Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BioPsychoSocial Medicine
Published in: BioPsychoSocial Medicine 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Review

Links among emotional awareness, somatic awareness and autonomic homeostatic processing

Authors: Kenji Kanbara, Mikihiko Fukunaga

Published in: BioPsychoSocial Medicine | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Emotional awareness and somatic interoceptive awareness are essential processes for human psychosomatic health. A typical trait of lacking emotional awareness related to psychosomatic symptoms is alexithymia. In contrast, alexisomia refers to the trait of lacking somatic awareness. Links between emotional and somatic awareness and homeostatic processing are also significant for the psychosomatic health. The purpose of the present paper is to review the links among emotional awareness, somatic interoceptive awareness and autonomic homeostatic processing. On the basis of the collected evidence, the following arguments were presented1: (1) The main subcortical neural substrates for these processes are limbic-related systems, which are also responsible for autonomic functions for optimization of homeostatic efficiency. (2) Considerable studies have shown that autonomic activity and/or reactivity to stress correlate with both emotional and interoceptive awareness. A hypothesis was advocated about the links between the two types of awareness and autonomic function: Autonomic dysfunction, especially high sympathetic tone at baseline and/or attenuated reactivity or variability to stress, appears to be involved in disturbance of emotional and interoceptive awareness. (3) Several studies suggest that a link or a cooperative relationship exists between emotional and somatic awareness, and that somatic awareness is the more fundamental of the two types of awareness. Emotional awareness, somatic awareness and autonomic homeostatic processing generally occur in parallel or concurrently. However, some complex features of pathologies include coexistence of reduced interoceptive awareness and somatosensory amplification. The autonomic homeostatic process is fundamentally involved in emotional and somatic awareness. Investigation of these types of awareness with both neuroimaging evaluations and estimation of peripheral autonomic function are required as next steps for exploration of the relationship between awareness and human somatic states including somatic symptoms as well as general psychosomatic health.
Literature
1.
Chalmers DJ. The Conscious Mind. In: Search of a Fundamental Theory. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1997.
2.
Craig AD. How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002;3:655–66.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Craig AD. Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2003;13:500–5.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Craig AD. How do you feel--now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10:59–70.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Ikemi Y, Ikemi A. An oriental point of view in psychosomatic medicine. Psychother Psychosom. 1986;45:118–26.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Lane RD, Schwartz GE. Levels of emotional awareness: a cognitive-developmental theory and its application to psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144:133–43.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Lane RD. Neural substrates of implicit and explicit emotional processes: a unifying framework for psychosomatic medicine. Psychosom Med. 2008;70:214–31.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Lane RD. Theory of emotional awareness and brain processing of emotion. Int Congr Ser. 2006;1287:116–21.CrossRef
9.
10.
11.
12.
Duschek S, Montoro CI, Reyes Del Paso GA. Diminished interoceptive awareness in fibromyalgia syndrome. Behav Med. 2015;4289:Oct 2:0 [Epub ahead of print].
13.
Sifneos PE. The prevalence of “alexithymic” characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychother Psychosom. 1973;22:255–62.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Nemiah J, Freyberger H. Alexithymia: a view of the psychosomatic process. In: Hill O, editor. Modem trends in psychosomatic medicine, vol. 3. London: Butterworths; 1976. p. 430–9.
15.
Nemiah J, Sifneos P. Affect and fantasy in patients with psychosomatic disorders. In: Hill O, editor. Modem trends in psychosomatic medicine, vol. 2. London: Butterworths; 1970. p. 26–34.
16.
Taylor GJ, Bagby RM, Parker JDA. Disorders of affect regulation: Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1997.CrossRef
17.
Grabe HJ, Schwahn C, Barnow S, Spitzer C, John U, Freyberger HJ, et al. Alexithymia, hypertension, and subclinical atherosclerosis in the general population. J Psychosom Res. 2010;68:139–47.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Porcelli P, De Carne M, Todarello O. Prediction of treatment outcome of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders by the diagnostic criteria for psychosomatic research. Psychother Psychosom. 2004;73:166–73.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Kooiman CG. The status of alexithymia as a risk factor in medically unexplained physical symptoms. Compr Psychiatry. 1998;39:152–9.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Acklin MW, Bernat E. Depression, alexithymia, and pain prone disorder: a Rorschach study. J Pers Assess. 1987;51:462–79.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Lumley MA, Radcliffe AM, Macklem DJ, Mosley-Williams A, Leisen JCC, Huffman JL, et al. Alexithymia and pain in three chronic pain samples: comparing Caucasians and African Americans. Pain Med. 2005;6:251–61.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Lumley MA, Stettner L, Wehmer F. How are alexithymia and physical illness linked? A review and critique of pathways. J Psychosom Res. 1996;41:505–18.PubMedCrossRef
23.
MacLean PD. Psychosomatic disease and the visceral brain; recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion. Psychosom Med. 1949;11:338–53.PubMedCrossRef
24.
MacLean PD. Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system (visceral brain). Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1952;4:407–18.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Weiskrantz L. Behavioral changes associated with ablation of the amygdaloid complex in monkeys. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1956;49:381–91.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Aggleton JP. The Amygdala: A Functional Analysis. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000.
27.
LaBar KS, LeDoux JE, Spencer DD, Phelps EA. Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans. J Neurosci. 1995;15:6846–55.PubMed
28.
Bechara A, Tranel D, Damasio H, Adolphs R, Rockland C, Damasio AR C. Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans. Science. 1995;269:1115–8.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Babinsky R, Calabrese P, Durwen HF, Markowitsch HJ, Brechtelsbauer D, Heuser L, et al. The possible contribution of the amygdala to memory. Behav Neurol. 1993;6:167–70.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Adolphs R, Cahill L, Schul R, Babinsky R. Impaired declarative memory for emotional material following bilateral amygdala damage in humans. Learn Mem. 1997;4:291–300.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Papez JW. A proposed mechanism of emotion. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1937;38:725.CrossRef
32.
Vogt BA, Finch DM, Olson CR. Functional heterogeneity in cingulate cortex: the anterior executive and posterior evaluative regions. Cereb Cortex. 1992;2:435–43.PubMed
33.
Bush G, Luu P, Posner M. Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn Sci. 2000;4:215–22.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Mohanty A, Engels AS, Herrington JD, Heller W, Ringo Ho M-HH, Banich MT, et al. Differential engagement of anterior cingulate cortex subdivisions for cognitive and emotional function. Psychophysiology. 2007;44:343–51.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Phan KL, Wager T, Taylor SF, Liberzon I. Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage. 2002;16:331–48.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Hutcherson CA, Goldin PR, Ochsner KN, Gabrieli JD, Barrett LF, Gross JJ. Attention and emotion: does rating emotion alter neural responses to amusing and sad films? Neuroimage. 2005;27:656–68.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Lane RD, Quinlan DM, Schwartz GE, Walker PA, Zeitlin SB. The levels of emotional awareness scale: a cognitive-developmental measure of emotion. J Pers Assess. 1990;55:124–34.PubMedCrossRef
38.
McRae K, Reiman EM, Fort CL, Chen K, Lane RD. Association between trait emotional awareness and dorsal anterior cingulate activity during emotion is arousal-dependent. Neuroimage. 2008;41:648–55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
40.
Devinsky O, Morrell MJ, Vogt BA. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour. Brain. 1995;118(Pt 1):279–306.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Cabeza R, Nyberg L. Imaging cognition: an empirical review of PET studies with normal subjects. J Cogn Neurosci. 1997;9:1–26.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Drevets WC, Raichle ME. Suppression of regional cerebral blood during emotional versus higher cognitive implications for interactions between emotion and cognition. Cogn Emot. 1998;12:353–85.CrossRef
43.
Williams LM, Liddell BJ, Kemp AH, Bryant RA, Meares RA, Peduto AS, et al. Amygdala-prefrontal dissociation of subliminal and supraliminal fear. Hum Brain Mapp. 2006;27:652–61.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Morris JS, Ohman A, Dolan RJ. Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature. 1998;393:467–70.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Fabri M, Burton H. Ipsilateral cortical connections of primary somatic sensory cortex in rats. J Comp Neurol. 1991;311:405–24.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Critchley HD, Wiens S, Rotshtein P, Ohman A, Dolan RJ. Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7:189–95.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Critchley HD. Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration. J Comp Neurol. 2005;493:154–66.PubMedCrossRef
48.
McEwen BS, Stellar E, Bruce S. Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:2093–101.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Sterling P, Eyer J. Allostasis: a new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In: Fisher J, Reason J, editors. Handbook of Life Stress Cognition, and Health. New York: Wiley; 1988. p. 629–49.
50.
Damasio AR. Descartes’ Error : Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Penguin; 1994.
51.
Damasio AR. Testing the somatic marker hypothesis. In: Descartes’ error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: Penguin; 1994. p. 205–22.
52.
53.
Infrasca R. Alexithymia, neurovegetative arousal and neuroticism. An experimental study. Psychother Psychosom. 1997;66:276–80.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Rabavilas AD. Electrodermal activity in low and high alexithymia neurotic patients. Psychother Psychosom. 1987;47:101–4.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Wehmer F, Brejnak C, Lumley M, Stettner L. Alexithymia and physiological reactivity to emotional-provoking visual scenes. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183:351–7.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Linden W, Lenz JW, Stossel C. Alexithymia, defensiveness and cardiovascular reactivity to stress. J Psychosom Res. 1996;41:575–83.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Neumann SA, Sollers JJ, Thayer JF, Waldstein SR. Alexithymia predicts attenuated autonomic reactivity, but prolonged recovery to anger recall in young women. Int J Psychophysiol. 2004;53:183–95.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Friedlander L, Lumley MA, Farchione T, Doyal G. Testing the alexithymia hypothesis: physiological and subjective responses during relaxation and stress. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1997;185:233–9.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Roedema TM, Simons RF. Emotion-processing deficit in alexithymia. Psychophysiology. 1999;36:379–87.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Stone LA, Nielson KA. Intact physiological response to arousal with impaired emotional recognition in alexithymia. Psychother Psychosom. 2001;70:92–102.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Newton TL, Contrada RJ. Alexithymia and repression: contrasting emotion-focused coping styles. Psychosom Med. 1994;56:457–62.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Luminet O, Rimé B, Bagby RM, Taylor G. A multimodal investigation of emotional responding in alexithymia. Cogn Emot. 2004;18:741–66.CrossRef
63.
Dawson ME, Schell AM, Filion DL. The electrodermal system. In: Cacioppo JT, Tassinary LG, Berntson GG, editors. Handbook of psychophysiology. Thirdth ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2007. p. 159–81.
64.
Wilder J. Stimulus and response: The law of initial value. Bristol: J. Wright; 1967.
65.
De Timary P, Roy E, Luminet O, Fillée C, Mikolajczak M. Relationship between alexithymia, alexithymia factors and salivary cortisol in men exposed to a social stress test. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008;33:1160–4.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Bauer AM, Quas JA, Boyce WT. Associations between physiological reactivity and children’s behavior: advantages of a multisystem approach. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2002;23:102–13.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Pollatos O, Werner NS, Duschek S, Schandry R, Matthias E, Traut-Mattausch E, et al. Differential effects of alexithymia subscales on autonomic reactivity and anxiety during social stress. J Psychosom Res. 2011;70:525–33.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Bagby RM, Parker JDA, Taylor GJ. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia scale-I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. J Psychosom Res. 1994;38:23–32.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Bagby RM, Taylor GJ, Parker JD. The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. J Psychosom Res. 1994;38:33–40.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Vorst HCM, Bermond B. Validity and reliability of the bermond - Vorst alexithymia questionnaire. Pers Individ Dif. 2001;30:413–34.CrossRef
71.
Bermond B, Vorst HCM, Moormann PP. Cognitive neuropsychology of alexithymia: implications for personality typology. Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2006;11:332–60.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Kanbara K, Fukunaga M, Ishino S, Takebayashi N, Nakai Y. Characteristics of psychophysiological stress responses in patients with psychosomatic disorders. Japanese J Psychosom Med. 2005;45:685–95.
73.
Kanbara K, Mitani Y, Fukunaga M, Ishino S, Takebayashi N, Nakai Y. Paradoxical results of psychophysiological stress profile in functional somatic syndrome: Correlation between subjective tension score and objective stress response. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2004;29:255–68.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Kanbara K, Fukunaga M, Mutsuura H, Takeuchi H, Kitamura K, Nakai Y. An exploratory study of subgrouping of patients with functional somatic syndrome based on the psychophysiological stress response: its relationship with moods and subjective variables. Psychosom Med. 2007;69:158–65.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Kiba T, Kanbara K, Yamamoto K, Ban I, Oka Y, Kato F, et al. The relationship of pre-stress salivary α-amylase levels to alexithymia in patients with functional somatic syndrome. Japanese J Psychosom Med. 2013;53:670–81.
76.
Kiba T, Kanbara K, Ban I, Kato F, Kawashima S, Saka Y, et al. Saliva Amylase as a measure of sympathetic change elicited by autogenic training in patients with functional somatic syndromes. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2015;40:339–47.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Drevets WC. Prefrontal cortical-amygdalar metabolism in major depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;877:614–7.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Buchanan SL, Valentine J, Powell DA. Autonomic responses are elicited by electrical stimulation of the medial but not lateral frontal cortex in rabbits. Behav Brain Res. 1985;18:51–62.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Gianaros PJ, Van Der Veen FM, Jennings JR. Regional cerebral blood flow correlates with heart period and high-frequency heart period variability during working-memory tasks: Implications for the cortical and subcortical regulation of cardiac autonomic activity. Psychophysiology. 2004;41:521–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
Lane RD, McRae K, Reiman EM, Chen K, Ahern GL, Thayer JF. Neural correlates of heart rate variability during emotion. Neuroimage. 2009;44:213–22.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Matthews SC, Paulus MP, Simmons AN, Nelesen RA, Dimsdale JE. Functional subdivisions within anterior cingulate cortex and their relationship to autonomic nervous system function. Neuroimage. 2004;22:1151–6.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Barrett LF, Niedenthal PM, Winkielman P. Emotion and Consciousness. New York: Guilford Press; 2005.
83.
Thayer JF, Lane RD. A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. J Affect Disord. 2000;61:201–16.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Appelhans BM, Luecken LJ. Heart rate variability as an index of regulated emotional responding. Rev Gen Psychol. 2006;10:229–40.CrossRef
85.
Lieberman MD, Eisenberger NI, Crockett MJ, Tom SM, Pfeifer JH, Way BM. Putting feelings into words: affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli. Psychol Sci. 2007;18:421–8.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Medford N, Critchley HD. Conjoint activity of anterior insular and anterior cingulate cortex: awareness and response. Brain Struct Funct. 2010;214:535–49.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
Katkin ES. Blood, sweat, and tears: individual differences in autonomic self-perception. Psychophysiology. 1985;22:125–37.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Eichler S, Katkin ES. The relationship between cardiovascular reactivity and heartbeat detection. Psychophysiology. 1994;31:229–34.PubMedCrossRef
89.
90.
Whitehead WE, Drescher VM, Heiman P, Blackwell B. Relation of heart rate control to heartbeat perception. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1977;2:371–92.CrossRef
91.
Pollatos O, Herbert BM, Matthias E, Schandry R. Heart rate response after emotional picture presentation is modulated by interoceptive awareness. Int J Psychophysiol. 2007;63:117–24.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Pollatos O, Herbert BM, Kaufmann C, Auer DP, Schandry R. Interoceptive awareness, anxiety and cardiovascular reactivity to isometric exercise. Int J Psychophysiol. 2007;65:167–73.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Herbert BM, Pollatos O, Flor H, Enck P, Schandry R. Cardiac awareness and autonomic cardiac reactivity during emotional picture viewing and mental stress. Psychophysiology. 2010;47:342–54.PubMedCrossRef
94.
James W. The Principles of Psychology. New York: Dover Publications; 1950.
95.
96.
Lange CG. The mechanism of the emotions. In: Rand B, editor. The classical psychologists : selections illustrating psychology from Anaxagoras to Wundt. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1912. p. 672–84.
97.
Ferguson ML, Katkin ES. Visceral perception, anhedonia, and emotion. Biol Psychol. 1996;42:131–45.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Wiens S, Mezzacappa ES, Katkin ES. Heartbeat detection and the experience of emotions. Cognition & Emotion. 2000;14:417–27.
99.
Herbert BM, Herbert C, Pollatos O. On the relationship between interoceptive awareness and alexithymia: Is interoceptive awareness related to emotional awareness? J Pers. 2011;79:1149–75.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Herbert BM, Pollatos O, Schandry R. Interoceptive sensitivity and emotion processing: an EEG study. Int J Psychophysiol. 2007;65:214–27.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Pollatos O, Kirsch W, Schandry R. On the relationship between interoceptive awareness, emotional experience, and brain processes. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2005;25:948–62.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Pollatos O, Gramann K, Schandry R. Neural systems connecting interoceptive awareness and feelings. Hum Brain Mapp. 2007;28:9–18.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Schandry R, Sparrer B, Weitkunat R. From the heart to the brain: a study of heartbeat contingent scalp potentials. Int J Neurosci. 1986;30:261–75.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Montoya P, Schandry R, Müller A. Heartbeat evoked potentials (HEP): topography and influence of cardiac awareness and focus of attention. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993;88:163–72.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Schandry R, Weitkunat R. Enhancement of heartbeat-related brain potentials through cardiac awareness training. Int J Neurosci. 1990;53:243–53.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Fukushima H, Terasawa Y, Umeda S. Association between interoception and empathy: evidence from heartbeat-evoked brain potential. Int J Psychophysiol. 2011;79:259–65.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Phillips ML, Young AW, Senior C, Brammer M, Andrew C, Calder AJ, et al. A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust. Nature. 1997;389:495–8.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Büchel C, Morris J, Dolan RJ, Friston KJ. Brain systems mediating aversive conditioning: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron. 1998;20:947–57.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Terasawa Y, Fukushima H, Umeda S. How does interoceptive awareness interact with the subjective experience of emotion? An fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2013;34:598–612.PubMed
110.
111.
Kano M, Hamaguchi T, Itoh M, Yanai K, Fukudo S. Correlation between alexithymia and hypersensitivity to visceral stimulation in human. Pain. 2007;132:252–63.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Moriguchi Y, Decety J, Ohnishi T, Maeda M, Mori T, Nemoto K, et al. Empathy and judging other’s pain: an fMRI study of alexithymia. Cereb Cortex. 2007;17:2223–34.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Karlsson H, Näätänen P, Stenman H. Cortical activation in alexithymia as a response to emotional stimuli. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;192:32–8.PubMedCrossRef
114.
115.
Kanbara K, Ban I, Fukunaga M, Nakai Y. The process toward awareness of bodily feeling and biofeedback [in Japanese]. Japanese J biofeedback Res. 2008;35:19–25.
116.
Barsky AJ, Wyshak G, Klerman GL. The somatosensory amplification scale and its relationship to hypochondriasis. J Psychiatr Res. 1990;24:323–34.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Barsky AJ, Brener J, Coeytaux RR, Cleary PD. Accurate awareness of heartbeat in hypochondriacal and non-hypochondriacal patients. J Psychosom Res. 1995;39:489–97.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Mailloux J, Brener J. Somatosensory amplification and its relationship to heartbeat detection ability. Psychosom Med. 2002;64:353–7.PubMedCrossRef
119.
120.
Hariri AR, Bookheimer SY, Mazziotta JC. Modulating emotional responses: effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system. Neuroreport. 2000;11:43–8.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Schaefer M, Egloff B, Witthöft M. Is interoceptive awareness really altered in somatoform disorders? Testing competing theories with two paradigms of heartbeat perception. J Abnorm Psychol. 2012;121:719–24.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Schaefer M, Egloff B, Gerlach AL, Witthöft M. Improving heartbeat perception in patients with medically unexplained symptoms reduces symptom distress. Biol Psychol. 2014;101:69–76.PubMedCrossRef
123.
124.
Mauss IB, Levenson RW, McCarter L, Wilhelm FH, Gross JJ. The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology. Emotion. 2005;5:175–90.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Lazarus RS. Emotion and Adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press; 1991.
126.
Sze JA, Gyurak A, Yuan JW, Levenson RW. Coherence between emotional experience and physiology: Does body awareness training have an impact? Emotion. 2010;10:803–14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
127.
Ikemi Y, Ikemi A. Psychosomatic medicine: a meeting ground of eastern and western medicine. J Am Soc Psychosom Dent Med. 1983;30:3.PubMed
128.
Damasio AR, Everitt BJ, Bishop D. The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1996;351:1413–20.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Damasio AR. The body-minded brain. In: Descartes’ error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: Penguin; 1994. p. 223–44.
Metadata
Title
Links among emotional awareness, somatic awareness and autonomic homeostatic processing
Authors
Kenji Kanbara
Mikihiko Fukunaga
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BioPsychoSocial Medicine / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1751-0759
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-016-0059-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

BioPsychoSocial Medicine 1/2016 Go to the issue

Research

A Questionnaire Survey of the Type of Support Required by Yogo Teachers to Effectively Manage Students Suspected of Having an Eating Disorder

Research

Course of self-reported symptoms of 342 outpatients receiving medium- versus long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy

Research

Risk assessment for job burnout with a mobile health web application using questionnaire data: a proof of concept study

Research

Prevalence and related factors of common mental disorders during pregnancy in Japan: a cross-sectional study

Review

Special series on “The meaning of behavioral medicine in the psychosomatic field” establishment of a core curriculum for behavioral science in Japan: The importance of such a curriculum from the perspective of psychology

Case report

The physical and psychological problems of immigrants to Japan who require psychosomatic care: a retrospective observation study