Tracheal involvement in ulcerative colitis: clinical presentation and potential interest of 2-deoxy-2[¹⁸F]fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET) for the management

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease that can on rare occasions affect the respiratory tract. We report the case of a 32-year-old woman suffering from UC, for whom 2-deoxy-2[¹⁸F]fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET) was useful, both for diagnosis and management of tracheal involvement. She presented with severe cough and fever, and bronchoscopy revealed inflammation of the trachea. Infection, vasculitis and relapsing chondritis were first ruled out. Lymphoma was then suspected, and ¹⁸F-FDG PET was performed, but revealed only a moderately increased uptake on the posterior wall of the trachea. Histological findings revealed non-specific inflammation. Systemic corticosteroids were prescribed and symptoms improved rapidly. After 3 months, bronchoscopy showed a significant reduction of the local inflammation, and ¹⁸F-FDG PET did not reveal the previous abnormal tracheal ¹⁸F-FDG uptake. Management of tracheal involvement of UC requires close monitoring. However, repeated bronchoscopies can be harmful in these inflammatory situations, and non-invasive techniques could be useful. ¹⁸F-FDG PET is used for the follow-up of digestive involvement of UC, but extra-intestinal locations have not been evaluated. Our case highlights the potential interest of ¹⁸F-FDG PET for tracheal involvement of UC, allowing a non-invasive assessment of local inflammation.