317-23. 10.1006/nimg.2002.1179.CrossRefPubMed
33.
McFarlane A: The contribution of epidemiology to the study of traumatic stress. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric. Epidemiology. 2004, 39 (11): 874-82.
34.
35.
36.
Quintana MI, Gastal FbL, Jorge MR, Miranda CuT, Andreoli SB: Validity and limitations of the Brazilian version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 2.1). Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2007, 29: 18-22.CrossRefPubMed
37.
De Silva MJ, Huttly SR, Harpham T, Kenward MG: Social capital and mental health: A comparative analysis of four low income countries. Social Science & Medicine. 2007, 64 (1): 5-20. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.044.CrossRef
38.
Sell H: The Subjective Well-Being Inventory (SUBI). International Journal of Mental Health. 1994, 23 (3): 89-102.CrossRef
39.
Pesce RP, Assis SG, Avanci JQ, Santos NC, Malaquias JV, Carvalhaes R: [Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the resilience scale]. Cad Saude Publica. 2005, 21 (2): 436-448. 10.1590/S0102-311X2005000200010.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Crawford JR, Henry JD: The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol. 2004, 43 (Pt 3): 245-265. 10.1348/0144665031752934.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A: Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988, 54 (6): 1063-1070. 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Birmes P, Brunet A, Carreras D, Ducasse JL, Charlet JP, Lauque D, Sztulman H, Schmitt L: The Predictive Power of Peritraumatic Dissociation and Acute Stress Symptoms for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Three-Month Prospective Study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003, 160 (7): 1337-9. 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1337.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Fiszman A, Marques C, Berger W, Volchan E, Oliveira LAS, Coutinho ESF, Mendlowicz M, Figueira I: Adaptação transcultural para o português do instrumento Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire, Versão Auto-Aplicativa. Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul. 2005, 27: 151-8. 10.1590/S0101-81082005000200005.CrossRef
44.
Fuse T, Forsyth JP, Marx B, Gallup GG, Weaver S: Factor structure of the Tonic Immobility Scale in female sexual assault survivors: an exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2007, 21 (3): 265-283. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.004.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Fiszman A, Mendlowicz MV, Marques-Portella C, Volchan E, Coutinho ES, Souza WF, et al: Peritraumatic tonic immobility predicts a poor response to pharmacological treatment in victims of urban violence with PTSD. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2008, 107 (1–3): 193-7. 10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.015.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Bryant RA, Panasetis P: Panic symptoms during trauma and acute stress disorder. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 2001, 39 (8): 961-6. 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00086-3. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]CrossRef
47.
Nixon RDV, Bryant RA: Peritraumatic and persistent panic attacks in acute stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2003, 41 (10): 1237-42. 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00150-5.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Resnick HS: Acute panic reactions among rape victims: implications for prevention of post-rape psychopathology. National Center PTSD Clin Quart. 1997, 7: 41-5.
49.
Ng DP, Koh D, Choo S, Chia KS: Saliva as a viable alternative source of human genomic DNA in genetic epidemiology. Clin Chim Acta. 2006, 367 (1–2): 81-85. 10.1016/j.cca.2005.11.024.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Steinberg K, Beck J, Nickerson D, Garcia-Closas M, Gallagher M, Caggana M, et al: DNA banking for epidemiologic studies: a review of current practices. Epidemiology. 2002, 13 (3): 246-54. 10.1097/00001648-200205000-00003.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Steinberg KK, Sanderlin KC, Ou CY, Hannon WH, McQuillan GM, Sampson EJ: DNA banking in epidemiologic studies. EpidemiolRev. 1997, 19 (1): 156-62.
52.
Almeida OP, Almeida SA: [Reliability of the Brazilian version of the abbreviated form of Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) short form]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1999, 57 (2B): 421-6.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Lawton MP, Brody EM: Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969, 9 (3): 179-86.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Neale AV, Hwalek MA, Scott RO, Sthal C: Validation of the Hwalek-Sengstock elder abuse screening test. Journal of applied gerontology. 1991, 10 (4): 406-15. 10.1177/073346489101000403.CrossRef
55.
Goldberg D: Identifying psychiatric illness among general medical patients. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985, 291 (6489): 161-162. 10.1136/bmj.291.6489.161.CrossRef
56.
Mari JJ, Williams P: A comparison of the validity of two psychiatric screening questionnaires (GHQ-12 and SRQ-20) in Brazil, using Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Psychol Med. 1985, 15 (3): 651-659.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Brucki SM, Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Bertolucci PH, Okamoto IH: [Suggestions for utilization of the mini-mental state examination in Brazil]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2003, 61 (3B): 777-81.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Baker CK, Norris FH, Diaz DMV, Perilla JL, Murphy AD, Hill EG: Violence and PTSD in Mexico. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2005, 40 (7): 519-28. 10.1007/s00127-005-0921-2.CrossRefPubMed
59.
de Jong JTVM, Komproe IH, Van Ommeren M: Common mental disorders in postconflict settings. The Lancet. 2003, 361 (9375): 2128-30. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13692-6.CrossRef
60.
Ludermir AB, Schraiber LB, D'Oliveira AFPL, Franáa-Junior I, Jansen HA: Violence against women by their intimate partner and common mental disorders. Social Science & Medicine. 2008, 66 (4): 1008-18. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.10.021.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Violence and post-traumatic stress disorder in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: the protocol for an epidemiological and genetic survey
Authors
Sérgio Baxter Andreoli
Wagner Silva Ribeiro
Maria Ines Quintana
Camila Guindalini
Gerome Breen
Sergio Luis Blay
Evandro SF Coutinho
Trudy Harpham
Miguel Roberto Jorge
Diogo Rizzato Lara
Tais S Moriyama
Lucas C Quarantini
Ary Gadelha
Liliane Maria Pereira Vilete
Mary SL Yeh
Martin Prince
Ivan Figueira
Rodrigo A Bressan
Marcelo F Mello
Michael E Dewey
Cleusa P Ferri
Jair de Jesus Mari
Publication date
01-12-2009
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2009
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-9-34

Other articles of this Issue 1/2009

BMC Psychiatry 1/2009 Go to the issue

Research article

A Survey of Inhalant Use Disorders among Delinquent Youth: Prevalence, Clinical Features, and Latent Structure of DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria

Research article

Treatment patterns and clinical characteristics prior to initiating depot typical antipsychotics for nonadherent schizophrenia patients

Research article

Evidence for genetic association of RORB with bipolar disorder

Research article

Discrepant comorbidity between minority and white suicides: a national multiple cause-of-death analysis

Research article

Bipolar disorder and dopamine dysfunction: an indirect approach focusing on tardive movement syndromes in a naturalistic setting

Study protocol

Implementation of outpatient schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: study design